鳀鱼的生物量、渔业及其生物学特征

IntroductionThe Yellow Sea is characterized by a shallow continental shelf. High tides and seasonally varying mon-soons,freshwater discharge from surrounding landmasses and large amounts of sediments transported intothe sea as well as the effect of the Kuroshio current have strong effects on the environment in these areas.Productivity of an ecosystem may be measured in terms of abundance of the adult population and recruitmentof new year classes.Japanese anchovy(Engraulis jap onicus) is cons…     

1999年2月黄海声学调查鳀鱼种群群体结构评估

IntroductionEstimation of the size structure of a fish population is often one of the primary objectives of an acoustic/trawl survey (Gunderson 1993;Honkalehto and Williamson 1996 ) .The size structure contains much informa-tion enabling a quick estimate of the fishable size of a stock in a regulated fishery or the recruitment status ofa stock.It is also a common practice to use the number at length of a population together with the age/lengthkey to produce the age structure of the fish popul…     

鲍遗传育种研究进展

Abalones are important farming species with a high economic value. They have already been farmed for more than 50 years. As problems and new requirements rose continuously in culture industry of abalone, studies on genetic and breeding techniques are needed to improve characteristics and to gain new traits. This review concentrates on advances in genetics and breeding techniques in abalone. As for genetic studies, karyological analyses, allozyme, DNA markers and genetic diversity were reviewed. So far, karyological analyses in abalone have been performed in 12 species that can be divided into three groups according to the chromosome number. In some economically important species, loci of allozymes and. microsatellites have been isolated and applied to investigate the genetic structure of natural and hatchery populations and to identify the result of chromosome set manipulation, but the related reports are only a few yet. The resultsof investigation with DNA markers and allozymes showed that the genetic structure of natural populations presents two characteristics: excessive homozygosity and subdivision. Advances of various breeding techniques, including introduction, selection,hybridization, polyploidy, gynogenesis and gene manipulation, were reviewed in the other part. Although Haliotis discus discus, introduced from Japan, has become one of the most important culture species in China, the economic, social and environmental effects of introduction have been rarely studied. Selection is one of the most important and basic breeding techniques, but the studies on selection are only a few and preliminary, referring to the relations between genetic characteristics and the traits of growth and resistance, genetic diversity and heritability of quantitative traits, and the effect of selection. Interspecific hybridization was the first breeding program carded out in abalone. Experimental hybridization have been carded out for about 20 crosses. Heterosis,such as faster growth and high survival rate, has been observed in some crosses. Triploids have been successfully induced in many species of abalone with physical or chemical shock, e.g.H, discus hannai, H. rufescens, H.diversicolor diversicolor and H. rnidae. Field experiments were conducted in some species of triploid abalone. In comparison with triploid, the research on tetraploid is still in quest stage. The progress of induction of gynogenesis in abalone is quite slow. Conditions of sperm inactivation, diploid restoration and nuclear behavior of gynogenetically activated eggs have been researched on in H. discus han nai. Notwithstanding the gene transfer technology in abalone is in the quest stage, the research have already involved preparation of exogenic DNA,means of gene transfer, identification integration and expression of target gene, etc. Three research directions in these topics were proposed : to investigate the germplasm resources of abalone deeply and widely, to make use of traditional breeding methods and modem biotechnique synthetically, and to combine the science research with production practice.     

韶关市北江水系水利枢纽对鱼类繁殖的影响

The fish spawning ground had been investigated on the Beijiang River near Shaoguan city and the influence on fishes breeding from 7 dam had been estimated.Main result are as follows:the four dam building and designed will result in a big destruction.including disrupt the fish migration(Mengli Dam and ChangshanDam),the fish spawning ground disappear(below Zhangtan Dam).a huge destruction in Ankou fish spawning ground by Changan Dam and a serious of damage on grass lying -egg species will caused by Wantou Dam,especially for catifish Mystus suttatus.On the other hand Zhangtan Dam,Kongiiang Dam,and Menzhou Dam obstructed the fish exchange between upstream and lower stream,however a large water surface became before the dam supported a better condition for fish growth,it seems balance in positive and negative action.The conclusion is that those dam building or designed would be stop or delay in order to maintain fish population and aquatic ecological balance.     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼的生物学特性

