水分胁迫对设施番茄结果期叶片衰老特性和根系活力的影响

以番茄"寿信98"为试材,设置4个土壤水分处理,土壤水分为田间持水量的70%~80%为正常灌溉(CK)、60%~70%为轻度胁迫、50%~60%为中度胁迫、40%~50%为重度胁迫,系统测定水分胁迫对设施番茄结果期植株叶片衰老特性和根系活力的影响。结果表明:番茄叶片细胞色素含量随胁迫程度的加重先升高后降低,轻度胁迫下细胞色素含量显著高于其它处理;随水分胁迫时间延长番茄叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均呈下降趋势。叶片组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性随水分胁迫时间延长均呈先增加后减少的趋势,不同土壤水分处理下,番茄叶片SOD和POD活性均表现为重度胁迫中度胁迫轻度胁迫CK,且2种抗氧化酶活性均在果实膨大期达到最大值。在果实膨大期,轻度胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫下SOD活性分别是CK的1.00、1.82、1.68倍,而POD活性分别是CK的1.81、2.37、2.91倍。轻度胁迫显著增加番茄根系活力,而其它水分处理下番茄根系活力较CK均有不同程度的降低,成熟期轻度胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫下番茄根系活力分别是CK处理的102.08%、90.62%、80.56%。因此,轻度水分胁迫有利于细胞色素合成和根系活力的提高,增加了设施番茄对水分逆境的耐受力,减缓植株的衰老进程。     

绒毛白蜡根区局部盐胁迫对其生长的影响

绒毛白蜡（Fraxinus velutina）是滨海盐渍区主要的植被和园林绿化乔木,其发达的根系易受土壤盐分异质性的影响。为探索局部盐胁迫对其生长的影响,采用分根培养桶对幼苗进行局部盐胁迫处理,分析幼苗的生长特征、光合特性、根系分布和离子积累。结果表明,局部低盐胁迫处理的幼苗生长量显著高于均匀盐胁迫和局部高盐胁迫处理;虽然局部高盐胁迫对叶片的水势无影响,但是显著降低了叶片的气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率。局部盐胁迫处理中,无盐胁迫区的根系生物量显著高于盐胁迫区;与均匀盐胁迫相比,局部盐胁迫能够显著降低叶片中Na+的含量,增加K+/Na+。虽然绒毛白蜡的生长在局部盐胁迫条件下受到抑制,且局部盐分越高抑制越强,但生长量与均匀盐胁迫相比显著增高。在局部盐胁迫条件下,细根在无胁迫区的补偿性生长能够提供叶片所需水分,降低叶片中Na+的积累,增加K+含量,缓解了盐胁迫的不利影响。     

水分胁迫对番茄生长及光合系统结构性能的影响

以普通番茄和樱桃番茄为试材，分别在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下，研究不同生态型番茄生长指标及光合系统结构的变化。水分胁迫显著抑制了番茄的生长，叶片水势及叶片相对含水量显著下降，     

水分胁迫对苗期番茄叶片保护酶活性和植株形态的影响

以"金粉2号"(‘Jinfen 2’)番茄为试材,设计3个土壤水分胁迫处理,即轻度(T1)、中度(T2)、重度(T3),以正常灌溉为对照(CK),于2014年4月25日至5月30日测定了叶片保护酶活性及植株形态指标,以研究土壤水分胁迫对番茄苗期植株形态指标和叶片保护性酶活性的影响。结果表明:随水分胁迫时间增加,叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均有不同程度增加,同期内SOD、POD、CAT活性呈现CKT1T2T3趋势,MDA含量则表现为T3T2T1CK,且不同处理间存在显著差异。水分胁迫下,苗期后期番茄株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积指数均有不同程度的减小,尤其是重度胁迫T3处理减幅最大,分别仅为CK的61.0%、56.3%、60.1%和48.3%;轻度水分胁迫能显著促进根系的生长,T1处理的根系总表面积和根尖数比CK高34.5%和38.5%,而T2根系较于CK的优势随时间逐渐减弱,T3后期根系总长度、总表面积、平均直径和根尖数分别仅为CK的30.2%、34.5%、61.5%和32.7%;研究表明水分胁迫会抑制苗期番茄地上部分的生长,但是轻度胁迫能显著促进根系生长。短期的中度胁迫有利于根系生长,但随胁迫时间延长,这种促进作用逐渐减弱甚至转变为抑制作用。而在重度胁迫下,番茄根系则受到明显的抑制。     

