Sulphur Requirement of Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut and Wheat: A Comparative Assessment

Two oilseed species, rapeseed-mustard and groundnut, and wheat, a cereal, were compared for their sulphur requirement. Sulphur accumulation pattern in different plant parts at various growth stages indicated a several fold higher requirement of S in rapeseed-mustard as compared to the other two species. A low N: S ratio found in rapeseed-mustard was also an indicative of its higher S requirement. The S requirement of groundnut was found to be similar to that of wheat. The additional S required by rapeseed-mustard may be attributed to the presence of glucosinolates, a characteristic of cruciferous plants. Sulphur fertilization enhanced yield of the oilseed species but not the per cent oil. The role of sulphur in oil biosynthesis is discussed.     

Oil biosynthesis and its related variables in developing seeds of mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis> L.) as influenced by sulphur fertilization

The aim of this research was to study the effect of sulphur (S) fertilization on oil biosynthesis and its related variables at various stages of seed development, and to find possible explanations for increased oil content in the seeds of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss) due to S fertilization. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and contents of oil, acetyl-CoA, soluble protein, total RNA, total sugar and sulphur were determined in the developing seeds of mustard grown in the field with sulphur (+S) and without sulphur (-S). The period between 10 to 30 days after flowering was observed as the active period of oil accumulation in the developing seeds of mustard. The accumulation of the oil was preceded by a marked rise in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and acetyl-CoA concentration, which declined rapidly when oil accumulation reached a plateau. Total sugar content decreased, while protein content increased during the active period of oil accumulation in the developing seeds (i.e. between 10–30 days after flowering). Sulphur fertilization significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the oil accumulation in the developing seeds at all the growth stages. The increase in the oil content was 5–63% with S fertilization over the control treatment. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and contents of acetyl-CoA, soluble protein, total RNA and sugar were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the developing seeds of +S-treated plants compared to — S-treated plants. It is suggested that the increase in the oil content with sulphur fertilization may be associated with the increases in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity through the enhancement of acetyl-CoA concentration. Further, the increased sugar content due to S fertilization provided enough carbon source and energy for oil biosynthesis.     

3种氨基酸与肥料配施对油麦菜生长、品质和养分积累的影响

为探究不同氨基酸与肥料配施对作物生长的应用效果,明确具备增效功能的氨基酸及其适宜施用浓度.以油麦菜为供试作物采用盆栽试验,以淋施清水为对照,谷氨酸、丙氨酸和天冬氨酸各设3个淋施浓度与肥料配施.试验结果如下:丙氨酸配施处理增产效果整体最优,淋施浓度为20 mmol/L时,油麦菜产量显著高于对照,增幅为9.40％;适量氨基...     

硫对春小麦不同品质类型籽粒蛋白质及贮藏蛋白含量的效应

以6个不同品质类型春小麦为材料,在不同氮水平条件下,研究施硫对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和贮藏蛋白含量的调节效应.研究结果表明,施硫影响籽粒蛋白质含量,2+12亚基组成品种籽粒蛋白质含量均在尿素60 kg/hm2(N60)水平下配合一定的硫肥表现最好,5+10亚基组成品种均在尿素128 kg/hm2(N128)水平下蛋白质含量较高.硫对籽粒蛋白质含量的     

氮肥对甘蓝产量、硝酸盐含量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

通过田间小区试验为研究不同氮肥用量对北京地区甘蓝产量、品质以及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。试验结果表明:(1)0~60 cm土层中3个采样周期土壤硝态氮含量随氮肥量级增加而升高,并且随着作物的生长,0~30 cm土层中土壤中硝态氮含量呈现下降的趋势,30~60 cm土层中基本呈现上升的趋势;60~90 cm土层中变化较小;(2)随着氮肥投入增加,甘蓝产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当氮肥的添加量为240 kg/hm2时产量最高;(3)随着氮肥施用量的升高,甘蓝对氮素的吸收量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,添加氮肥处理的甘蓝对氮素的吸收量均显著高于不添加氮肥处理,并且施用氮肥的处理中甘蓝叶片硝酸盐含量显著高于不施氮肥处理,并且不同供氮水平叶片硝酸盐含量变化各不相同。综合以上试验结果可知,氮肥的添加对0~60 cm土层中硝态氮含量的影响较大,并且适量的氮肥添加量(240 kg/hm2)能够有效提高北京地区甘蓝的产量以及甘蓝对氮素的吸收量等。     

