基于不同预处理的椴树木材基本密度近红外光谱估测及模型优化

【目的】木材的基本密度在木材质量等级评定中起着重要的作用,是木材分流及精细化利用的重要依据。利用近红外光谱技术,实时监测木材性质,掌握木材性质的变化,为进一步制定和改善林木培育方法提供理论依据。【方法】借助树木生长锥对椴树活立木取样,以椴树样品基本密度真值和近红外光谱数据为输入,分别通过卷积平滑、一阶导数和二阶导数预处理方法来实现近红外光谱数据的预处理,建立了基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)的椴树木材基本密度的近红外估测模型。【结果】在350~2 500 nm波段范围内,一阶导数预处理的椴树木材基本密度模型是最优的,校正集相关系数为0.964 8,校正均方根误差为0.002 7,验证集相关系数为0.943 2,预测均方根误差为0.003 3。在对近红外光谱数据进行去噪优化处理,构建椴树木材基本密度模型后,在500~2 300 nm波段范围内,一阶导数预处理椴树木材基本密度模型依旧最优,其校正集相关系数为0.987 1,校正均方根误差为0.001 6,验证集的相关系数是0.948 6,预测的均方根误差是0.002 1。【结论】选择特定的预处理方法,结合样本特征,建立椴树木材基本密度模型,可以显著降低建模成本,提高模型预测精度,快速测定椴树木材的基本密度。     

粗皮桉木材力学性质的近红外光谱方法预测

以人工林粗皮桉木材为研究对象,采用常规力学测试方法和近红外光谱方法对其无疵小试样力学性质进行研究。用近红外光谱仪采集试样表面的近红外光谱,对采集的近红外漫反射光谱进行导数预处理并对不同波段光谱建立校正模型,以1/3试样作为预测集对校正模型进行验证。结果表明:二阶导数预处理、350～25000nm全光谱波段、径切面和弦切面平均光谱值对粗皮桉木材力学性质模型预测效果最好。抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度的实测值与近红外光谱方法的预测值存在较好的相关性,相关系数均大于0.88,相对分析误差大于2.0,表明利用近红外光谱方法预测人工林粗皮桉木材力学性质效果较好。     

近红外光谱快速预测乙酰化木材的增重率

采用近红外光谱技术对乙酰化大青杨和樟子松木材的增重率进行快速预测。在近红外波长780～2500 nm范围内,利用偏最小二乘法( PLS)建立木材横切面原始光谱及不同预处理(一阶导数、二阶导数、归一化处理和消噪)光谱乙酰化木材增重率数学模型,并进行比较分析。结果表明：乙酰化大青杨和樟子松木材分别选用归一化处理光谱和消噪光谱建立的增重率校正模型预测效果较好,预测模型相关系数( R)分别为0.90和0.70,预测标准差(RMSEP)分别为1.0072和1.3012,其中乙酰化大青杨木材增重率预测模型实测能力较佳,表明利用木材横切面近红外光谱建立的数学模型可以实现乙酰化木材增重率的快速预测。     

桉树材性性状近红外预测模型的建立

试验以采集的100份桉树不同组合杂交子代的木芯及木粉样品作为研究对象,以常规方法测定所取木材样品的木材密度、纤维长度和纤维宽度并用 Polychromix 手持式近红外仪采集了自然风干状态木粉的近红外光谱信息。光谱数据的处理及建模用 Unscrambler 9.7软件完成。建模结果显示：木材密度、纤维长度和纤维宽度的预测精度均可达90%以上。建模过程中,木材密度较纤维长度和纤维宽度所需的校正样本集数量要多,说明要达到一定的预测精度,纤维长度和纤维宽度其所建模型的预测范围会相应变小。     

近红外光谱法快速预测栓皮栎木材密度可行性研究

采用偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立近红外光谱快速预测栓皮栎木材气干密度的方法。以来自4棵栓皮栎木材不同径向部位的131个样品为研究对象,按GB/T1933—2009《木材密度测定方法》测定气干密度,并采集其近红外光谱,结果显示采用横切面光谱建立的模型效果最佳。通过梯度法选择多个建模样本集建立了多个PLS模型,模型的校正及预测相关系数均大于0.9。研究表明近红外光谱法快速预测栓皮栎木材气干密度具有可行性。     

古建木构件化学组分近红外光谱分析

在材种鉴定的基础上,通过近红外光谱(NIRS)定性分析了建成约600 a的木造古建筑木构件的化学组分,结合木构件化学组分定量分析,与现代木材相比较,探讨了近红外光谱技术评价木构件老化的可行性。结果表明:近红外二阶导数特征性谱带反映了木材纤维素以及半纤维素和木质素的基团信息,而其差谱反映出木构件与对照样化学组分变化。这些光谱特征与传统的化学组分定量分析的结果非常一致:纤维素和半纤维素相对含量减少而木质素相对含量增加,与各种组分谱带差谱的增减相对应。此外,在5 882,5 587和5 464 cm-1等谱带处反映的纤维素结晶和半结晶区的光谱信息,差谱观察到木构件与现代材落叶松之间化学组分的不变或减少,其结果与X射线衍射(XRD)方法获得的木材结晶度分析结果相一致。通过NIRS定性分析木构件化学组分及结晶度变化,接近于现场检测方法,使用便携式NIRS,在古建筑木构件端头裸露部位获取光谱信息,能够实现现场对木材化学组分的无损定性评价。本实验结果也表明,除了常规的红外光谱(FT-IR)、XRD分析技术,NIRS技术对于木构件老化状况的评价是一种有潜力的无损检测方法。     

