两种方法对玉米几个株型性状遗传效应的比较分析

以7个自选系、7个外引系、外杂选系和按NCⅡ组配的49个杂种F1组合为研究材料。对差异显著的7个株型性状应用混合线性模型、配合力两种分析方法对遗传方差和遗传力进行了比较分析。结果表明：混合模型分析雄穗长揭示了显著的显性效应和不显著的加加上位性与 性效应，雄穗分枝数与其干重揭示了极显著的显性效应与加性效应，其余性状揭示了极显著的显性效应与加加上位性效应；配合力分析是在加－显遗传模型基础上进行的，只能揭示加性和显性效应，两种分析方法所得各遗传方差分量都存在显著差异，其差异因性状而异。分析表明，这些差异可能是由于不同方法对剩余方差分量和加性遗传方差分量估算不同而引起的。广义遗传率差异大小是基因型与环境的互作而引起的；狭义遗传率差异一部分是基因与环境的互作，另一部分却是两种方法所估算的加性（加加上位性）遗传方差不同而引起的。     

两种方法对玉米几个形态性状遗传效应的比较分析

本试验采用7个自选系、7个外引系、外杂选系和按NCⅡ组配的49个杂种F1组合为研究材料.对差异显著的6个形态性状应用混合线性模型、配合力两种分析方法对遗传方差和遗传力进行了比较分析,结果表明:混合模型分析穗位叶长与叶宽仅揭示了显著的加加上位性与显性效应,苞叶长、苞叶数、苞叶重、果柄长等4个性状只揭示了显性和加性效应;而配合力分析是在加-显遗传模型基础上进行的,只能揭示加性和显性效应.两种分析方法所得各遗传方差分量都存在显著的差异,其差异因性状而异.分析表明,这些差异可能是由于不同方法对剩余方差分量或(和)加性遗传方差分量估算不同而引起的.广义遗传力差异大小是基因型与环境的互作而引起;狭义遗传力差异一部分是基因与环境的互作,另一部分却是两种方法所估算的加性(加加上位性)遗传方差不同而引起的。     

红麻五个品种产量性状的配合力和遗传组成的分析

采用双列杂交方法1对五个红麻品种的10个产量性状进行配合力研究,它们的一般配合力和特殊配合力大多是显著或极显著的,反交效应不显著。亲本之一的一般配合力高和双亲组合的特殊配合力方差大有希望选育出优异的高产组合。据株高、基部茎粗和皮厚的遗传组成分析:加性和显性效应都是重要的,且显性效应对表现型值的贡献比加性效应更大些。控制株高和茎粗的显性和隐性等位基因的频率大致相同,而皮厚的隐性基因比显性基因多。株高的狭义遗传力较低,茎粗和皮厚的狭义遗传力较高。在本试验中,红麻单株纤维重的平均杂种优势值为27.3％。     

大豆主要农艺性状的遗传分析

大豆农艺性状和产量性状属数量性状遗传,本研究以不完全双列杂交组合为材料,以朱军(1997)提出的混合模型方法分析大豆形态和产量性状的加性、显性和上位遗传效应.结果表明,大豆的株高、节数、粒重、粒数及总荚数等性状受基因显性效应影响,且显性方差比率最大;节数、单株产量、百粒重等性状受加性效应的影响,但作用较小;株高和单株粒数也受到上位效应的影响,但作用较小.各形态性状的广义遗传率较高,但狭义遗传率却较低.单株产量与株高、粒数、总荚数呈极显著正相关,与百粒重呈负相关.在各遗传分量中,各相关系数以显性相关系数为主.     

小麦花药愈伤组织诱导率的基因型差异和配合力分析

为探究小麦花药愈伤组织诱导率(callus induction rate,CIR)的遗传规律,筛选小麦花药CIR配合力和遗传力表现优良的亲本,采用完全双列杂交方法对部分皖北栽培小麦花药CIR进行一般配合力效应、特殊配合力效应分析,并估算其遗传参数。结果表明,小麦花药CIR基因型间差异显著,新麦208、烟农19、煤生0308具有较高的CIR;小麦花药CIR的遗传差异既包括加性效应,也包括显性效应,但以加性效应为主;一般配合力和特殊配合力方差均达极显著水平,新麦208一般配合力高,其相对效应值为7.24,其配制的杂交组合特殊配合力也普遍具有正效应,是开展小麦花药培养的理想桥梁亲本;小麦花药CIR具有较高的遗传力,其广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别为94.90%和76.02%。因此,可以通过大规模筛选一般配合力效应高的亲本材料来提高小麦花培育种的效率。     

