土壤食物网及其生态功能研究进展

土壤食物网可定义为不同功能土壤生物类群之间形成的消费者-资源关系网络,包括腐食食物链和捕食食物链。简述了土壤食物网的研究意义及国内外研究现状,阐明了土壤食物网各结构成分在土壤生态系统中的功能作用。     

南疆温室和菜地土壤微生物学特性比较

对阿拉尔垦区使用10年以上的温室和菜地土壤农化性质、土壤微生物区系、土壤微生物活性进行初步分析。结果显示：温室土壤NO3^-—N含量、总盐含量明显高于菜地，pH也略有下降，土壤存在次生盐演化的威胁。两种不同利用方式的土壤微生物区系均以细茵占绝对优势，说明细茵是土壤物质分解的主要参与者，微生物区系变化趋势与土壤肥力相似。温室土壤由于N03^--N含量、总盐含量增加，因而微生物活性下降。     

苯醚甲环唑对温室土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的影响

为了解温室环境下杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑对土壤微生物生态环境的影响,在温室大棚中研究了0.5,2.5,5.0mg/kg 3个浓度苯醚甲环唑对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶的毒性效应。结果表明,温室环境中苯醚甲环唑对土壤细菌和放线菌数量影响较小,仅2.5,5.0mg/kg苯醚甲环唑对土壤细菌和放线菌数量有短暂的抑制或刺激作用,苯醚甲环唑对土壤真菌数量表现为显著的抑制作用,且持续较长,呈现出毒害效应;苯醚甲环唑对温室土壤中性磷酸酶活性表现出低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的作用,对土壤脲酶活性表现出强烈的抑制作用,对蔗糖酶活性表现出刺激作用,对土壤纤维素酶活性表现出刺激-抑制-恢复对照水平的效应。随着时间的延长,4种土壤酶活性逐渐恢复,到第28d时都趋于对照组水平。该研究结果可为棚室环境下苯醚甲环唑对土壤微生物的安全性评价及科学使用提供科学依据。     

宜兴市温室土壤理化性质的调查和分析

对宜兴市的温室和露天土壤的理化性质(包括pH,电导率,各种水溶性离子的含量以及全盐量)进行调查测定,结果表明:宜兴市温室土壤pH值0-20 cm土层比深层低,有酸化趋势;土壤全盐量显著高于露天土壤,盐分已明显在0～20cm土层富集,表层土壤全盐含量均在2.00 g/kg以上;在盐分的离子组成中,阳离子以Ca2 为主,平均占全盐总量的14%,阴离子以NO3-和SO42-为主,分别平均占全盐总量的56%和23%.说明该地区温室土壤己达到中度盐渍化水平.     

施用有机肥和化肥对菜田土壤酶动态特性的影响

通过露地田间栽培黄瓜试验,研究施用有机肥和化肥对土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶动态特性的影响。结果表明,露地菜田土壤酶活性随土层的加深而减弱,0～10cm土层酶活性明显高于10～20cm。菜田耕层土壤酶活性季节性变化明显,作物旺盛生长期土壤酶活性高,而作物生长初期和末期,土壤酶活性较低。施用有机肥、化肥在一定条件下可以改变土壤酶活性。施用半腐熟有机肥,生育初期酶活性低,生育后期逐渐升高;施用氮肥,在黄瓜各个生育期均不同程度地降低了酶的活性,而增施磷、钾肥却不同程度地提高了酶的活性。     

温室与露地栽培的环境条件及土壤性质差异分析

选择栽培5年、20年的温室及相邻露地,研究其环境条件、土壤性质(土壤养分、有机碳含量)的变化趋势及差异.结果表明,露地的光照度、光合有效辐射、土壤温度均显著高于5年温室、20年温室,土壤湿度则相反;露地改建为温室后,连年种植能有效促进土壤有机碳积累,尤其是0～20 cm、20～40 cm土层增加显著,其土壤pH值呈下降...     

