栽培措施对稻米品质影响的研究进展

随着生活水平的提高,稻米品质愈发受到人们的关注。本文概述了本世纪以来,我国农业科技工作者在栽培措施对稻米品质影响方面的一些研究成果,并从播期、密度、种植方式、肥料运筹、水分管理和种养模式等方面总结了优质稻米生产技术,供生产者参考。     

浅析影响稻米品质因素、对策与改进栽培技术措施

目前北方稻区水稻生产栽培技术,基本上还是以产量为主兼顾稻米品质,因此应建立一套比较完善的科学的优质稻米生产栽培技术体系,方能保证稻米的优质性与安全性。本文较详细的叙述了影响粳稻优质米生产因素与栽培技术措施,优质稻米标准,品种因素,生态环境,农艺性状等诸多因素的影响,并提出改进技术措施供生产优质稻米参考。     

不同栽培措施对优质杂交稻两优2186稻米品质的影响

安排了插植规格、氮肥运筹方式、施用有机肥和后期水浆管理等不同栽培措施对两优2186稻米品质的影响试验,结果表明,随着插植密度增大,整精米率降低,垩白粒率、垩白度增加,蛋白质含量下降;在一定范围内,随着后期氮肥施用量的增多,精米率、整精米率提高,垩白粒率、垩白度下降,蛋白质含量提高,胶稠度变小,但后期氮肥施用量偏多,整精米率反而下降,垩白粒率、垩白度增加;施用有机肥整精米率提高,垩白率和垩白度下降,胶稠度增加,蛋白质含量下降;水稻籽粒灌浆期间,实行间歇灌溉,整精米率提高,胶稠度变软,稻米品质有所改善,实行断水管理,整精米率显著下降,垩白率、垩白度显著提高,米质外观变劣.     

安徽省稻米品质现状与发展技术策略

本文对照优质米国家标准,分析了安徽省稻米的品质现状,认为安徽省水稻生产以中籼,特别是杂交中籼为主,近年稻米品质虽有改善,但总体上看,稻米品质现状仍不容乐观,需进一步优化品种及布局,重点是压籼扩粳,同时大力示范推广保优栽培和清洁生产。并阐述了在栽培上如何通过合理安排播栽期、健身栽培、肥水运筹、防治病虫害等措施保持优质稻的优质特陛,提出了安徽发展优质稻米技术途径和产业发展的对策建议。     

提高早稻稻米品质及效益的途径

江西素称“鱼米之乡”，是全国主要的商品粮基地之一，水稻生产历来是我省引以为荣的一大优势。随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，人们的食用习惯已由过去的“只求吃饱”转变到“要求吃好”，对稻米品质的要求也越来越高。近年来，由于我省稻米品质特别是早稻稻米品质较差，缺乏市场竞争力，稻米外销越来越困难，加上品种单一，加工转化能力弱，造成全省每年1．5亿公斤早米滞销和积压，不仅增加了各级政府的财政负担，而且也严重挫伤了农民种粮的生产积极性。《江西日报M997年1月20日、3月10日先后发表了《江西早米何处去》和《再谈江…     

水稻栽培技术措施对稻米品质的影响

稻米品质与水稻栽培技术措施是否得当有着直接关系,稻米已成为人们生活中的主食,其质量关系到人们的生活质量,因此必须解决水稻栽培技术对稻米品质的影响。研究表明,早育苗早插秧可提高精米率,降低整精米率而提高糊化温度、粗蛋白质、使胶稠度变硬。晚育苗,晚插秧,则稻米品质结果则相反。插秧方式过密、株行距过小,会导致糙米率、精米率、整精米率下降,垩白率增加,直链淀粉含量及胶稠度有所提高,蛋白质含量下降而米质变差。科学施肥既能提高稻米外观品质,又能改善食味品质,防治杂草及防治病虫害是提高稻米品质的重要技术措施,灌溉水质关系到稻米品质的优劣,收获时期与方法、仓储技术都会对稻米品质产生一定的影响。因此水稻栽培技术对稻米品质的影响不容忽视。本文从水稻育苗、移栽、施肥、除草、防治病虫、灌溉、收获、仓储等技术措施,对稻米品质影响加以简述,仅供生产优质稻米参考。     

江苏沿海优质稻米特性及绿色生产技术

主要阐述了优质稻米的特性和影响稻米品质的因素,并据此从选用优质稻米品种、坚持适期播栽、合理确定种植密度、统筹肥料施用、科学运筹水分、绿色防控病虫害等方面提出了江苏沿海优质稻米田间绿色栽培技术要领。     