应用近红外光谱技术预测进口辐射松木材抗压和抗弯性能

以进口辐射松（Pinus radiata）木材为研究对象,探究应用近红外光谱技术预测辐射松木材抗压和抗弯性能的可行性,比较不同切面采谱、不同光谱预处理方法以及不同谱区波段的建模效果。结果表明,用弦切面的光谱建立的校正模型精度最高。原始光谱建立的校正模型精度较好,相关系数达0.85及以上,抗压强度模型在经过S-G卷积平滑处理后相关系数可提高到0.92。在全波段建立的校正模型效果最好。经外部验证,抗压强度、抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量预测值与实测值相关性较高,相关系数达0.82及以上。研究结果可为辐射松木材的抗压和抗弯性能的快速评价提供新方法。     

表面粗糙度对NIR预测落叶松基本密度的影响

【目的】对不同表面粗糙度的落叶松木材光谱进行分析,建立适合不同表面粗糙度的近红外模型,为提高近红外模型预测木材密度精度和普适性提供理论依据。【方法】以黑龙江省星火林场落叶松木材为研究对象,对未打磨（M0）、150目打磨（M1）和320目打磨样品（M2）的近红外光谱进行分析。分别采用11点移动平均平滑、基线校正（baseline）和SG平滑进行了光谱预处理以去除冗余光谱信息,采用人工选择、反向区间偏最小二乘法（BiPLS）和联合区间偏最小二乘法（SiPLS）完成波段优选,构建针对不同表面粗糙度的单一预测模型及包含3种表面粗糙度样品的近红外混合模型。【结果】M0样品包含的光谱信息要多于另外2种粗糙度,3种预处理方法中,SG平滑预处理的建模效果综合评价最好。基于3种波段优选方法分别建立M0、M1和M2的基本密度预测模型,SiPLS波段选择方法效果更好,对于M0、M1、M2这3种表面粗糙度样品,验证集相关系数R及均方根误差（RMSEP）分别为0.865 9和0.022 7、0.766 0和0.021 4、0.725 6和0.027 4。以3种不同粗糙度混合建立的SiPLS-混合预测模型,对于不...     

基于近红外光谱分析的多模型建模方法研究

以相思树的α-纤维素含量为研究对象,用一种多模型方法建立了相思树α-纤维素含量的近红外光谱分析模型。模型预测值的平均相对误差为0.97%,实验值与预测值之间的相关系数为0.963 1,模型的拟合优度为0.924 5。研究结果表明,使用的光谱数据量越大,模型的预测效果一般会越好。此外还发现了子模型中待定常数的个数与所使用光谱数据量之间的关系:建模时使用的光谱数据量越大,每个子模型中待定常数的个数一般应该越小。该结果有助于今后使用该方法建立其它近红外光谱分析模型。所建模型可用于快速测定相思树的α-纤维素含量,并有望用于其它树种某些化学成分含量的预测。     

基于近红外光谱波段优选的针叶木材基本密度估测模型的优化研究

【目的】木材基本密度在木材质量等级评定中具有重要作用,是木材分流及精细化利用的重要依据。【方法】以东北林区典型针叶树种为研究对象,结合近红外光谱技术,构建红松、落叶松、云冷杉木材基本密度近红外估测模型,分析比较了不同波段优选算法并进行了模型优化。研究采用竞争性自适应重加权法(CARS)、无信息变量消除法(UVE)和间隔偏最小二乘法(iPLS)对木材近红外光谱波段进行优化,基于卷积平滑算法对近红外光谱数据进行预处理,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立针叶木材基本密度估测模型。依据相关系数(R)、均方根误差(RMSEC)等模型参数对模型效果进行评价,对比分析确定最佳波段优选方法,得到最优针叶木材基本密度近红外估测模型。【结果】利用CARS、UVE、i PLS的波段优化方法对近红外光谱波段的筛选,可以起到优化针叶木材基本密度模型的作用,减少参与建模的近红外光谱的波段变量数,明显提升模型的运算速度,使得模型准确度更高、稳定性更好;利用间隔偏最小二乘法结合偏最小二乘法(iPLS-PLS)进行波段优选的针叶木材基本密度模型效果最好,其模型校正相关系数为0.938 0,校正均方根误差为0.021 8,验证相关系数为0.8959,验证均方根误差为0.028 0。【结论】基于波段优选及模型优化构建东北林区典型针叶树种基本密度近红外估测模型,可以有效提高运算速度及估测精度,实现针叶材基本密度的快速、准确、无损估测,为针叶木材材性研究和森林培育提供了理论依据与技术支撑,有利于进一步实现木材的高效节约与精细化利用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.