钾镁供应浓度及比例对温室土壤K-Mg吸附特性的影响

不同钾、镁浓度及摩尔比供应对大田及温室土壤K ,Mg2 离子吸附特性影响的研究结果表明:大田及温室土壤对K ,Mg2 离子的吸附量均随其供应浓度和比例的增加而增加,日光温室栽培下土壤对K 的吸附量显著小于大田土壤;K /Mg2 为2∶1时不同土壤对Mg2 离子吸附量的差异均较小,K /Mg2 为1∶1时,温室塿土Mg2 的吸附量低于大田土壤,而潮土温室和相应大田土壤间的差异较小;随供应的K 浓度和比例升高,土壤对Mg2 离子的吸附量显著降低。随K ,Mg2 离子浓度提高,大田土壤K 吸附率均呈对数趋势下降,而温室土壤K 吸附率呈对数趋势增加;不同K /Mg2 对大田土壤K 吸附率影响较小,而温室土壤在K /Mg2 大时K 吸附率较大;不同土壤对Mg2 的吸附率随K ,Mg2 离子浓度变化未表现明显的规律性。随着K ,Mg2 离子总浓度的增加,土壤中Ca2 离子的解析量呈直线增加,不同K /Mg2 对Ca2 离子解析量影响的差异较小,温室土壤Ca2 离子解析量大于大田土壤。     

农业景观格局对玉米害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网结构的影响

农业过度集约化带来的农业景观均质化已成为农田生物多样性降低的主要原因之一。为研究农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网结构的影响,本文选择辽宁省昌图县为研究区,选取8个典型田块为样区,在分析定性食物网结构的基础上,采用回归分析和最优模型确定食物网参数与景观指数之间的关系。结果表明:1)互作丰度(IR)与各景观指数无显著相关性。2)连接密度(LD)与蔓延度指数(CONTAG, x1)、聚集度指数(AI, x2)呈显著正相关(P0.05),最优模型为:LD=-64.621+0.780x1+0.739x2。农业景观中非耕作斑块越聚集,玉米害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网结构越复杂。3)连接性(C)与CONTAG(x1)、香农多样性指数(SHDI, x3)呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与香农均匀度指数(SHEI,x4)呈显著负相关(P0.05),最优模型为:C=-178.500+1.831x1-106.808x4。景观类型越多样,且同类斑块连接度越好,害虫与捕食性天敌的相互作用越频繁,也越有利于复杂食物网结构的维持。4)普遍性(G)与景观形状指数(LSI, x5)、斑块结合指数(COHESION, X7)、AI(x2)呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与斑块密度(PD,x6)呈显著负相关(P0.05),最优模型为:G=-2 994.798+26.891x2+27.090x5-0.491x6+2.851x7。非耕作斑块破碎化程度越低,天敌的搜寻行为和聚集行为越强,越有利于食物网结构的稳定。5)易损性(V)与SHEI(x4)呈显著正相关,而与CONTAG(x1)呈显著负相关(P0.05),最优模型为:V=8.411+5.351x4。斑块类型在景观中分布越均匀,害虫多样性越高,群落结构也越复杂。总体而言,农业景观异质性越强越有利于玉米害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网的构建和抗干扰性的增强。而利用田间数据构建食物网矩阵的方法可以成为研究如何增强农业景观异质性的有力工具。     

吉林省中西部平原区农业生境土壤甲虫群落结构特征

2003年7月和9月对吉林省中西部平原区农田、居民点园地和“三北”防护林等典型农业土地利用生境进行土壤甲虫调查，了解农业土地利用差异对土壤甲虫群落的影响。研究区共捕获土壤甲虫26科955只，优势类群为金龟甲科（Scarabaeidae）幼虫、步甲科（Carabidae）和步甲科幼虫，共占全部总捕获个体数65．03％。研究结果表明：土壤甲虫类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区呈现出明显的一致性；中部平原区与西部平原区土壤甲虫群落特征差别显著；土地利用类型差异影响土壤甲虫个体密度和多样性分布，其中农田和居民点园地减少了土壤甲虫个体密度和多样性，防护林的存在对于农业生境土壤甲虫生物多样性保护具有重要意义。     

长期“化肥有机替代”提升红壤腐解微食物网生态网络复杂性和稳定性

【目的】通过探究长期“化肥有机替代”对土壤腐解微食物网复杂性和稳定性的影响,为土壤可持续培肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】依托南方红壤长期施肥田间定位试验,利用高通量测序技术研究土壤腐解微食物网生物群落组成和多样性对长期化肥有机替代的响应,并通过共现网络分析方法评价长期化肥有机替代对土壤腐解微食物网生态网络复杂性和稳定性的影响。【结果】长期化肥有机替代显著改变了土壤细菌、真菌、原生动物及整体微食物网的物种群落组成,并显著提高土壤细菌、真菌、原生动物、线虫及整体微食物网生物群落的物种丰富度。各功能群生态网络的平均度、平均聚类系数、连通性和模块化程度等绝大多数拓扑参数均表现为化肥有机替代处理下较高;与常规施肥处理相比,化肥有机替代处理各功能群生态网络的鲁棒性较高,细菌、原生动物、线虫和整体微食物网生态网络的脆弱性较低。【结论】长期化肥有机替代提高了南方红壤细菌、真菌、原生动物、线虫及整体微食物网生物群落的物种多样性,并提升了微食物网的生态网络复杂性和稳定性,对土壤生态功能有着潜在的改善作用。     