栽培措施对稻米增硒降镉效果研究

稻米镉含量超标是确保粮食安全的重大隐患,威胁着人类健康;硒是人体必需元素,遍布人体所有器官,而且与镉有拮抗作用,能促使镉从人体内排泄。民以食为天,为人们提供富含硒而镉含量不超标的大米,已成为目前普遍的饮食新需求。笔者通过3年的试验研究证实,采取＂推广撒施钙镁磷肥,晒田排水时撒施石灰,出穗期实施深水管理,破口抽穗期-乳熟期喷施富硒叶面肥＂等综合措施,可以确保在镉含量二级背景值（镉含量0.2 mg/kg-0.6 mg/kg）的土壤中生产出食用安全的＂富硒而镉不超标＂大米。     

食用稻米品质问题与改良途径探讨

党的十一届三中全会以来,福建省广大农村认真贯彻落实党的富民政策,全面推广家庭联产承包责任制,极大地调动了广大农民的生产积极性,并借助第一次绿色革命的成果,依靠科技进步,大力推广优良品种,新型肥料、农药等新技术,促使粮食生产取得突破性的发展,粮食产量大幅度提高。从宁德地区的情况看,１９９８年全区粮食总产达１０２５４万ｔ,比１９７８年净增３２３１万ｔ,增幅达４６％。２０ａ间,全区人口增加了７６７万人,但人均占有粮食不仅没有减少,而且增加了３１７２ｋｇ／年人均,为提前基本实现小康奠定了坚实的物…     

提高稻米营养品质的途径

稻米是全世界50％以上人口的主食．稻米的品质与人类健康关系很大。提高稻米的营养品质对改善人们的营养状况非常重要,特别是在稻米主产区和以稻米为主食的贫困地区。水稻品质改良中,应该注意提高水稻蛋白质含量和改善蛋白质质量,从而提高稻米的营养价值。根据陈锦清（199）报道,测定了274个水稻样品粗蛋白含量,平均为10．85％,变幅为6．7％～14．2％、他还选择24个品种分别在1981和1982年种植,两年的稻米蛋白含量差异显著,说明在水稻品种中存在着蛋白质含量的遗传差异和对环境反应显著的差异,提高蛋白质含量是可能的。本文介绍了…     

方正县水稻生产中的主要问题及关键技术措施

分析方正县水稻生产中存在的主要问题,根据生产实际,在品种选择、育苗、病虫害防治、灌溉、施肥、除草、鼠害防治等方面提出关键技术措施。     

浅谈提高水稻产量的几项措施

结合精细整地、培育壮秧、本田管理、精打细收等环节讨论了提高水稻产量的具体措施,并针对床土配制、苗床管理、水肥管理等细节进行详细讲述。     

采取促进早熟措施 提高水稻产量

针对新城子区2005年水稻生长发育受气候影响较大的问题,对全区晚熟水稻品种采取促早熟措施,结果表明:667 m2平均增产45 kg左右,早熟3￣4 d,投入产出比为1∶(11.9～20.8)。     

优质稻米品种秋田小町的特征特性及栽培要点

秋田小町 (Ａｋｉｔａｋｏｍａｔｉ)是黑龙江省牡丹江市人事局引智办于１９９８年从日本引进的粳稻优质米品种 ,经几年的试种和示范种植 ,表现出抗病、优质和高产特性 ,深受当地稻农的好评和消费者的青睐。一、特征特性全生育期１４５～１４８天 ,需有效积温２７５０～２８００℃ ,为中晚熟品种。株高１０３ｃｍ ,穗长１６ｃｍ左右 ,每穗粒数１００粒左右 ,结实率８５%以上 ,千粒重２３ｇ左右 ,分蘖力强 ,丰产性能好。在优质米生产技术条件下 ,平均单产达８０００～８５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,在高产栽培技术条件下 ,平均单产达９０００ｋｇ／ｈ…     

Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential

The ideotype approach has been used in breeding programs at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and in China to improve rice yield potential. First-generation new plant type (NPT) lines developed from tropical japonica at IRRI did not yield well because of limited biomass production and poor grain filling. Progress has been made in second-generation NPT lines developed by crossing elite indica with improved tropical japonica. Several second-generation NPT lines outyielded the first-generation NPT lines and indica check varieties. China's “super” rice breeding project has developed many F₁ hybrid varieties using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. These hybrid varieties produced grain yield of 12 t ha⁻¹ in on-farm demonstration fields, 8–15% higher than the hybrid check varieties. The success of China's “super” hybrid rice was partially the result of assembling the good components of IRRI's NPT design in addition to the use of intersubspecific heterosis. For example, both designs focused on large panicle size, reduced tillering capacity, and improved lodging resistance. More importantly, improvement in plant type design was achieved in China's “super” hybrid rice by emphasizing the top three leaves and panicle position within a canopy in order to meet the demand of heavy panicles for a large source supply. The success of “super” hybrid rice breeding in China and progress in NPT breeding at IRRI suggest that the ideotype approach is effective for breaking the yield ceiling of an irrigated rice crop.     

