农作物病虫害防治农药速查系统构建与应用

为了让农户能够直观了解及掌握常见病虫害的防治信息,帮助农户通过智能手机在农田、果园和茶园等现场方便快捷地获取作物病虫害图文识别要点与科学防治方法,为农户提供在线植保技术服务,本研究采用RESTful Web 服务架构设计,运用HTML5移动Web开发技术,借助微信平台作为用户访问入口,开发了一款跨平台 (android/iOS) 的农药速查软件系统,实现了农药信息查询、病虫害图谱查询及后台数据管理等功能。通过建立农药与病虫害间的关联关系,实现了从农药名称和病虫害名称两个途径查询农药信息;所构建的数据库涵盖了蔬菜、果树、水稻、茶叶及烟草等共30种福建省常规种植作物上的重要病虫害农药防治技术。初步运用验证结果表明,该系统整体实用性和稳定性较好,适合在农村基层推广应用。基于微信平台的农药速查系统能够满足植保新技术普及和应用的需求,可为农户提供简单便捷、对症下药的在线植保科技服务,对提高用户安全施药和科学防控能力、推进农药的增效减量均具有重要意义。     

Recent advances in sensing plant diseases for precision crop protection

Near-range and remote sensing techniques have demonstrated a high potential in detecting diseases and in monitoring crop stands for sub-areas with infected plants. The occurrence of plant diseases depends on specific environmental and epidemiological factors; diseases, therefore, often have a patchy distribution in the field. This review outlines recent insights in the use of non-invasive optical sensors for the detection, identification and quantification of plant diseases on different scales. Most promising sensor types are thermography, chlorophyll fluorescence and hyperspectral sensors. For the detection and monitoring of plant disease, imaging systems are preferable to non-imaging systems. Differences and key benefits of these techniques are outlined. To utilise the full potential of these highly sophisticated, innovative technologies and high dimensional, complex data for precision crop protection, a multi-disciplinary approach—including plant pathology, engineering, and informatics—is required. Besides precision crop protection, plant phenotyping for resistance breeding or fungicide screening can be optimized by these innovative technologies.     

Mechanism of plant–microbe interaction and its utilization in disease-resistance breeding for modern agriculture

Plant diseases pose a major and constant threat to crop production and food security in modern agriculture. While application of pesticides can be a cost to the environment and human health, development and utilization of resistant cultivars is the most effective, economical, and eco-friendly approach to disease control. Using resistant cultivars is especially important for organic agriculture. Increasing breakthroughs have been made in understanding the mechanism of plant–microbe interaction. A current challenge now is how to apply the new knowledge to more effectively create disease-resistant crop cultivars. Integration of plant breeding and plant pathology is necessary to underpin crop improvement for food and other plant-based production. In this review, we summarize our current understanding on the mechanism of plant–microbe interaction and discuss the strategies for disease-resistance breeding of crop cultivars.     

Impacts of plant growth and architecture on pathogen processes and their consequences for epidemic behaviour

As any epidemic on plants is driven by the amount of susceptible tissue, and the distance between organs, any modification in the host population, whether quantitative or qualitative, can have an impact on the epidemic dynamics. In this paper we examine using examples described in the literature, the features of the host plant and the use of crop management which are likely to decrease diseases. We list the pathogen processes that can be affected by crop growth and architecture modifications and then determine how we can highlight the principal ones. In most cases, a reduction in plant growth combined with an increase in plant or crop porosity reduces infection efficiency and spore dispersal. Experimental approaches in semi-controlled conditions, with concomitant characterisation of the host, microclimate and disease, allow a better understanding and analysis of the processes impacted. Afterwards, the models able to measure and predict the effect of plant growth and architecture on epidemic behaviour are reviewed.     