Protozoa, nematodes and N-mineralization across a prescribed soil textural gradient

The increase in protozoan and nematode populations following addition of glucose or barley leaf material to five different mixtures of a sandy loam and a silty clay loam was investigated in 2 experiments. Prescribed soil textures (varying in clay content from 15.6% to 28.6%) were incubated at a matric potential of —10 kPa at 15 °C, and the number of protozoa and nematodes and the amount of inorganic nitrogen were estimated after 0, 2 and 5 weeks. In the first experiment, the effect of amendment with glucose was compared with amendment with barley leaves. Numbers of protozoa increased in soil mixtures amended with both glucose and barley leaves, but nematodes only increased in the treatment with barley leaves. There was a large positive effect of the amount of fine-textured soil on the number of protozoa, whereas the nematodes were not affected by soil texture. In the second experiment, the effect of nematodes on protozoa and nitrogen mineralization was examined. Soil mixtures prepared with sterilised soil were amended with barley leaves and either (1) a soil suspension filtered through a 5 μm mesh to remove nematodes, or (2) a filtered soil suspension and a mixture of nematodes extracted from soil. The nematodes that multiplied in the soil mixtures were almost exclusively bacterial-feeding rhabditids. The nematodes had a significantly positive effect on the number of protozoa but an insignificant effect on N-mineralization. Both protozoa and nematodes were affected positively by the proportion of the fine-textured soil in the soil mixtures, but the positive effect on protozoa was larger than the effect on nematodes.     

Transitory dynamic effects in the soil invertebrate community in a temperate deciduous forest: Effects of resource quality

The importance and strength of bottom-up forces in terrestrial soil systems are poorly understood. In contrast to aquatic systems, where trophic cascades and top-down forces dominate, it has been postulated that terrestrial systems are regulated mainly by bottom-up forces. We set up a 17 month field experiment to study the effects of addition of resources of different quality (wood, wheat bran, pet food, and glucose+phosphorous+nitrogen) on the soil micro-, meso- and macrofauna as well as on microbial biomass, ergosterol content and abiotic parameters (soil pH, water content, carbon and nitrogen content) in a beech forest (Fagus sylvatica) on sandstone. We hypothesized that bottom-up effects will be strong on lower trophic levels resulting in increased biomass of bacteria and fungi, and that this increase will propagate to higher trophic levels (microbivorous invertebrates, predators) but with decreasing intensity due to dampening of bottom-up forces at higher trophic levels by high connectivity, trophic-level-omnivory and generalist feeding. The results of the study in general did not support these hypotheses. Microbial biomass only moderately increased after resource addition, and while densities of several animal groups increased (lumbricids, nematodes, collembolans, gamasid mites, staphylinid beetles), densities of other groups declined (oribatid mites, prostigmate mites, lithobiids), and a large number of taxa remained unaffected (enchytraeids, diplopods, uropodine mites, pseudoscorpions, spiders). We conclude that (a) bottom-up forces are of limited importance in the soil system of temperate deciduous forests, (b) large primary decomposers, such as earthworms, do not depend on microorganisms as food but consume organic matter directly, (c) the link between microorganisms and microbivores, such as collembolans, is weak since collembolan density increased even though microbial biomass was unaffected, (d) habitat modification by ecosystem engineers, such as earthworms, is more important than resource availability for a number of soil invetebrates including prostigmate mites and centipedes, and (e) the soil food web in general is rather resistant responding little to changes in resource supply. The results also suggest that species which commonly are assigned to single trophic groups, such as collembolans, differently respond to changes of the base of the food web. Increased fungal biomass led to an increase in the density of Folsomia quadrioculata s.l. and Isotomiella minor, whereas the increased bacterial biomass was accompanied by an increase in density of Ceratophysella denticulata and Isotoma notabilis.     