几个玉米自交系的杂种优势分析

运用加性-显性及环境互作的遗传模型对2002～2004年的10个玉米自交系和45个F1代组合的10个性状进行了分析,对各性状的遗传方差分量、遗传力、杂种F1代的基因型及杂种优势进行研究。结果表明:玉米自交系的各性状绝大多数以显性效应为主,但也受环境因素影响;同一组合不同性状的显性效应值和同一性状的不同组合显性效应值有较大差异;从群体平均优势和超亲优势来看,单穗粒重、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重、株高和穗位高等性状均达到极显著水平。F1代各性状的优势明显高于F2代,可达2～3倍。     

云南地方糯玉米自交系产量性状的遗传效应分析

采用NCⅡ遗传设计和朱军QGA加性-显性模型(AD模型)软件,分析来自云南省18个地方品种糯玉米、2个普通玉米和4个引进的自交系,研究了穗粗、单株粒重、千粒重、穗行数和穗重等9个性状的加性和显性遗传效应。结果表明,单株粒重、穗重和穗行数受基因加性效应控制,加性效应方差对表型方差的贡献率分别为33.7%、33%和29%;千粒重、穗长和穗粗受基因加性效应-显性效应控制,加性和显性效应方差对表型方差贡献率分别为千粒重33%和21%、穗粗39%和13%、穗长17%和10%;其它3个性状受环境影响较大,遗传模式也较为复杂。遗传力分析揭示了对单株粒重、穗重、穗行数、千粒重和穗粗选择效果明显;以性状加性效应值及显著性,筛选出3、10、15、16和18号5个糯玉米优异自交系,其所有观察性状的加性效应值均优于对照CK1(忻州黑糯)和CK3(中糯246)自交系,部分性状优于CK2(N9605)和CK4(自330)。     

大豆不同杂交组合农艺和品质性状的遗传分析

为正确选配亲本及提高育种效果,采用6×5 NCⅡ遗传交配设计,对11个大豆品种的11个性状的遗传力和配合力效应进行了分析.结果表明:蛋白质、百粒重、节数的狭义遗传力较高,早代选择效果较好,茎粗和虫食粒率的狭义遗传力较低,适合在中高代进行选择.大豆各性状的加性遗传效应是主要的.吉林38和通农13单株粒重的一般配合力较高,是高产育种的理想亲本,意3蛋白质的一般配合力较高,是提高蛋白质含量的理想亲本.吉林35×PEMVy、通农13×SAPPRO、2002系选×EXP和吉林38×意3组合的特殊配合力较高,可作为高产潜力组合进一步在后代中重点选择.     

粳稻不同生态类型间F1的杂种优势及其亲本的配合力分析

用8个不同生态类型的粳稻品种配成8×8双列杂交,研究8个重要农艺性状的杂种优势以及亲本的配合力。结果表明,不同生态类型间杂种F1 各性状的优势有正有负。56个F1组合平均, 小区产量性状表现19.5%的高亲优势, F1小区产量超过高亲值的组合占87.5%,其余7个性状的F1值位于中亲值与高亲值之间。 在不同生态类型所构成的总体中,株高、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和小区产量4个性状的加性遗传方差和非加性遗传方差同等重要;抽穗期、穗长、单株有效穗3个性状的加性遗传方差更重要;千粒重性状非加性遗传方差更为重要。小区产量和产量构成因素一般配合力效应和特殊配合力效应方差较大的亲本是秀水04和3726;特殊配合力效应大且综合性状优良的组合是越光/秀水04。     

大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的遗传效应分析

以朱军提出的混合模型方法,采用亲本、F1、F2 3个世代,分析大豆异黄酮含量的胚效应、细胞质效应和 母体效应。结果表明,大豆种子中异黄酮含量同时受到胚遗传效应和母体遗传效应的控制,并且母体效应的作用 要高于胚遗传效应。胚显性方差、母体加性方差和母体显性方差均达到显著水平。在胚和母体两套遗传体系中, 加性效应方差占总遗传方差的18. 8% ,胚显性方差与母体显性方差之和占总遗传方差的81. 2%。胚广义遗传率为 17. 3% ,母体效应的广义遗传率为33. 6%。异黄酮含量与株高和单株产量的正向基因型协方差、异黄酮含量与单 株节数的负向基因型协方差达到显著水平。异黄酮含量与株高和单株产量间主要以母体显性协方差为主,异黄酮 含量与单株节数间主要以胚加性协方差为主。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.