粳稻米质的主要影响因素研究

介绍影响粳稻米质的主要因素,并根据实践经验,阐述了在选用优质良种、科学灌溉、多施有机肥等提高粳稻米质的措施及在收获、储藏、加工阶段应注意的问题。     

Comparison of color techniques to measure the color of parboiled rice

A combination of digital camera, computer and graphic software can provide a less expensive and more versatile technique to determine the surface color of parboiled rice compared to instrumental color measurement. The instrument was used to measure rice powder and whole rice. Pearson correlation coefficients and sample paired t-test on total color difference (ΔE), L and b values were calculated. The value of ΔE of samples from the instrumental technique was 0.69–4.61 (powder), 4.7–10.2 (whole rice) with a coefficient of variance (CV) ranging from 3.5 to 25.3% and from 15.4 to 46.6%. Meanwhile, the digital image technique gave a ΔE value ranging from 4.2 to 13.77 with a CV from 6.3 to 21.2%, respectively. A highly significant correlation (R² = 0.7451, R² = 0.8074, R² = 0.7518,) was obtained for ΔE between instrumental (powder and whole rice), Vision Builder and instrumental (powder), and instrumental (whole rice) and Vision Builder. The chromatic b value of instrumental for powder had a significant correlation with the Vision Builder data (R² = 0.7741). The results suggest that although the digital image provided the surface color of parboiled rice, it was less accurate than the instrumental for powder. Therefore results from the digital image should be interpreted with caution.     

水稻喷施亚硫酸氢钠增产效果研究

为了验证亚硫酸氢钠对水稻产量的影响效果,我们于2002年、2003年连续两年进行水稻叶面喷施亚硫酸氢钠试验。试验结果表明:在水稻有效分蘖期、齐穗期叶面各喷施一次亚硫酸氢钠,可增加有效分蘖,提高水稻产量13.4%。     

Importance of basic cultivation techniques to increase irrigated rice yields in Tanzania

The productivity of irrigated rice is low in Tanzania. We hypothesized that this is caused by the absence of a packaged application of basic cultivation techniques. A baseline survey of 31 rice irrigation schemes across the country revealed that a large proportion of fields were cultivated without a technical package. Thus, a package was introduced to each of the 31 schemes through a farmer-to-farmer (FTF) extension approach. First, selected key farmers (KFs) were trained with the basic cultivation techniques at agricultural training institutes. Second, the KFs transferred their knowledge to intermediate farmers (IFs) by working together at a demo-field established in each scheme. Third, the KFs and IFs exhibited the rice performance to other farmers (OFs). The paddy yield across the 31 schemes greatly increased from the pre-training level of 2.4 t ha^?1 to 3.6 t ha^?1after the FTF extension. However, the farmer interviews in the four selected schemes suggested that the technical package was not adopted by all farmers owing to the time-consuming nature of the FTF extension. It was inferred from our study that the low productivity of irrigated rice is caused by the absence of basic cultivation techniques in Tanzania. However, the post-training yield remained relatively low compared with high-yields (4.3–8.4 t ha^?1) recorded in cultivar selection trials and high-performing schemes in the county. This “yield gap” could be partly ascribed to the insufficient technical diffusion and the technique-dependent adoption among OFs.     

饲用优质稻湘早籼32号的特征特性及高产栽培技术要点

自１９９６年国家科委将饲料稻开发列入“九五”重中之重科技攻关计划以来 ,饲用优质稻的育种已引起高度重视 ,围绕饲料稻的“三高”(高产、高蛋白和高出糙率 )目标 ,育种工作者做了大量的工作 ,并取得了可喜的成绩 ,先后育成一系列高蛋白饲用稻 ,大面积应用于生产 ,取得了良好的社会效益。湖南省水稻研究所继育成湘早籼２９号、湘早籼２４号后 ,又育成了高蛋白饲用稻丰优早１２号 ,已通过了１９９９、２０００年湖南省早籼区域试验 ,具有产量高、抗性好、前期耐寒、后期耐热 ,且耐肥抗倒性好、适应性广的特点。该品种于２００１年２月通过…