多杀菌素的作用机理及其抗药性的研究进展

多杀菌素是一类新的杀虫剂,具有高效、低毒、选择性强、对环境安全的特点。其作用机制是通过激活烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR),使正常昆虫神经细胞去极化,也可通过抑制γ-氨基丁酸受体(GABAR)使神经细胞超极化。本文综述了多杀菌素作用机理及其抗药性的研究进展。     

生物杀虫剂多杀菌素的中毒症状和作用机理

生物杀虫剂多杀菌素是一类全新的杀虫剂，它具有神经毒剂特有的中毒症状，表现为身体的上升，非功能性肌肉收缩和震颤，最终衰竭，瘫痪。其作用机制是通过激活烟碱型受体使昆虫神经细胞去极化，引起中央神经系统广泛的超活化。多杀菌素也通过抑制γ-氨基丁酸受体而使神经细胞超活化。本文就是对多杀菌素中毒症状和作用机理的研究进展作一综述。     

烟碱乙酰胆碱受体及其与新烟碱类相互作用的研究进展

对烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)的结构与功能、配体结合部位、门控机理以及与新烟碱类的相互作用进行了综述,并对nAChRs亚基基因突变和敲除对新烟碱类和多杀菌素敏感性的影响进行了讨论。nAChRs在脊椎动物和昆虫的胆碱能突触的快速神经传递中起着重要作用,其在昆虫中仅存在于中枢神经系统(CNS)中,而在脊椎动物中同时存在于CNS和神经肌肉连接处。nAChRs是新烟碱类杀虫剂、多杀菌素和杀螟丹的作用靶标。肌肉和CNS中的nAChRs是一个由两个α和三个非α(β,γ和δ)亚基组成的异数五聚体,该受体主要有三部分:一个在细胞外发现的区域(胞外区)、一个位于膜内的区域(跨膜区),另一个是位于细胞内的区域(胞质区)。每个亚基(从N-C端)都具有一个包含乙酰胆碱(ACh)结合部位的细胞外结构域;4个跨膜结构域(M1~4),其中M2的大部分氨基酸位于离子通道的内壁;一个胞质噜扑(loop)和一个胞外C端。通道门位于孔道内的疏水区。ACh结合部位位于天然和功能受体的两个亚基的界面,是由一个亚基的3个噜扑(A-C)和另一个亚基的3个噜扑(D-F)构成。每当受体与ACh(或其他激动剂)分子结合时,M2 α螺旋体的构象发生改变,使通道开启,处于阳离子传导状态,直至一个或两个激动剂分子从结合口袋解离,通道才关闭。如果激动剂一直存在,并反复结合,则通道处于脱敏状态。nAChRs与新烟碱类的各种选择性作用取决于新烟碱类的结构以及nAChRs的亚基组成。     

MNNG对多杀菌素产生菌的诱变效应

多杀菌素(spinosad)是刺糖多孢菌 Saccharopolyspora spinosa发酵产生的次级代谢产物,有显著杀虫活性.采用N-甲基-N′硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)作为诱变因子对刺糖多孢菌的孢子进行诱变处理,以高效液相色谱方法检测多杀菌素的发酵产量.研究结果表明:诱变剂量为2mg/ml,诱变40min时多杀菌素产量有较大幅度提高.通过诱变最终得到5株产量分别比出发菌株提高61.1%、80.3%、128.1%、69.9%和77.8%的突变株.     

室内药剂交替使用对西花蓟马抗药性发展的影响

分别单独使用毒死蜱、多杀菌素和两种农药交替使用连续处理西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)18代,采用浸渍法从第6至第18代每隔2世代测定3个汰选种群对毒死蜱和多杀菌素的敏感性.结果表明,毒死蜱和多杀菌素交替汰选种群比单一药剂连续汰选种群抗性上升趋势缓慢,F18代时交替使用汰选种群对毒死蜱和多杀菌素的抗性倍数分别为10.89倍和17.19倍,而毒死蜱单一汰选种群对毒死蜱的抗性倍数达到24.19倍,多杀菌素单一汰选种群对多杀菌素的抗性倍数达到20.78倍.因此,交替或轮换使用药剂可以延缓西花蓟马抗药性的发展.     