污泥堆肥和热干燥对土壤和土壤腐殖酸性质的影响

The effect of annual additions of composted sewage sludge (CS) and thermally dried sewage sludge (TS) at 80 t ha^-1 on soil chemical properties was investigated for three years in a field experiment under semiarid conditions. Humic acids (HAs) isolated by conventional procedures from CS, TS, and unamended (SO) and sludge amended soils were analysed for elemental (C, H, N, S and O) and acidic functional groups (carboxylic and phenolic) and by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies. With respect to CS, TS had similar pH and total P and K contents, larger dry matter, total organic C, total N and C/N ratio and smaller ash content and electrical conductivity. Amendment with both CS and TS induced a number of modifications in soil properties, including an increase of pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, and available P. The CS-HA had greater O, total acidity, carboxyl, and phenolic OH group contents and smaller C and H contents than TS-HA. The CS-HA and TS-HA had larger N and S contents, smaller C, O and acidic functional group contents, and lower aromatic polycondensation and humification degrees than SO-HA. Amended soil-HAs showed C, H, N and S contents larger than SO-HA, suggesting that sludge HAs were partially incorporated into soil HAs. These effects were more evident with increasing number of sludge applications.     

日光温室土壤温度环境边际效应

为探索日光温室边际区域的界限和边际环境特点,在暖温带的河南省郑州市冬春季,选择当地有代表性的全钢架无支柱日光温室,实测了边际土壤温度,测试确定日光温室边际区域的界限点。结果表明：土温界点在不同时期是不同的。11月下旬土温界点距离南底脚105 cm。在最冷的1月,土温界点距南底脚270 cm。3月下旬,此界点距南底脚仅为45 cm。土温界点在一天中也是不同的。代表最冷季节的1月中旬最远界点出现在6︰00～8︰00,距南底脚285 cm,最近界点出现在15︰00～17︰00,距南底脚150 cm。边际区域的界点可作为日光温室优化设计的指标,并指导设施保护区域自然资源的充分利用。     

Interactions between nematodes and microbial communities in a tropical soil following manipulation of the soil food web

The carrying capacity for microflora and nematofauna was manipulated (using a bactericide, a fungicide, manure or a growing millet plant) in a poor tropical soil, in order to identify relationships between the soil microbes and nematodes and to assess the influences of these organisms on nitrogen flux. The experiment was conducted for 4 months in containers under greenhouse conditions, with analyses of soil, nematofauna and microbial characteristics at regular intervals. Manure input and initial bactericide application led to a significant increase in bacterial-feeding and fungal-feeding nematodes of coloniser-persister classes 1 and 2, respectively, whereas high manure input stimulated omnivorous nematodes (i.e. Microdorylaimus rapsus) which became the dominant trophic group. Changes in abundance of the different bacterial-feeding nematode taxa between treatments seemed to be more related to changes in the structure of the microbial communities than to the total amount of micro-organisms, as suggested by the RISA fingerprint analysis of the bacterial communities. Canonical analysis of nematode feeding guilds, combined with soil microbial and mineral nitrogen parameters as well as multiple regression showed that the bacterial-feeding nematodes influenced the inorganic N content in the soil whereas microbial biomass was determined by total nematode abundance and not by any specific trophic group.     

土层深度和季节变化对保护地西瓜连作土壤中丛枝菌根真菌群落结构的影响

The characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community structure in various soil depths and growing seasons of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) grown in commercial greenhouses in Daxing of Beijing and Weifang and Laiyang of Shandong, China were investigated using both morphological identification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The sampled soils had been used for continuous greenhouse production of watermelon for 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 years. Glomus claroideum was the dominant species in the greenhouse soils planted for 5, 10, and 15 years in Laiyang, while Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum were dominant in the nearby open farmland soil. Sorenson’s similarity index of AMF community composition ranged from 0.67 to 0.84 in the soils planted for 5 years, and from 0.29 to 0.33 for 20 years among the three locations. Spore abundance, species richness, and the Shannon index were highest near the soil surface (0-10 cm) and decreased with soil depth, and higher in June and October than in August and December. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that available P and the number of years that soil had been used for greenhouse production were the main factors contributing to the variance of AMF community composition. It was concluded that the community structure of AMF was mainly influenced by soil available P and planting time of watermelon as well as by soil depth and seasonal variation in the commercial greenhouse.     