调亏灌溉条件下鸭梨营养生长、产量和果实品质反应的研究

调亏灌溉条件下的研究结果表明,无论在1期(萌芽至盛花后25d)还是在2期(盛花后25～80d)进行调亏灌溉,树体营养生长受到显著抑制,新梢长度较对照下降15%～25%,夏季修剪量减少18%～33%,树体叶片的相对含水量显著下降,对成龄叶片叶面积和比叶重的影响差异不显著。各处理其花朵坐果率均大于85%,没有显著抑制果径和果实鲜重的增长。在水分胁迫处理结束时,2期胁迫和1+2胁迫处理果实的可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量和全K含量显著高于对照,1+2胁迫处理的果径和果实鲜重也受到了显著抑制。在采收时各水分胁迫处理与对照相比,在产量、单果重和果实可溶性固形物含量方面无显著差异。     

半根交替干旱对‘大久保’桃叶片中几种有机渗透调节物质的影响

 和良好水分条件的对照相比较, 半根交替干旱处理(ARS) 对‘大久保’桃叶片日出前水势无显著影响, 但显著高于全根干旱(WRS) 处理。WRS导致叶片中游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加和淀粉含量显著降低, 而ARS和对照之间叶片中游离氨基酸、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和淀粉含量均不存在显著性差别。此外, 叶片中游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量与日出前叶片水势呈显著或极显著负相关, 而淀粉含量与日出前叶片水势呈极显著正相关。上述结果表明, ARS条件下植株具有良好的水分供应能力, 并不存在积累上述有机物质进行渗透调节的现象。     

PEG胁迫下褪黑素对生菜幼苗形态和生理特性的影响

以‘奥跃生菜’为试材,采用盆栽法,设置正常浇灌营养液（对照,CK）、根系浇灌含有100μmol·L^-1褪黑素的营养液（MT）、根系浇灌含有25%PEG的营养液（D）和25%PEG的营养液+根系浇灌含有100μmol·L^-1褪黑素的营养液（D+MT）4个处理,研究了PEG胁迫下褪黑素对生菜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,以期为褪黑素在生菜中抗旱栽培的应用提供参考依据。结果表明：干旱胁迫下根施褪黑素生菜幼苗总根长、根体积、根表面积、根平均直径、地上地下部分干质量、根冠比、叶绿素相对含量显著增加（P<0.05）,叶片相对含水量也呈增加趋势,但差异不显著;同时干旱胁迫下褪黑素增加了生菜叶片实际光化学效率和光化学淬灭系数,降低了叶片PSⅡ的非光化学淬灭系数;除根系过氧化物酶（POD）活性外,干旱胁迫下根施褪黑素幼苗叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、POD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量均升高;而丙二醛（MDA）含量下降;其中SOD活性差异在叶片和根系中均达显著水平（P<0.05）。因此,根施100μmol·L^-1褪黑素能够通过调...     