多杀菌素B的半合成制备方法

多杀菌素B具有很好的杀虫活性,但其天然含量很低,不易获得。作者以单质碘、乙酸钠和氢氧化钠为反应试剂,甲醇为溶剂,通过对反应条件优化,成功地将多杀菌素A中福乐糖胺氮原子上的1个甲基脱去,建立了一条以来源丰富的多杀菌素A为原料,简便、高效合成多杀菌素B的方法,多杀菌素B收率高达81%,为其开发应用及衍生研究奠定了基础。多杀菌素B的结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和HRESI-MS表征。     

异色瓢虫nAChRα6基因的敲除及其对杀虫剂敏感性的影响

为探索天敌昆虫异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis基因功能研究的新技术及遗传改良的新途径,以其烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体α6亚基(nAChRα6)作为靶标基因,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术在异色瓢虫CAU-S品系中对其进行敲除,并测定多杀菌素、吡虫啉与阿维菌素对敲除纯合品系Haα6KO和野生型品系CAU-S的毒力,分析该基因的敲除是否影响异色瓢虫对这3种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果显示,通过CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因编辑及分子标记辅助筛选,成功获得异色瓢虫nAChRα6基因5号外显子缺失8 bp的敲除纯合品系Haα6KO。相对于野生型品系CAU-S,多杀菌素、吡虫啉与阿维菌素对敲除纯合品系Haα6KO的毒力指数分别为1.12、0.91和1.04,且3种杀虫剂对这2个品系的LC50的95%置信限无显著差异,表明异色瓢虫nAChRα6可能不是上述3种杀虫剂的作用靶标。本研究成功建立的CRISPR/Cas9介导的异色瓢虫基因编辑体系,可用于其基因功能研究及遗传改良。     

多杀菌素防治储粮害虫的研究进展

多杀菌素广谱高效、低残留、对非靶标动物安全,同时杀虫机理独特,与现有储粮害虫防治药剂不存在交叉抗性,是一种极具应用前景的微生物源绿色储粮防护剂。本文简单介绍了多杀菌素结构和作用机理,重点讲述了其防治储粮害虫的功效和粮库应用试验,并提出以＂预防为主,综合治理＂的原则来使用多杀菌素防治储粮害虫。     

多杀菌素微球制备关键工艺研究:Ⅱ

采用乳化-溶剂挥发法,以聚乳酸(PLA)为成球材料(壁材)制备了多杀菌素微球。研究了PLA浓度和油/水相体积比对多杀菌素微球制备的影响规律,确定了制备多杀菌素微球的优选配方及工艺条件。制备得到中位径(D50)为12.73 μm、跨距为1.4811、载药量在31%左右、包封率为100.2%、包封产率为89.4%的多杀菌素微球,重复性良好。扫描电镜(SEM)观察结果表明,所得微球为表面较光滑的实心小圆球。差示扫描量热(DSC)分析结果证实,多杀菌素和PLA的确形成了载药微球。室内毒力测定结果表明,自制5%多杀菌素微球悬浮剂与市售2.5%多杀菌素悬浮 剂(菜喜)对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella 2龄幼虫的毒力基本相同,LC50值分别为0.40和0.38 μg/mL。     

植物油对刺糖多孢菌生长及其合成多杀菌素能力的影响

为研究不同种类植物油对刺糖多孢菌生长及其合成多杀菌素能力的影响,探索提高多杀菌素产量的方法,在发酵培养基中分别添加葵花油、花生油、大豆油、芝麻油、橄榄油和菜籽油,研究了其对菌体生长、脂肪酶活性和多杀菌素产量的影响,并利用RT-PCR对脂肪酶基因及多杀菌素合成相关基因的转录水平进行分析。结果表明:6种供试植物油对菌体生长和多杀菌素产量的影响程度不同,依次为菜籽油橄榄油花生油芝麻油葵花油大豆油,其中菜籽油有利于诱导脂肪酶的表达、延缓菌体的衰亡和延长产素期,脂肪酶活力、菌体生物量和多杀菌素产量分别提高310.09%、8.97%和33.94%;脂肪酶基因和多杀菌素合成基因的转录强度也有明显提高。因此,菜籽油是其最佳的辅助性脂类碳源。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Measures of durability of resistance

ABSTRACT Conventional models for the durability of resistant cultivars focus on the dynamics of the frequency of resistance genes. This leads to a definition of the durability of resistance as the time from introduction of the cultivar to the time when the frequency of the virulence gene reaches a preset threshold. It is questionable whether this is the most appropriate way to measure durability. Here we use a simple epidemiological model to link population dynamics and population genetics to compare three measures of durability: (i) the expected time until invasion of the virulent genotype, by mutation or immigration, and subsequent establishment of a population (T(invasion)); (ii) the virulence frequency related measure of the time for the virulent genotype to take-over the pathogen population ( T(take-over)); and (iii) the additional yield, measured by the additional number of uninfected host growth days (T(additional)). Specifically, we show how the measures of durability are affected by deployment and epidemiological parameters. We use a combination of numerical solution and analytical approximation of a model for the population dynamics of avirulent and virulent genotypes of a pathogen growing in dynamically changing populations of resistant and susceptible cultivars. The three measures of durability are compared. Some consequences of the results for durable resistance in multilines and mixtures and the regional deployment of resistant cultivars are discussed.     

甲基硫菌灵标样的制备

本文介绍了用进口甲基硫菌灵样品，采用溶剂萃取，高速离心，重结晶，高效液相色谱，红外光谱等分析方法进行系统分离与鉴定，得到其标样的方法。     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.