Impact of soil solarization on the ciliate community structure of a greenhouse soil

Soil solarization is an ecologically friendly method of controlling various plant pathogens and pests, but also affects non-pathogenic members of the soil biota. Here, we studied the impact of soil solarization on the community structure of soil ciliates using a culture-independent molecular approach, namely denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of targeted 18S rRNA gene fragments. Greenhouse soil with added organic fertilizers was solarized for 33 days at an average temperature of 47–48°C. Solarization caused a drastic change in the ciliate community. The variation between replicates was large, which suggested that the distribution of ciliates was spatially heterogeneous in the soil, probably due to their decreased numbers. In contrast, non-solarized soil had a stable and homogeneous ciliate community during the experimental period. In solarized soil, most of the original ciliate community recovered 76 days after solarization. Sequence analysis of DGGE fragments indicated that both r-selected and K-selected species of ciliates were affected by solarization but recovered with time after solarization. Our results demonstrated both the vulnerability and resilience of the ciliate community to soil solarization and also the utility of using molecular-based analysis of ciliate communities as bioindicators of soil stress caused by solarization.     

Short term response of soil microinvertebrates to application of entomopathogenic nematode-infected insects in two tillage systems

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae occur naturally in the soil and are produced commercially for the management of soil-dwelling pests. EPN infected cadavers also represent a potential resource for other soil organisms. We examined the short-term (24 h) response in abundance, diversity and community composition of localized soil microinvertebrates to the presence of EPN-infected insect cadavers in no-till and conventional-till maize. We hypothesized that the response of soil microinvertebrates to the EPN-infected cadavers would vary by soil management practices and EPN species. We expected to observe greater numbers and diversity of arthropods in no-till compared with conventional-till soil, and in the vicinity of steinernematid-infected insect cadavers compare to what would be found in the vicinity of heterorhabditid-infected cadavers. 45,606 invertebrates were collected and identified to 134 morphotaxa. Tillage regime accounted for the majority of the variation observed (84.6%), whereas nematode treatment accounted for 7.5%. Taxonomic richness of invertebrates was greater in treatments with Steinernema carpocapsae-infected cadavers than with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-infected cadavers. Some invertebrates increased in abundance where EPN were applied whereas others decreased, regardless of tillage practice. Applications of Galleria cadavers infected with steinernematids elicited positive responses from two mite taxa, Galumnidae and Scheloribates spp., while negative responses were elicited from three mite (Histiostomatidae, Scheloribates spp., Eupodes spp.), taxa and Entomobryidae (Collembola) in response to applications of Heterorhabditis-infected cadavers.     

Interplay of omnivory, energy channels and C availability in a microbial-based soil food web

 To study the effects of omnivory on the structure and function of soil food webs and on the control of trophic-level biomasses in soil, two food webs were established in microcosms. The first one contained fungi, bacteria, a fungivorous nematode (Aphelenchoides saprophilus) and a bacterivorous nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), and the second one fungi, bacteria, the fungivore and an omnivorous nematode (Mesodiplogaster sp.) feeding on both bacteria and the fungivore. Half of the replicates of each food web received additional glucose. The microcosms were sampled destructively at 5, 9, 13 and 19 weeks to estimate the biomass of microbes and nematodes and the soil NH₄ ⁺-N concentration. The evolution of CO₂ was measured to assess microbial respiration. Microbial respiration was increased and soil NH₄ ⁺-N concentration decreased by the addition of glucose, whereas neither was affected by the food-web structure. Supplementary energy increased the biomass of fungi and the fungivore, but decreased the biomass of bacteria, the bacterivore and the omnivore. The omnivore achieved greater biomass than the bacterivore and reduced the bacterial biomass less than the bacterivore. The biomass of the fungivore was smaller in the presence of the omnivore than in the presence of the bacterivore at three sampling occasions. Fungal biomass was not affected by food-web structure. The results show that the effects of the omnivore were restricted to its resources, whereas more remote organisms and soil processes were not substantially influenced. The results also indicate that the presence of an omnivore does not necessarily alter the control of populations as compared with a food web containing distinct trophic levels, and that the fungal and bacterial channels may respond differently to changes in energy supply. Received: 15 December 1997     

长期施用不同基肥对日光温室土壤环境的影响研究

试验研究长期施用不同种类基肥对日光温室土壤理化特性以及生物环境的影响结果表明:秸秆有机肥处理土壤物理性状良好,土壤速效养分含量、土壤酶活性及放线菌数量较高,细菌和真菌数量比值(B/F)稳定,综合土壤肥力在3个处理中最高;长期施用膨化鸡粪处理土壤酸化快,土壤养分含量处于中等,土壤酶活性较高,土壤细菌和真菌数量增多,可能会引起致病菌的增殖;缓释肥作为基肥施用,可加速土壤速效养分积累,但土壤有机质含量较低,土壤酶活性和微生物活性都不高。生产上应该根据实际情况,利用有机-无机肥料的配合施用以达到理想效果。