Based on the biological data of bigeye tuna measured from the longlining ground of the Central Atlantic Ocean from Jun. 2001 to Oct. 2001, this paper analyzed the bigeye tuna‘s maturity stages of the gonad, feeding intensity, species composition of prey, sex ratio, fork length distribution, relationships between fork length and dressed weight, fork length and round weight, round weight and dressed weight by statistic and regression methods. The results indicate: ( 1 ) Maturity at Ⅳ-Ⅵ of the gonad are dominant with the highest percentage of Ⅴ (30.11% ). (2)The feeding intensity is mainly in the class 1 ,class 2 or class 3,totally 83.16%. (3)In the bigeye tuna‘s species composition of prey, the percentage of miscellaneous fish or cephalopod is relatively high, 38.05 % or 30.48 % respectively. Catch rate of bigeye tuna can be enhanced when cephalopod is used as the bait. (4) The male-female ratio is 2 : 1. This pattern might result from elevated mortality of adult females. (5) The fork length distribution is suitable for the normal. The dominant fork length is 1.13 - 1.49m, 64.16%, with the mean value of 1.32m. (6)The relationship between fork length and dressed weight. (7)The relationship between fork length and round weight. If the fork length is the same, the round weight converted in this paper‘s formula is a little lighter than the round weight converted in Parks‘s formula concluded at 1981 of the longline bigeye tuna catch. It might be caused by the different sampling areas or sampling time. (8)The relationship between round weight and dressed weight. The round weight conversion factor in this paper is a little higher than the ICCAT. It might be caused by the different processing methods. ICCAT is recommended to adapt this paper‘s conversion factor.     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.     

水产养殖动物基因组研究的现状及其应用前景

The genomic resources from human and several model organisms have been increased very fast since 1990. The techniques for developing genomic resources have already been very advanced and smart. These could make scientists see and improve organism in genomic level. For Chinese aquaculture scientists and aquatic industry, developing genomic resources and genetic tools for the native species are most important in the genomic era. The genomic resources and genetic tools for several aquatic species have been developed and some of them have been used in the marker based selection and other researches. The genome research work on aquaculture species was reviewed in this paper, especially a USDA genome project was focused. Some functional genomic research for aquatic animal was also discussed here. The importance and necessity of China aquaculture species genome project were discussed. Common carp and other cultured fishes in Cyprinidae such as grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp etc were recommended as the candidate species for genome research, because the output of all carps is almost up to 1/3 of total fisheries output in China. Common carp with another virtue for genome research is that there are much more families and strains in common carp than those in other cultured species in China, and those families and strains are the basis for genome research and mapping quantitative trait loci associated with important economic trait. Although the first linkage map of common carp made by Sun needs to be added with more markers for mapping QTL and Type I markers ,it has laid the groundwork for QTL mapping and markerassisted selection in common carp. Because the model organism zebrafish and common carp, grass carp and other carps cultured in China all belong to Cyprinidae, the China carp genome research will obtain a lot of useful information from zebrafish genome research. How the China carp genome program will be conducted and what kinds of strategy involved in this program were all suggested. How the results of the genome research of aquaculture species will be used in the aquaculture industry was reviewed and analyzed here.     

甲壳动物渗透调节生理学研究进展

Osmoregulation involves many aspects of physiological function in crustacean. Crustacean species exhibit almost all possible patterns of osmotic regulation and they are widely distributed in most of known biotopes. With the changes of liquid environment, the structure and function of the osmoregulation organs( such as gills, antennary glands) ,haemolymph osmotic pressure and ionic transport will turn to maintain the well-balanced metabolism, which are under the neuroendocrine regulation. The current research status of physiological mechanism of crustacean osmoregulation was reviewed in the following aspects. 1 ) Structure and function of gills and antennal glands(maxillary glands). The gills are very important organs and play a prominenet role in osmoregulatien; 2)Regulafien of ion transport in branchial epithelium. Ion transport enzymes (Na^ -K^ -ATPase, V-ATPase,HCO3^--ATPase and carbonicanhydrase)stimulated by bioamines and cAMP may participate in the ion transport of branchial epithelium in crustacean; 3 )Haemolymph composition and osmoregulation. Haemolymph concentration of ion and free amino acid accompanied by metabolites of blood can contribute to the most of haemolymph osmotic pressure; 4)Neuroendocrine control. Many neuropeptides may regulate the osraotic pressure of haemolymph and proteinsases activity of epithelial gill cells. Bioamines, cAMP and CaM have been proved to stimulate the uptake of Na^ and transport of Cl^-.     

