新壮态植物生长促进液对棉花枯萎病的防治作用

2015-2016年于室内采用菌丝生长速率法、凹玻片法等方法测定新壮态对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制作用;并于河南安阳枯萎病人工病圃和温室研究了新壮态对棉花枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明:新壮态能显著抑制棉花枯萎病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,当新壮态浓度为10.0%时,抑制率分别为100.0%和93.1%;4.0%~8.0%的新壮态能显著抑制枯萎病菌产孢量。0.25%和0.5%的新壮态浸种能显著增加棉花的株高和芽长。在棉花枯萎病人工病圃,叶面喷施10.0%的新壮态稀释液5次对棉花枯萎病的防治效果最好,达68.8%;在温室内,用1.75%的新壮态灌根5次,防治效果达64.5%。本研究表明,在棉花枯萎病发生前用新壮态喷施或灌根对棉花枯萎病具有较好的防治效果。     

Induced resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt invoked by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

Tomato plants, susceptible toFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici, were inoculated by immersing the roots in a conidial suspension ofF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici race 1,F. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi race 2 or a mixture of both fungi. Plants inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici showed disease symptoms after 2 weeks, whereas plants inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi or a mixture of both fungi remained symptomless for over 7 weeks, the duration of the experiment. In another experiment root systems of plants were split and each half was separately inoculated. One half was firstly inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi or treated with water, followed after a week by a second inoculation of the other half withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici or by a water treatment. The disease symptoms in the half firstly inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi were significantly delayed, compared to plants of which that half had been treated with water. BecauseF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi reduced disease symptoms caused byF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici without any direct interaction with this pathogen, it is concluded thatF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi is able to induce resistance againstF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici in tomato plants.     

产气克雷伯氏杆菌 Klebsiella aerogenes S2对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性及番茄促生效果

本研究以广西红树林的根际土壤为材料, 利用选择性培养基分离筛选多功能菌株, 并利用生理生化和分子生物学相结合的方法进行鉴定?采用平板对峙法测定筛选获得的菌株对几种植物病原真菌的拮抗效果, 同时通过盆栽试验和发芽试验研究其对番茄幼苗和种子的促生效果, 从而挖掘兼具促生防病功能的植物根际促生菌(plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR)?经筛选获得一株具有溶磷及分泌生长素(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)能力的细菌菌株S2, 经鉴定该菌株属于克雷伯氏菌属Klebsiella, 其对禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum, 玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢Bipolaris maydis等3种植物病原真菌具有一定的拮抗效果, 菌株发酵液浓度为1×104?2×104 cfu/mL时对番茄种子和幼苗的促生效果最好?综上, 菌株S2 是一株新型且兼具促生防病效果的多功能PGPR菌株, 该结果为绿色现代农业开发土壤微生物菌肥和植物生长调节剂提供优质菌源参考?     

棉花黄萎病、枯萎病拮抗细菌的筛选及其生长特性的研究

从广西大学、中国农业科学院植物保护研究所黄萎病、枯萎病发病较轻的试验棉田根围土中筛选出5株拮抗性能较高的细菌,其中一株S6经过16s rDNA鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。经过测定,S6的最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH为7,对NaCl的耐受达到10%。     

Predictive factors for the suppression of fusarium wilt of tomato in plant growth media

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilts are economically important diseases for which there are no effective chemical control measures. However, biological control and fertility management are becoming efficient alternatives for controlling this disease. Growth media formulated with composts that are able to suppress Fusarium wilt of tomato provide a control system that integrates both strategies. The aim of this study was to predict Fusarium wilt suppression of growth media using abiotic and biotic variables. Grape marc compost was the most effective medium used to suppress Fusarium wilt. Cork compost was intermediate, and light peat and expanded vermiculite were the most conducive growth media. The growth media evaluated were in a pH range of 6.26 to 7.97. Both composts had high beta-glucosidase activity. When pH and beta-glucosidase activity were taken into account as predictive variables, more than 91% of the variation in severity of Fusarium wilt was explained. This relationship illustrates the effect of nutrient availability and the degree of microbiostasis, two key factors in this pathosystem. Microbial populations involved in suppressiveness were cellulolytic and oligotrophic actinomycetes, fungi, and the ratios cellulolytic actinomycetes/cellulolytic bacteria, oligotrophic bacteria/copiotrophic bacteria, and oligotrophic actinomycetes/oligotrophic bacteria. Based on community level physiological profiles, different community structures were evident among growth media evaluated.     