我国植物病害生物防治的现状及发展策略

植物病害生物防治是利用有益微生物和微生物代谢产物对农作物病害进行有效防治的技术与方法,本文介绍了我国在生物农药资源筛选评价体系、基因工程、发酵代谢工程等方面取得的可喜进展和研制出的多种高效植物病害生物防治药物;提出未来5～10年,植物病害生物防治学科领域主要工作是集成现代科学技术,进一步明确不同生防因子控制植物病害的分子机制,加强国际合作与交流,建立有关领域共享技术的合作研究平台,提高植物病害生物防治的基础与应用基础研究水平;指出植物病害的生物防治是保障食品和环境安全的重要措施,对国家可持续农业的健康发展具有重大的战略意义。     

我国作物病虫害生物防治研究与应用最新进展

本文总结了近5年来我国在作物病虫害生物防治研究和应用方面的最新进展, 包括作物害虫、病害(真菌、细菌和病毒病)和线虫的生物防治、植物免疫和昆虫性信息素的研究和应用, 以及新方法和新技术在作物病虫控制中的应用。同时, 与国外的研究进展进行了比较, 指出了存在的主要问题、发展趋势与对策建议。     

作物混植和间作控制病虫害研究的新进展

通过作物的混植和间作,可以有效地提高作物群体的抗性水平,以达到自然控制病虫害的目的。从混植和间作的模式、控害效果和控害机制等方面对这一研究的最新进展进行了综述,并讨论了作物混植和间作的优越性、应用特点和当前的研究重点。     

1991—2010 年中国主要粮食作物生物灾害发生特征分析

生物灾害发生种类繁多和暴发频繁,是威胁我国粮食安全生产的重要因素。利用中国植物保护统计数据、粮食作物产量数据和农田土地覆盖类型分布遥感数据,重点分析中国1991年到2010年20年期间四类重要粮食作物病虫害发生面积和发生强度的变化趋势,以及其空间分布范围。结果表明：从1991年到2010年水稻、玉米和大豆病虫害发生面积均显著增加;水稻、小麦、玉米和大豆病虫害发生强度均显著增加。随着粮食作物病虫害发生面积增大,其发生强度均呈增加趋势。病害与虫害相比,无论是发生面积,还是发生强度,粮食作物的虫害均高于病害。粮食作物病虫害主要分布在我国中东部的粮食主产区,西部地区主要粮食作物病虫害发生相对较轻。为了有效地防止或减少病虫害等生物灾害对粮食生产安全的影响,目前应当加强农田景观变化和气候变化等对粮食农作物病虫害的影响诊断、发生与灾变的风险评估和监测预警,改善农田生态环境,开展区域性农田生态系统病虫害整合治理研究,并建立相应的对策。     

农用微生物杀菌剂剂型研究进展

农用微生物杀菌剂的主要剂型有粉剂(DP)、可湿性粉剂(WP)、颗粒剂(GR)、水分散粒剂(WG)和悬浮剂(SC)等。我国现有的农用微生物杀菌剂剂型种类较为单一,主要为可湿性粉剂,未来应加强其他剂型如水分散粒剂和悬浮剂等的研究开发。生防菌的活菌数、制剂加工和贮存条件以及田间环境因素等对农用微生物杀菌剂的防效均有很大影响,科学合理地评价这些影响,并研究其形成原因和内在规律,对农用微生物杀菌剂的深入研究开发具有重要意义。文章从剂型种类、性质、质量控制以及生产条件、贮存条件和田间环境条件对制剂性质与防效的影响等方面,对农用微生物杀菌剂剂型的研究现状和存在问题进行了详细的综述,并分析了其未来发展趋势。     

Crop residue destruction strategies that enhance rather than inhibit reproduction of Monosporascus cannonballus

Destruction of infected crop residue is a management strategy commonly recommended for the control of many plant diseases. Based upon knowledge of the biology of the root-infecting fungus Monosporascus cannonballus , this strategy is a likely candidate for use in the management of vine decline of melons caused by this pathogen. Specifically, ascospores, the primary survival structure and inoculum for root infection, are produced on infected melon roots primarily after crop termination. Thus, destruction of infected roots prior to reproduction would be a very practical method of preventing inoculum build-up in soil. Results from this study demonstrated that two plant residue destruction methods commonly used by growers at crop termination [i.e. foliar application of a herbicide (glyphosate) and mechanical destruction of vines] significantly enhanced, relative to untreated controls, the rapidity and extent of pathogen reproduction on infected roots left in field after harvest.     