鱼类白细胞介素1β基因的研究概况

Interleukin-1β(IL-1β) is one of the most pleiotropic cytokines and a central regulator of the immune and inflammatory responses. Interleukin-1β was initially discovered within mice and humans and over the last 10 years has been characterized within a wide variety of animals. The IL-1β plays a key role in the inflammatory process, enhancing cell-mediated immunity by inducing the growth and proliferation of lymphocytes, connective tissue cells, and by stimulating immune and inflammatory response effector cells.As an immunoregulatory cytokine, IL-1β has the potential to enhance the immune response induced by a vaccine and/or to modulate the immune response leading to different effector mechanisms. It is produced by many cell types, including monocytes, macrophages,T and B lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Expression is induced by a diverse range of stimuli, including mitogens, cytokines, and microbial products. There have been considerable evidences provided by biological cross reaction that fish produce IL-1β during immune responses, and the bioactivity of IL-1 in fish has been known for over a decade. But only. since 1999,IL-1β gene has been cloned from the rainbow trout. And from then on, IL-1β gene has been cloned and expressed in many fish confirming that fish produces IL-1β gene during immune responses. In mammals it is produced as an inactive precursor that is processed by interleukin converting enzyme (ICE) to give a biologically active ‘mature‘ peptide. There is no signal peptide in IL-1β and its mechanism is unknown. This is the special part of the gene structure of the IL-1β. And through the program analyzing, we found this special structure in fish IL-1β gene. This paper reviews the functions and structure of gene IL-1β and the studies of the gene IL-1β in fish recently.     

黄河干流中上游水生生物资源调查研究

In order to protect scientifically the fishery resources and eco-environment of Yellow River , nine investigatioins on hydrobios in the middle and upper reaches of main Yellow River had been carried out since 2002 according to The Standard for the investigation of inland fishery resources. The investigations showed the present status of the fishery resources in these reaches are as follows ：87species （genera）and 8 phylum of phytoplankton,42 species and 6 phylum of zooplankton, 14 species（genera） of banthic organism , 5 species of hydroplant, 38 species of fish. A comparative analysis,With the results of ＂the Yellow River Fishery Resources Survey in 1982＂,shows that the general trend of the plankton is that the average biomass is getting apparently decreased, the aboriginal fishes are endangered intensifically, and there must be some problem of aquatic biological invasion in these reaches. A granual miniaturization of fishes in main Yellow River has been noticed. The authors proposed to carry out investigation and researches on hydrobios resources in main Yellow River , and develop plans to protect the fishery resources in yellow River, which will be an important basis for rehabilitation of the Yellow River waters and it＇s ecological environment, for the maintenance of biological diversity of Yellow River＇s waters. And this work will be of great significance for people＇s life and sustainable development of economics in Yellow River basin.     

鳀鱼及其他重要经济鱼类生物学特征的研究

The paper deals with growth of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and variations in length by area and maturity of anchovy and some selected fish species obtained during surveys with R/V “Bei Dou” in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea,in 1984-1999.Demersal trawl catch rates for some selected fish species from the same surveys are also included.No density-dependent growth in length or weight of anchovy was found.Reduced length at maturity of small yellow croaker was apparent from 1986 to 1994.     