水分胁迫对'赤霞珠'葡萄不同叶龄叶片糖含量及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以三年生'赤霞珠'葡萄为试材,通过控制灌溉量,以黎明前叶片水势(ψb)反映胁迫程度,设置无水分胁迫、中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫3个处理,研究了'赤霞珠'葡萄新梢基部(叶1)、下部(叶2)、中部(叶3)、中上部(叶4)、上部(叶5)叶片的糖含量及其相关代谢酶活性,以期明确水分胁迫对'赤霞珠'葡萄不同叶龄叶片糖含量及其相关代谢酶活性的影响.结果 表明:中度水分胁迫处理下,葡萄新梢不同叶龄叶片蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均高于对照组,处理前期还原糖含量低于对照组;处理中后期还原糖含量高于对照组;重度水分胁迫处理下,葡萄新梢不同叶龄叶片蔗糖含量低于对照组、还原糖含量高于对照组;在处理前期,叶3～5可溶性糖含量高于对照组,后期各叶龄叶片可溶性糖含量逐渐低于对照组;中度水分胁迫可以提高叶3～5叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,而重度水分胁迫降低了不同叶龄叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS);水分胁迫可以提高叶3～5叶片中性转化酶(NI)活性、不同叶龄叶片蔗糖合成酶(SS)和酸性转化酶(AI)活性;中度水分胁迫有利于不同叶龄叶片糖分的积累及相关代谢酶活性的提高.     

水分胁迫对荔枝幼树根系与梢生长的影响

以盆栽沙培1年生荔枝空中压条苗为试材,研究了水分胁迫对荔枝幼树根系和梢生长的影响以及二者的相互关系。3个处理为:沙体积含水量为7.5%(严重缺水),15.0%(一般缺水),22.5%(充分供水)。结果表明:水分胁迫严重抑制荔枝幼树地上部分和各级侧根的生长,使地上部枝梢生长严重受阻,叶片数量、平均叶面积、叶片厚度均显著变小;根总干重、侧根长度、根表面积显著减少。水分胁迫下促进须根的生长,须根的长度、根表面积比水分充足时显著增加。水分胁迫时叶片淀粉含量下降,而根系积累更多的淀粉。比较不同处理的根梢比发现,干旱对根系生长的抑制作用比枝梢更显著。     

淹水胁迫对‘纽荷尔脐橙’/枳幼苗形态及生理特性的影响

【目的】研究淹水胁迫后脐橙植株形态学特征变化并揭示脐橙响应淹水胁迫的生理学机制。【方法】以枳砧‘纽荷尔脐橙’幼苗为材料,进行盆栽土壤淹水胁迫处理,观察其形态学及解剖结构特征变化,并测定叶片和根系活性氧物质变化、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖等物质变化。【结果】土壤淹水处理20 d内,脐橙幼苗叶片外观形态及微观结构均无明显变化,根系出现裂生型气腔;长期(45 d)淹水后,脐橙幼苗叶片叶脉(上部叶主脉、侧脉以及细脉,下部叶主脉)明显变黄,而脉间相对保持绿色,根系生长受到抑制并伴有发黑现象。淹水胁迫(10 d内)诱导叶片和根系活性氧物质含量增加,随后抗氧化酶系统启动,POD和CAT活性在淹水后15 d均显著高于对照。长期(45 d)淹水胁迫后,叶片抗氧化酶仍维持较高活性,而根系酶活性则显著降低。另外,相同处理条件下,脐橙幼苗根系POD活性远高于叶片,而CAT活性远低于叶片。长期淹水后,叶片和根系的可溶性糖含量均显著高于对照,而可溶性蛋白含量均显著低于对照。【结论】‘纽荷尔脐橙’幼苗不同器官响应淹水胁迫的敏感程度及调控机制存在明显差异,各器官会通过形态结构变化、抗氧化酶活性变化以及渗透调节物质含量变化等协同调控;长期淹水则影响体内代谢过程,诱导叶片和根系出现明显的可见症状,抑制脐橙的生长发育。     

Effect of alleviating products with different mode of action on physiology and yield of olive under drought