开放式网络病虫信息管理平台的组建与实现

为有效管理和利用植物保护系统的各种病虫资料信息,应用网络脚本语言PHP、网络服务器Apache及MySQL数据库构建了一套基于网络的病虫信息管理系统。系统采用开放式的设计模式,组建了用户管理模块、动态树型菜单模块、在线建表模块、数据表管理模块、日程提醒模块、资料统计对比模块、图形显示模块等。用户可根据自己需要在线建立数据表;系统将动态树型菜单与在线建表模块相互结合,实现了对各种表格的管理,包括表格的创建、数据的查询、汇总、比较及图形化显示等功能,用户通过Internet在系统的帮助下,可建立适合本地实际、满足自己需要的病虫信息管理系统。     

The influence of increasing temperature and CO2 on Fusarium crown rot susceptibility of wheat genotypes at key growth stages

Despite recent reports advancing our understanding of climate change on plant diseases, uncertainty remains concerning how host and pathogen interactions are changed by increases in atmospheric carbon-dioxide (CO2) and temperature. This study has observed crown rot inoculated and non-inoculated plants in three glasshouse environments comprising ambient CO2 with ambient temperature (E1), elevated CO2 with ambient temperature (E2) and elevated CO2 with warm temperatures (E3). The proportion of crown rot infected tillers (incidence), length of stem browning (severity) and biomass of Fusarium pseudograminearum in 16 wheat genotypes was destructively assessed at node development, anthesis, soft dough and crop maturity. Mean incidence, severity and Fusarium biomass was greater in E2, and all three measurements increased at a faster rate across plant development stages; E1 showed the lowest mean incidence and severity. Incidence and severity at each development stage was dependent on the environment each genotype was grown. The influence of genotype on Fusarium biomass at each development stage however was not seen to be dependent on environment. Irrespective of genotype plants with greater severity or relative Fusarium biomass showed lower plant dry weight at crop maturity in all environments with exception to E3, where CR severity did not exert a cost to plant dry weight. These results may allude to plant maturity and temperature-dependent resistance as effective mechanisms in building resistance to crown rot. Regardless of temperature, if crown rot symptoms and Fusarium biomass are to increase at elevated CO2 there is potential for a loss in crop production capability while boosting inoculum in crop stubble.     

堆肥茶生防作用影响因素及应用前景探讨

农业有机废弃物堆肥化处理是目前常用的资源化再循环技术，所得的堆肥产品兼具营养、促生和抗病作用，是促进“减肥减药”工作的重要产品。将腐熟的堆肥加水进行二次好氧或厌氧发酵制备的堆肥茶，可最大化地提取堆肥中功能性物质和养分，并促进有益微生物菌群的扩增繁殖，表现出更好的抗病、促生和营养功能。同时，由于堆肥茶是液态生防制品可以通过喷灌、滴灌等技术进行根层滴灌或叶面喷施，实现药肥一体的作用。本文旨在通过总结堆肥茶抗病效果、作用机理及影响其抗病效果的制备工艺、施用方法，分析其在生态农业中的应用价值，以期为后续开展应用技术研究提供理论依据。     

农业生物多样性防控作物病害的研究进展

作物品种单一化种植常造成病害大面积暴发成灾,利用农业生物多样性解决这一重大难题是国内外植物保护领域长期研究的热点。该文综述了利用农业生物多样性控制病害的效应和机制,并介绍遗传、物种和生境多样性控制病害的部分案例,旨在为发展绿色植保提供更多思考。     

Phoma diseases: Epidemiology and control

Phoma is the most widely distributed and omnipresent genus of the order Pleosporales and the largest genus with some 3,000 taxa described so far. Of these, approximately 110 species are pathogenic and occupy varied ecological niches. The genus Phoma is polyphyletic and is not really delimited, with unclear species boundaries that make it a taxonomically controversial genus. Fungi belonging to Phoma commonly occur on crop plants that are economically important, where they cause devastating plant diseases. Pathogenic members of Phoma sensu lato species attack crop plants with symptoms ranging from leaf blight to root rot, and even wilting of the plant. In infected crop residues and field stubbles, the pathogen produces abundant pycnidia and pseudothecia that serve as the source of primary inoculum, whilst repeated crops of conidia produced inside pycnidia are the main source of secondary infection during the same growing season. After successful infection, the pathogen produces various phytotoxins that alter photosynthetic efficiency and actin cytoskeleton-based functions, and cause electrolyte leakage from cells. Controlling the diseases caused by members of Phoma sensu lato is challenging and efforts have been made to identify resistant varieties that can be used in various plant breeding programmes. Studies have also been conducted to devise cultural and biological control measures as well as to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides against members of Phoma sensu lato. In this review we aim to discuss the disease epidemiology and control measures that can be practised to protect crops from Phoma diseases.     