渤海主要渔业生物资源变动的研究

根据１９５９年、１９８２～１９８３年、１９９２～１９９３和１９９８～１９９９年在渤海进行的周年分季度底拖网调查数据,分析了渤海主要渔业生物种类的资源变化特征。１９５９～１９８２年间,优势种发生了很大的变化,经济价值较高的小黄鱼、带鱼和对虾等由黄鲫、Ｔｉ鱼、枪乌贼等小型低值种类所替代。８０年代以来,年间优势种有一定的变动,但小型中小层鱼类Ｔｉ鱼、黄鲫、斑Ｊｉ等一直是渤海渔业生物优势种类。１９９８～１     

南海北部主要捕捞种类最适开捕规格研究

根据南海水产研究所使用elefan技术基于体长数据求得的南海北部50种主要捕捞种类的von Bertalanffy生长参数，以Beverton-Holt模型计算最适开捕年龄后用von Bertalanffy生长方程计算其相应开捕体长，再参考实际调查最小性成熟体长、临界体长、拐点体长和Froese-Binohlan经验公式计算的初次性成熟体长范围等数据确定最适开捕规格；部份分海区研究的种类先确定同一种类于各海区的最适开捕规格，再考虑不同海区的适用性确定其在南海北部的最适开捕规格。本文研究了南海北部50种主要捕捞种类的最适开捕规格，结果表明，所求得的最适开捕规格比原广东、广西、福建“水产资源繁殖保护实施细则暂行规定”的开捕规格都大；建议选择19种在以往的生产中和历次调查研究中出现频率较高、产量较高的主要捕捞种类作为南海北部实行开捕规格保护幼鱼幼虾措施的指标种，并提出开捕规格的随机抽样检查方法。     

渤海鱼类群落功能群及其主要种类

根据2009年8月和10月对渤海渔业资源的底拖网调查,采用胃含物分析、聚类分析和功能群划分的方法研究了渤海鱼类群落的功能群组成及其主要种类。结果表明,渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落包括7个功能群,分别为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群、底栖动物食性功能群、虾食性功能群、虾/鱼食性功能群、鱼食性功能群和广食性功能群;其中主要功能群为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群和虾/鱼食性功能群;主要种类有小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛、斑、赤鼻棱鳀、银鲳和黄鲫。圆筛藻、中华哲水蚤、太平洋磷虾、长额刺糠虾、中国毛虾、甲壳类幼体、日本鼓虾、六丝矛尾虎鱼、小黄鱼、双壳类和腹足类是当前渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落的主要饵料种类。     

黄海南部不同体长鳀对食物粒级的选择

基于2000年6月和2014年11月黄海南部采集的浮游动物和不同生长阶段鳀(Engraulis japonicus)的胃含物(饵料)组成分析资料,研究鳀的饵料粒级分布与摄食粒级选择性及其与环境生物组成的关系,旨在推进粒级在传统摄食生态分析中的应用。结果显示:黄海南部鳀的饵料种类组成与环境中生物种类组成有关;各体长组中,鳀的饵料粒级多样性与种类多样性分布趋势相似;体长为110 mm左右的鳀的饵料种类多样性和粒级多样性水平最高;鳀的饵料粒级均值随鱼体体长增加而增加;体长约为30 mm和≥70 mm的鳀有明显的饵料粒级转换。根据上述结果,认为在鳀胃含物分析过程中,整合环境中饵料生物的相对组成和粒级大小,可有效评价鱼类对饵料的粒级选择性。     

Population ecological parameters and biomass of anchovy kilka <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clupeonella engrauliformis</Emphasis> in the Caspian Sea

ABSTRACT:   Through most of the last century, three endemic kilka species supported major commercial species in the Caspian Sea. It is clear that catches and abundance of all species have changed, but catch and sampling data are limited and stock assessments are inadequate. Recent changes in the Caspian Sea ecosystem have occurred as a consequence of climatic environmental change (sea level change) and ecologic change caused by the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi . This paper examines the effects of these changes on the population biology and biomass of anchovy kilka Clupeonella engrauliformis in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea from 1995 to 2004. For most years during this 10-year period, we estimated the age structure of catch, length–weight relationship, von Bertalanffy growth parameters, condition factors, sex ratios, maturity stages determined from ovarian analysis, natural and fishing mortality, age at first capture, and spawning biomass. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality was estimated as 0.473/year and the instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality varied during the 10-year period between 0.541 and 2.690/year. Biomass of anchovy kilka declined from about 186 000 t in 1996 to less than 12 000 t in 2004. Recent high fishing rates were not sustainable after the introduction of Mnemiopsis , so overfishing is part of the explanation for the collapse of anchovy kilka in the Caspian Sea.     