番茄抗枯萎病I2基因的SNP分型

利用直接测序方法检测番茄抗感品种I-2基因的DNA序列,发现了2个SNPs。以其为3′端,设计等位基因特异引物及其互补引物,研究了特异引物3′端碱基错配类型和位置对等位基因特异PCR的影响,并对52份种质资源进行了SNP分型。结果表明在下游引物3′末端第1、2位引入错配碱基可以提高反应的准确性;引入C-T碱基错配的引物,退火温度在58℃时能把I-2基因的突变位点和感病品种的对应位点区分开来,为番茄抗枯萎病辅助育种提供了有力工具。     

4种常用杀菌剂对江苏省番茄枯萎病菌的毒力

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了4种杀菌剂对36株番茄枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的毒力。结果表明,不同杀菌剂对番茄枯萎病菌的毒力水平有显著差异,25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂对菌落生长的抑制毒力最强,EC50分别为1.65μg/mL和2.91μg/mL;3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂的毒力次之,EC50为12.56μg/mL;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂的毒力最小。不同地区的番茄枯萎病菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性存在明显的差异,铜山地区的菌株除了对多菌灵、氰烯菌酯有较高的敏感性外,对其他2种杀菌剂都呈不同程度耐药性;沭阳地区的菌株对4种杀菌剂的敏感性均很强;姜堰地区的菌株对百菌清有较弱的敏感性,对其他3种杀菌剂的敏感性均较强。本研究为化学防治番茄枯萎病、科学合理用药提供参考依据。     

A rapid laboratory method for assessing the biological control potential of Penicillium oxalicum against Fusarium wilt of tomato

A rapid, simple and reliable procedure was developed to evaluate biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Penicillium oxalicum . The method consists in growing tomato plants in flasks with nutrient solution in a growth chamber. Plants were previously treated in the seedbed with a conidial suspension (10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹) of P. oxalicum 7 days before transplanting. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (race 2) was added to the Hoagland solution just before transplanting. Different concentrations and several isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici were tested. Using this method, plants showed typical symptoms of the disease and the effect of the biocontrol agent was clear. Consumption of nutrient solution was reduced in diseased plants, and this reduction was diminished by treatment with P.oxalicum . Consumption of nutrient solution was correlated with other disease-related parameters (AUDPC, weight of aerial parts, stunting) and was an easy and objective parameter to measure.     

香蕉枯萎病抗性品种及绿色药剂的初步筛选

为筛选抗枯萎病香蕉品种, 通过伤根、针刺及淋菌法接种香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种, 进行盆栽试验, 结果表明, 品种‘巴西蕉’和‘南天红’的病情指数较高, 分别达 42.5和 37.5, 为中感品种; 而品种‘南天青’和‘南天黄’病情指数仅为15, 为抗病品种; ‘农科一号’病情指数最低, 仅为7.5, 是5个品种中最抗病的, 为高抗品种。为筛选防治香蕉枯萎病的绿色药剂, 选用壳聚糖水剂、竹醋液、耕保泰对比络氨铜水剂对‘巴西蕉’进行盆栽药效试验, 结果表明, 耕保泰防治效果较好, 相对防效达78.57%; 20%竹醋液的防治效果最差, 仅为35.71%。     

番茄青枯病植物疫苗胶悬菌剂的制备及其对病害的防治效果

研究了植物疫苗胶悬剂的制备工艺,确定胶悬剂制备的适宜参数为:琼脂终浓度为2.0‰、氯化钠终浓度为2.0%和pH为7.0。在此条件下,胶悬效果最好,质地均匀,无上下分层。试验了植物疫苗胶悬剂对番茄青枯病的防治效果,结果表明,该胶悬剂能较好地抑制番茄青枯病的发生,其防效(77.45%)与化学农药72%农用硫酸链霉素SP(77.23%)相当,配合生防菌剂20亿活芽孢/g蜡质芽孢杆菌WP施用,效果更佳,防效达81.81%。     

植物疫苗鄂鲁冷特对番茄青枯病的田间防治效果

为了明确植物疫苗鄂鲁冷特对番茄育苗及其田间青枯病防治效果的影响,在番茄育苗基质中添加植物疫苗,测定处理后种苗株高、根系长度及出苗率;在田间种植共设疫苗袋装、沟施、浇灌及生防菌剂、化学农药和清水对照6个处理,对根系土壤的养分含量、植株的生物学性状及青枯病发病率进行研究。结果表明,植物疫苗处理分别能使番茄植株株高、根系长度和出苗率提高13.71%、68.20%和56.66%;疫苗袋装和沟施处理的番茄根系土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和交换性钙含量均显著高于其它处理;疫苗袋装、沟施和浇灌均能显著提高番茄植株的株高、花数和产量,其中疫苗袋装处理效果最好,番茄产量最高为99.55 t/hm~2,对不同生育期的平均防治效果最高为93.47%。表明植物疫苗鄂鲁冷特的应用能育出壮苗,降低青枯发病率,提高产量。     

番茄枯萎病致病镰刀菌种类鉴定及优势种群的研究

<正>镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)是真菌的一个重要属,分布极为广泛,是多种重要植物的病原菌。其中,由致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)侵染引起的植物枯萎病是一种世界性的土传真菌病害。病菌从植物根部侵入,扩展进入维管束,造成植株枯死,在植株的全生育期均可发生,给生产带来了巨大的损失。国内外已报道的被严重为害的作物有棉花、甘蔗、香蕉、番茄、黄瓜、哈密瓜、西瓜、大     