不同施肥处理对铅镉污染土壤中香椿品质的影响

本试验主要研究不同施肥处理对铅镉污染土壤中香椿品质的影响,为进一步探讨无公害蔬菜的栽培技术提供理论依据。以木本蔬菜香椿[Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem.]为试材,以重金属铅镉复合污染土壤及背景土壤为栽培基质,进行了不施肥(CK)、单施无机肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(WM)及有机无机肥配施(1/2NPK+1/2WM)对香椿营养品质和安全品质影响的研究。香椿在叶片掉落前采集其顶端嫩芽,采用常规方法测定叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、维C含量、微量元素矿物质、硝酸盐含量以及重金属含量。结果表明：重金属铅镉污染基质下NPK、WM、1/2NPK+1/2WM处理可溶性蛋白含量分别为4.28、4.59、5.40 mg/g,均高于CK的3.56 mg/g且差异显著(P＜0.05);背景土壤基质下4种施肥处理可溶性蛋白含量分别为3.23、4.62、5.38、5.85 mg/g,均差异显著(P＜0.05)。重金属铅镉污染基质下3种施肥处理Vc含量依次是83.36、117.57、112.33 mg/100 g,均显著高于CK (P＜0.05);背景土壤基质下4种施肥处理的香椿叶片中的Vc含量依次为51.33、56.06、74.03、65.03 mg/100 g,WM和1/2NPK+1/2WM处理均显著高于CK (P＜0.05)。不管是在背景土壤或是在重金属铅镉污染土壤中,WM或1/2NPK+1/2WM处理均能显著提高香椿叶片中的可溶性糖含量和全Fe、全Mn的含量(P＜0.05),单施虫粪同时也能显著提高香椿叶片中全Cu、全Zn含量(P＜0.05)。在两种不同的栽培基质中,香椿叶片的Pb含量均表现为CK最低,其他处理均显著高于CK (P＜0.05),Cd含量则是NPK处理最低。该试验可得出以下结论：在2种栽培基质中,1/2NPK+1/2WM处理均能显著提高香椿叶片中可溶性蛋白质、维生素C、可溶性糖含量、有益微量元素矿物质含量等营养品质指标,并能在一定程度上降低硝酸盐和重金属铅镉含量,从而有效提高香椿品质。相同施肥处理下,重金属铅镉污染基质下的香椿叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量、全Fe、全Mn、全Cu元素含量要比背景土壤中生长的低得多,但维生素C含量、全Zn含量和硝酸盐含量却是重金属污染基质中的香椿叶片高,说明重金属污染会明显降低香椿的品质。     

山东省赤松林叶片化学计量特征及其与林分特征和土壤养分的关系

赤松(Pinus densiflora)是山东省重要的乡土树种之一,研究其叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征及其与林分特征和土壤养分的关系,对于了解赤松林分健康状况及开展施肥管理具有重要意义。2018年8—9月以山东省20块代表性赤松林林地为研究对象,对其进行生长调查并采集叶片和0~20 cm土壤样品,分析赤松林林分特征,叶片C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤养分含量,探讨叶片化学计量特征与林分特征和土壤养分的关系。结果表明,赤松叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为636.35、12.80、0.82 g/kg,C:N、C:P和N:P平均值分别为50.74、800.48和15.93。相关性分析显示,叶片N含量与胸径和林龄呈显著正相关,与林分密度呈显著负相关,叶片C:N与林龄呈显著负相关,叶片C含量和C:P均与土壤有机质和碱解氮含量呈显著负相关,叶片N含量与土壤养分含量呈显著正相关,而叶片C:N与土壤养分含量呈显著负相关。赤松林叶片N含量与林分特征、土壤养分呈显著线性相关,P元素是山东省赤松生长的主要限制性因子。     