Overview on the review articles published during the past 30 years relating to the potential climate change effects on plant pathogens and crop disease risks

From 1988 to July 2019 more than 100 review articles were published, including opinion papers and book chapters, that focused on potential climate change effects on plant pathogens and the future crop disease risks. Therefore, an overview of them is presented herein, particularly helpful for beginners and non-experts in climate change biology research. Specifically, this overview contributes to a faster and more convenient identification of appropriate review articles, for example, related to a certain crop, pathogen, plant disease or country of interest. However, not all important crops, pathogens, diseases and countries are considered specifically and in-depth in any of these review articles, suggesting that there are still research gaps prevalent, which are also highlighted herein. Nevertheless, the overview suggests that researchers are increasingly busy and successful in summarizing the fragmented information spread throughout the international literature. Consequently, they are providing ‘step-by-step’ a comprehensive, in-depth, and continuously updated knowledge platform on potential climate change effects on plant pathogens and the respective crop disease risks in the future, although some aspects will, by nature, be repeated.     

Effects of nozzle type and spray angle on spray deposition in ivy pot plants

BACKGROUND: Fewer plant protection products are now authorised for use in ornamental growings. Frequent spraying with the same product or a suboptimal technique can lead to resistance in pests and diseases. Better application techniques could improve the sustainable use of the plant protection products still available. Spray boom systems—instead of the still predominantly used spray guns—might improve crop protection management in greenhouses considerably. The effect of nozzle type, spray pressure and spray angle on spray deposition and coverage in ivy pot plants was studied, with a focus on crop penetration and spraying the bottom side of the leaves in this dense crop. RESULTS: The experiments showed a significant and important effect of collector position on deposition and coverage in the plant. Although spray deposition and coverage on the bottom side of the leaves are generally low, they could be improved 3.0–4.9‐fold using the appropriate application technique. CONCLUSIONS: When using a spray boom in a dense crop, the nozzle choice, spray pressure and spray angle should be well considered. The hollow‐cone, the air‐inclusion flat‐fan and the standard flat‐fan nozzle with an inclined spray angle performed best because of the effect of swirling droplets, droplets with a high momentum and droplet direction respectively. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bacterial and fungal diseases in the major potato-growing areas of Tunisia

In a two year survey of Tunisian rustic potato stores, the losses were nearly equally distributed between dry rots induced by Fusarium solani and watery wound rot or leak caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. ultimum. Symptoms of leak were different from those normally induced by Pythium spp. Surveys of the growing potato crop confirmed the prevalence of these pathogens, which caused wilt and internal vascular stem necrosis. Most rotted progeny tubers also exhibited leak symptoms caused by P. aphanidermatum. Hardly any Erwinia diseases were found in Tunisia. The incidence of diseased plants was significantly higher in fields with successive cultivation of solanaceous crops, which may be attributed to a high rate of soil infestation by wilt-inducing pathogens such as Pythium spp., F. solani and Verticillium dahliae. The health of seed potatoes also played a significant role, affecting the incidence of rot in potato stores as well as in the soil before plant emergence. Therefore, Tunisian integrated management programmes for potato diseases should focus on soil disinfestation with appropriate crop rotation as well as seed quality and treatments.     

Efficacy of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Management of Disease Complex of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Caused by Pectobacterium betavasculorum,Rhizoctonia solani,and Meloidogyne incognita

Gesunde Pflanzen - Application of nanoparticles (NPs) in the management of plant diseases may reduce the use of pesticides and enhance food security. In this study, the effects of TiO2 NPs in 100...     

Automated tomato leaf disease classification using transfer learning-based deep convolution neural network

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Early and accurate detection of plant diseases is necessary to maximize crop yield. The artificial intelligence based deep learning method plays a vital...