2株分泌型铁载体真菌对番茄青枯病的防效

为筛选对番茄青枯病防治效果好的天然产物,本文以分泌型铁载体产生菌云南木霉Trichoderma yunnanense 2-14F2和拟球孢白僵菌Beauveria pseudobassiana 2-8F2为材料,考察其铁载体活性物质对番茄青枯病的防效。采用CAS检测法及全波段紫外光吸收法判定铁载体化学结构类型及其活性。采用Sephadex-LH20凝胶划段法分离活性物质。采用平板扩散及96孔板倍半稀释法检测铁载体活性物质对青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum的离体抑菌活性;采用盆栽法检测活性物质对番茄青枯病的防效。结果显示,菌株2-14F2和2-8F2产铁载体活性单位(SU)分别为62.02%和52.06%,铁载体化学结构类型均为异羟肟酸盐型(hydroxamates)。当铁载体活性物质浓度为0.15 mg/mL时,两菌株对青枯雷尔氏菌抑菌率分别为73.26%(2-14F2)和37.23%(2-8F2);对番茄青枯病的防治效果分别达到51.36%(2-14F2)与50.27%(2-8F2)。此外,当两菌株铁载体活性物质中含1 mol/L FeCl₃     

与番茄枯萎病抗病基因I-1连锁的AFLP和SSR分子标记

本研究以番茄枯萎病抗病品种‘05045’与感病品种‘051451’为亲本配制杂交组合。用870对AFLP引物及319对SSR引物对348个F2代分离群体进行连锁分析,得到4个与番茄枯萎病抗病基因I-1连锁的AFLP标记和2个SSR标记,分别是E41M60-D、E41M62-C、E86M36-B、E32M44-E和SSR108、SSR276,与抗病基因I-1的连锁遗传距离分别为4.7、5.3、8.9、11.5cM和6.1、9.3cM。     

吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病的室内毒力测定及田间应用研究

以春雷霉素为对照药剂,采用生长速率法开展吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定试验。结果表明：吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病菌毒力很强,EGo和Ec如分别为1．1999、11．6096mg/L。田间药效试验表明：吩胺霉素防治黄瓜枯萎病效果较好,在150-250mg／L浓度范围内对该病害的防效为66．27-76．59％,且速效性和持效性等方面均优于对照药剂春雷霉素。     

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles induce systemic resistance in tomato against bacterial wilt disease

Bacterial wilt is a serious problem affecting many important food crops. Recent studies have indicated that treatment with biotic or abiotic stress factors may increase the resistance of plants to bacterial infection. This study investigated the effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) on disease resistance in tomato plants against Ralstonia solanacearum, as well as its antibacterial activity. The roots of tomato seedlings were inoculated with R. solanacearum and then immediately treated with MgO NP; the treated plants showed very little inhibition of bacterial wilt. In contrast, when roots were drenched with a MgO NP suspension prior to inoculation with the pathogen, the incidence of disease was significantly reduced. Rapid generation of reactive oxygen species such as O₂^?˙ radicals was observed in tomato roots treated with MgO NP. Further O₂^?˙ was rapidly generated when tomato plant extracts or polyphenols were added to the MgO NP suspension, suggesting that the generation of O₂^?˙ in tomato roots might be due to a reaction between MgO NP and polyphenols present in the roots. Salicylic acid‐inducible PR1, jasmonic acid‐inducible LoxA, ethylene‐inducible Osm, and systemic resistance‐related GluA were up‐regulated in both the roots and hypocotyls of tomato plants after treatment of the plant roots with MgO NP. Histochemical analyses showed that β‐1,3‐glucanase and tyloses accumulated in the xylem and apoplast of pith tissues of the hypocotyls after MgO NP treatment. These results indicate that MgO NP induces systemic resistance in tomato plants against R. solanacearum.     

Extracts of killedPenicillium chrysogenum Induce resistance against Fusarium wilt of melon

Dry fungal biomass ofPenicillium chrysogenum (dry mycelium), a waste product of the pharmaceutical industry, was extracted with water and applied to the roots of melon plants before or after inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (Font). Seedlings (4–6 days after emergence) treated with either acidic dry mycelium extract (DME) or neutralized dry mycelium extract (NDME) were protected against challenge infection withFom. A single drench with 2–5% DME applied 12–72 h before inoculation provided significant control of the disease compared with water-drenched, challenged seedlings. No protection was seen in plants treated 0–6 h before inoculation or 0–48 h after inoculation. Neither DME nor NDME (0.5–5%) had any effect on fungal growthin vitro, which implied that disease controlin vivo was mediated by induced resistance. The resistance induced by DME protected melon plants not only against race 1,2, but also against the three other races of the pathogen, indicating a race-non-specific resistance againstFom. Both DME and NDME significantly increased peroxidase activity and free L-proline content in seedlings 12 h and 48 h after soil drench, respectively. Resistance to Fusarium wilt was significantly associated with elevated levels of peroxidase activity but not with free L-proline content. Thus, peroxidase might be involved in the defense mechanisms activated by DME or NDME. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2001.