UV-B胁迫下Ca 2+对颠茄生理特性与次生代谢产物的调控研究

有害中波紫外线(Ultraviolet B, UV-B; 280~320 nm)辐射影响植物的生长和发育, Ca ²⁺是植物生长发育所必须的大量元素之一, 外源Ca ²⁺不但可以提高植物抗胁迫能力, 还对次生代谢具有调控作用。以颠茄(Atropa belladonna L.)实生苗为材料, 在UV-B辐射(10 μW cm ^-2)背景下, 研究不同浓度外源Ca ²⁺、不同处理时间对颠茄生理特性、氮代谢、次生代谢产物含量以及托品烷类生物碱代谢途径中3个关键酶基因表达量的影响。结果表明, 随着UV-B辐射时间的延长(4 ~12 d), 对颠茄的光合作用、氮代谢以及生物碱的积累产生抑制作用, 加剧了膜脂氧化程度; 经外源Ca ²⁺处理, 叶片初始荧光(F_o)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量呈下降趋势, 叶片最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光合色素(总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性均呈上升趋势, 说明Ca ²⁺有利于缓解UV-B辐射的抑制, 加强对UV-B胁迫的抗性; 在Ca ²⁺处理下, 叶片中硝态氮含量显著降低, 游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量和氮代谢关键酶(NR、GS、GDH)的活性显著提高, 叶片中莨菪碱含量和东莨菪碱含量显著提高; qRT-PCR分析显示, 在外源Ca ²⁺的诱导下, 托品烷类生物碱合成途径中3个关键酶基因(PMT、TR I、H6H)表达量均有不同程度上调趋势。本研究结果可为田间种植提供理论参考。     

药用植物水飞蓟的研究进展

水飞蓟的主要活性成分是黄酮类化合物水飞蓟素,能抑制损伤、抗肿瘤、治疗心脑血管等疾病,尤其对肝损伤具有很好的疗效。本研究从植物学特性、栽培技术、活性成分和药理作用研究综述了药用植物水飞蓟目前的研究进展。旨在对进一步提升栽培技术、开发水飞蓟的药用价值提供一定的指导和借鉴。研究发现,水飞蓟在非生物胁迫下通过影响次生代谢产物、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量等方式来调节植物生长发育。此外,施加外源植物生长激素能抵抗外来胁迫并且能促进其生长发育。适度的干旱、盐碱等非生物胁迫,有助于提高水飞蓟中活性成分含量的积累。     

汉麻黄酮类成分研究进展

为了高效利用汉麻黄酮类成分及系统开展汉麻黄酮类化合物的研究,本文综述了汉麻黄酮类化合物的结构、合成途径、生物活性及分析方法。归纳总结出汉麻中共含有26种黄酮类化合物,其主要结构类型以黄酮和黄酮醇为主;此外,在黄酮类化合物经典合成途径的基础上,明确了2种特征性汉麻黄酮成分-大麻黄素A和大麻黄素B的生物合成途径;同时,也总结了汉麻黄酮类化合物具有抗肿瘤、神经保护、抗抑郁等生物活性,并针对其结构特点和活性作用,建立了汉麻黄酮类化合物高效、快速的分析方法为LC-MS等功效。上述归纳可为开展汉麻黄酮类化合物的研究及应用提供参考。     

Trichome characteristics of F1Lycopersicon esculentum × L. cheesmanii f. minor and L. esculentum × L. pennellii hybrids and effects on Myzus persicae

Summary The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is a serious pest of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Trichome-based host plant resistance of wild Lycopersicon species may offer an alternative to pesticides for management of this pest. Two wild species, Lycopersicon cheesmanii f. minor and L. pennellii, were crossed with L. esculentum and the types and densities of trichomes possessed by the F₁ hybrids measured. The effects of these trichomes on M. persicae were assessed by placing nymphs on leaves and, 96 hr later, designating each nymph as either dead, alive, emigrating off the leaf or unaccounted for. A generalised linear model was used to detect relationships between the numbers of nymphs in each designation and the densities of trichomes and leaf area. Mortality of nymphs on L. pennellii hybrids was associated with high densities of type IV and low densities of type I trichomes. Mortality of nymphs on L. cheesmanii f. minor hybrids was associated with high densities of type III trichomes. An increase in the densities of type III trichomes on L. pennellii hybrids was associated with greater numbers of nymphs emigrating off the leaf whilst unaccounted nymphs on L. pennellii hybrids were associated with increased densities of type VII and type I trichomes. Further experimentation using excised leaflets found mortality on L. pennellii hybrids may be due to nymphs being hindered by type I trichomes and increased densities of type V trichomes were associated with greater numbers of unhindered nymphs. Implications of results are discussed in the context of introducing trichome-based host plant resistance into L. esculentum.     

Relationship between the amount of reduced nitrogen accumulated in winter wheat shoots and the activity of nitrate reductase measured in situ

Nitrate reductase activity measured in shoots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Apollo and Soissons) was assessed as an indicator of the nitrate assimilation rate in plants grown in the field and subjected to various nitrogen nutrition treatments. In N-deficient plants, the nitrate reductase activity was lower than in well fertilized plants and was an early indicator of nitrogen deficiency. At each stage of stem elongation, there was a constant relationship between the nitrate reductase activity in the shoots and the quantity of reduced nitrogen accumulated daily in these organs. This relationship was not affected by the level of nitrogen fertilization.     