东海区主要经济鱼类开捕规格的初步研究

根据1997-2000年东海区底拖网渔、№资源调查资料，以Beverton—Holt模型的单位补充量渔获最方程估算东海区18种主要经济鱼类的最适开捕年龄。运用von Bertalanffy，丰长方程估算最适开捕体长。结合鱼类生长的拐点年龄、临界年龄和初届性成熟年龄的体长，以及各鱼种实测最小性成熟体长，确定开捕规格。结果表明，目前东海区产量较高的带鱼（Trichiurus japonicus）和小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）的建议开捕规格分别应为体长230mm和170mm。调整后的开捕规格与旧开捕规格相比，带鱼、短尾大眼鲷（Priacanthus macracanthus）、灰鲳（Pampus cinereus）、自姑鱼（Argyrosomus argentatus）均有所增大，小黄鱼、银鲳（Pampus argenteus）的开捕规格有所减小，变化较小的有蓝点马鲛（Scomberomorus niphonius）、日本鲭（Somber japonicus）、慌圆鲹（Decapterus maruadsi）等。建议以这18种主要经济鱼类为指标种类，制定新的法定开捕体长和幼鱼比例检查措施，实现东海区渔业资源的可持续利用。     

黄、东海渔业资源群落结构变化研究

为了解黄海和东海渔业资源群落结构的变化,基于2013年6月(夏季)和9月(秋季)黄、东海渔业资源底拖网调查数据,对渔业资源种类组成、优势种、渔获量空间分布、群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。结果显示,共鉴定渔业种类185种,其中底层鱼类93种、中上层鱼类31种、甲壳类48种、头足类12种和贝类1种。在鱼类中,鲈形目种类最多,27科47属56种,占鱼类总种类数的45.2%。夏季优势种为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),秋季优势种为三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、小黄鱼、鳀和带鱼,优势种季节波动不大。秋季平均单位时间渔获量为46.60 kg/h,高于夏季(39.35 kg/h)。秋季航次调查中渔业资源较夏季更为集中,主要分布在长江口和吕泗渔场附近,其他断面渔获量较低。夏季航次群落多样性指数高于秋季航次。CLUSTER聚类分析表明,黄、东海渔业生物群落可分为2组,夏、秋季2组界线变动不大,2组聚类的形成可能受水温和长江径流影响。     

夏季东海太平洋褶柔鱼群体结构的年际变化

依据2009―2012年连续4年在东海进行的夏季(6月)渔业资源调查资料, 分析了太平样褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的资源密度、性比、胴长结构、胴长与体质量的关系、初次性成熟胴长等基础生物学参数的年际变化, 阐述了东海太平洋褶柔鱼的群体结构动态。结果表明: (1)夏季东海太平洋褶柔鱼的出现率较高, 但资源密度分布不均。在调查的4年间, 2009年的平均资源密度最高, 2010年最低。(2)各年度的雌雄比例均符合1∶1的关系(P>0.05)。(3)夏季渔汛期的太平样褶柔鱼个体较小。相比较而言, 2012年的优势胴长组最大, 2011年最小。但各年度的优势胴长均小于200 mm。(4)雌、雄个体胴长与体质量的关系符合指数生长曲线, 年间差异极显著(P<0.001)。(5)渔获个体以性未成熟幼体为主, 性腺成熟度随胴长增加而升高。各年度雌性个体的初次性成熟胴长均大于雄性。分析认为, 2009—2012年东海太平洋褶柔鱼夏季渔汛期均以秋、冬生群的性未成熟幼体为主, 夏生群的性成熟大个体较少。各年度太平洋褶柔鱼的生长发育速度以及群体结构有所不同。本研究可为掌握该物种资源的变动规律, 实现资源的合理利用提供基础资料。