Einfluß von Hauptbestandsbildner (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium X boucheanum Kunth, Lolium perenne L. und Dactylis glomerata L.), Narbendichte, N-Düngung und Zeit auf Ertrag, Energiedichte, P/E-Quotient und Nitratgehalt

The influence of main species (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium X boucheanum Kunth, Lolium perenne L. and Dactylis glomerata L.), sward density, nitrogen and time on yield, energy content, crudeprotein/energy ratio and nitrate content The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer and of varied sward density on yield and chemical composition of some non-perennial (Lolium multiflorum, Lolium X boucheanum) and some perennial species (Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata) in a field experiment. Excepted 600 kg N ha^?l - yr^?1 the non-perennial species produced the highest energy yields. At a fertilization level of 400 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 had sward density an influence on energy yield of Lolium multiflorum. It appeared that almost the energy content of the Lolium species was higher than in Dactylis glomerata. In most cases there were little differences between the Lolium species. There was a positive correlation between the NFEcontent and the content of water soluble carbohydrates and the energy content which was depressed by applying increasing rates of fertilizer. Generally at the lowest rate of nitrogen used (200 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) there were positive effects on crude protein/energy ratios. The crude protein/energy ratio was higher of Dactylis glomerata than that of the Lolium species. The nitrate content increased to critical values when applying 400 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. Dactylis glomerata had the highest and Lolium perenne the lowest nitrate content. At high rate of fertilizer, plots with high sward density sometimes had higher nitrate contents than open swards. The results of the experiment indicate that there are differences in quality even between species with high performance. Regarding the quality of grass swards, future attention should be focused on the main species and on sward density.     

Influence of Slight Shading, Sward Density and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Nutritive Value of Lolium multiflorumo Lam.

In a two year factorial field trial the influence of slight shading (daylight reduced by 27 %), row spacing (15 and 30 cm respectively) and N fertilization (60 and 120 kg* ha^?1*cut^?1 respectively) on yield and nutritive value of Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) was investigated. Three cuts were taken in the seeding year and four in the full harvest year. Shading reduced DM yield by 4 % at low and 16 % at high level of N fertilization. Higher amount of N fertilizer increased yield by 28 % without and 12 % with shading. Row spacing was of minor importance; on average wider spacing decreased yield by 9 %. Increasing N fertilization and shading had the same effects on nutritive value: crude protein (CP), nitrate content and protein/energy ratio (P/E) went up, whereas energy value (NEL) went down. Compared to the effects of shading or N fertilization, the influence of sward density on nutritive value was small. The effect of shading and high fertilization on nutritive value was similar in both years. However for vegetatively grown forage in the seeding year shading caused P/E values and nitrate contents too high for an adequate ruminant feeding which was already evident at low level of N fertilization; also increased supply of N fertilizer without shading deteriorated the nutritive value. On the other hand forage of the full harvest year (at reproductive stages) showed too high P/E values only in shaded and highly fertilized plots. Therefore N fertilization ought to be limited at periods when the grass only grows vegetatively and/or light intensity is low, like e.g. in autumn. None of the experimental treatments had any marked effect on the fibre content of the forage (ADF) in the seeding year; in the full harvest year, however, when plants grew reproductively, shading as well as higher N fertilization increased ADF content. There was no significant correlation between ADF and NEL for vegetatively grown plants but a close relation for plants which were at reproductive stages.     

Nitrogen:sulphur ratio alters competition between Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne under cutting: Production and competitive abilities

Grasslands species, like others crops, no longer benefit from high atmospheric sulphur deposition. This may cause sulphur limitation and in turn may induce a shift in plant communities by altering species performance and competitive abilities. To test this hypothesis, a greenhouse pot experiment was designed to investigate the interacting effects of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) availability on production, morphology and competitive abilities of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Plants were grown in monocultures and mixtures during 4 months. They were supplied with combinations of three levels of S and three levels of N and subjected to three defoliation events. Both S and N gradients altered plants performance and modulated competitive interactions. In L. perenne, above- and below-ground dry matter production, leaf and tiller number and contribution to mixture DM production were little affected by S, but highly by N. For T. repens, these traits were significantly increased by S, but only slightly by N. At establishment, T. repens was subjected to a significant interspecific competition at low N–low S and high N–high S. But at regrowth (cuts 2 and 3), T. repens was much more affected by intra- than interspecific competition. L. perenne was only sensitive to competition (intraspecific) when N supply was combined with no or moderate S supply. We conclude that N:S ratio of soil appears to drive species production, morphology and competitive abilities, which in turn affect leguminous–gramineous species ratio and grassland plant community structure. Since the growth of T. repens was significantly reduced in low S treatments, our results suggest that the drastic fall in atmospheric sulphur deposition could restrict leguminous species in high N soil conditions.     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对UV-B胁迫下颠茄生物碱积累及TAs代谢途径调控的机制探究

In order to preliminarily explore the mechanism of TAs metabolic pathway in A. belladonna treated with exogenous methyl jasmone under UV-B stress, the effects on the contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine, the upstream products in alkaloid synthesis, signal molecule and the expression level of key enzyme genes of secondary metabolism were studied under different concentrations of exogenous MeJA and different treatment time under using A. belladonna as materials. UV-B stress treatment significantly reduced the contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine, inhibited the accumulation of precursors in the TAs synthesis pathway, which harmful to TAs synthesis. The content of TAs in A. belladonna increased to some extent, the contents of precursor amino acids (ornithine, arginine), polyamine content and key enzymes activities in the synthesis of putrescine in the secondary metabolic pathway all increased to some extent after treatment with the appropriate concentration of MeJA. The concentrations of signal molecule NO firstly increased and then decreased with the rising MeJA concentration, and reached the highest when MeJA concentration was 250 μmol L ^-1. The expression of key enzyme genes in TAs synthesis pathway showed that exogenous MeJA could increase the relative gene expression levels of TR I, PPAR, H6H to some extent. Those indicated that exogenous MeJA could induce the increase in the contents of upstream products in TAs synthesis by stimulating the burst of NO resulted in more precursor materials for the TAs synthesis pathway and affect the high expression of TR I, PPAR and H6H. It alleviated the inhibiton of UV-B stress on TAs of A. belladonna and increased the contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine effectively. The results provided a theoretical basis for further studying the mechanism of exogenous elicitors to regulate the TAs secondary metabolic pathway of A. belladonn under stress, and effectively improved the stress resistance of A. belladonn and the accumulation of medicinal ingredients in actual production.     

蔬菜硝酸盐累积调控措施的研究进展

硝酸盐含量是影响蔬菜品质的主要因素,含量高低受到植物本身遗传特性、营养以及环境条件的影响。综述了合理施肥如氮肥品种的选择、氮肥施肥量、平衡施肥、氮肥调控剂以及环境条件如水分、光照、温度等对蔬菜硝酸盐累积影响的研究进展。硝酸盐含量较低蔬菜品种的筛选培育以及平衡合理养分供应和环境条件的提供是降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量的重要保证。     

尿素配施氯化铵对菜心产量及其品质的影响

利用盆栽试验，研究尿素配施不同比例的氯化铵对菜心硝酸盐积累的影响，结果表明：随着尿素配施氯化铵比例的增加，菜心氯含量增加，硝酸盐含量下降，而全N含量、叶绿素含量和收获前的产量变化不大。     

尿素配施氯化铵对菜心产量及其品质的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究尿素配施不同比例的氯化铵对菜心硝酸盐积累的影响,结果表明:随着尿素配施氯化铵比例的增加,菜心氯含量增加,硝酸盐含量下降,而全N含量、叶绿素含量和收获前的产量变化不大。     

外源锌对氮胁迫下薏苡幼苗生长及抗氧化系统的影响

为缓解薏苡氮胁迫伤害,为缺氮地区薏苡栽培提供参考依据。以贵州省黔西南薏苡种子为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,测定分析外源锌与氮胁迫对薏苡幼苗形态生长、叶绿素含量、生物量积累与分配、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)积累的影响。结果表明,（1）缺氮时薏苡幼苗株高、根长、主根数、总叶片数及各部分生物量显著下降（P<0.05,下同）,致使总生物量较对照显著降低80.65%,CAT、POD活性受到显著抑制,MDA含量显著增加26.29%。（2）施锌显著增加了薏苡株高、叶面积及茎生物量,叶绿素含量整体呈上升趋势,CAT、POD活性显著提高;同时,根系对外源锌表现较为敏感,其根长显著降低28.09%,而主根数显著增加16.86%;（3）缺氮施锌显著提高缺氮薏苡幼苗株高和根长,增幅分别为20.30%、17.72%,抗氧化酶CAT活性显著提高171.01%,而对POD活性及MDA积累影响不大。研究认为,氮胁迫下施锌能促进薏苡幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的平衡,提高薏苡幼苗的适应能力,在一定程度上缓解了氮胁迫所导致的不良影响。