Two years old self-rooted Koroneiki olive trees (Olea europaea L.) were subjected to two irrigation regimes, i.e. the fully irrigated and the severely water stressed trees, while they were treated with three alleviating products of different mode of action. The products used were the osmolyte glycine betaine, the antioxidant Ambiol and the heat and irradiance reflecting kaolin clay particles. The effects of product application and water regime on leaf characteristics, shoot and root growth, photosynthesis, leaf compatible solids (carbohydrates) concentration and yield were evaluated. All products applied, exhibited significant alleviating action, based on the relative alleviation index. Irrigated trees exhibited greater growth than drought stressed ones, while the ameliorating products maintained the water content of the leaves under drought conditions and resulted in lower leaf tissue density. On the other hand carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and intrinsic water use efficiency were significantly reduced under drought stress, while the opposite stood for intercellular CO₂. Drought stress resulted in elevated sucrose leaf concentration, while the application of Ambiol increased stachyose concentration and that of glycine betaine did the same with the mannitol concentration. Among the alleviating products tested in this experiment Ambiol and glycine betaine had a significant positive effect on leaf water content, photosynthesis and yield under both drought and well irrigated conditions.     

Drying half of the root-zone from mid fruit growth to maturity in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees for one season reduced fruit production in two years

We tested the effect of extended drying of half the root system on fruit yield and fruit Ca concentration, an indirect measure of fruit quality, in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass). In a field experiment on a sandy soil, withholding irrigation and plastic sheeting was used to dry the root-zone beneath the whole canopy (DD) or half the canopy (WD), compared with well-watered trees (WW). The irrigation water contained added nutrients and was slightly saline. Yield, shoot growth, leaf conductance, leaf and fruit water status and mineral concentrations of leaves and fruit were studied. The responses of treated trees were assessed in the following season during which normal irrigation practices were restored. With respect to yield, the WD treatment behaved the same as the DD treatment. It reduced yield by more than half and proportionately more than the reduction in water supply thus reducing irrigation efficiency. Re-watering did not restore yield of WD or DD-trees in the next season. The WD and DD treatments had no effect on the concentration of Ca in the fruit mesocarp and so are unlikely to affect fruit quality. The main impact of reduced water supply on the trees was fruit abscission and this was linked to dry soil around the roots rather than the water status of the leaves or fruits. We conclude that extended drying of half of the root-zone in one season reduced irrigation efficiency for two seasons by promoting the abscission of developing fruit to the same extent as occurred when the whole root system was exposed to extended drying.     

Influence of water deficit and low air humidity in the nursery on survival of Rhamnus alaternus seedlings following planting

Summary

The effect of irrigation and air humidity on the water relations and root and shoot growth of Rhamnus alaternus L. during the nursery phase was considered to evaluate the resulting degree of hardening obtained by these treatments. R. alaternus seedlings were pot-grown in two greenhouses of equal characteristics. In one of these greenhouses air humidity was controlled using a dehumidifying system, while in the other one the environmental conditions were not artificially modified. In each greenhouse, two irrigation treatments were used. Thus, four different treatments were applied during the nursery phase (January-May): 1) control air humidity + control irrigation; 2) control air humidity + deficit irrigation; 3) low air humidity + control irrigation; 4) low air humidity + deficit irrigation. In May, plants of all treatments were transplanted and grown in good environmental and irrigation conditions for one month (17 May–20 June), after which they received no irrigation until the end of the experiment (14 July). Low air humidity and water deficit reduced all shoot growth parameters during the nursery phase, however the root growth was not significantly affected by air humidity and even increased under the water deficit. The reduction in leaf water potential under water stress was induced by tissue dehydration since leaf turgor potential also decreased and non-osmotic adjustment was observed. The drought effects on water relations were similar in both low and high air humidity. The leaf stomatal conductance was also reduced by both types of stress, leading to a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis at the end of the nursery phase. Both water deficit and low air humidity showed their value as nursery acclimation processes, improving the survival of seedlings following transplanting and non-irrigation conditions (establishment phase). The stomatal regulation and a shift in the allocation of assimilates from shoot to root were the acclimation mechanisms showed by R. alaternus under both types of stress. The accumulated effects in low air humidity and water deficit plants could explain the highest percentage of survival at the end of the establishment period (97%) for the combined treatment.     

Acclimation of citrus to water stress

Alemow (Citrus macrophylla Wester) seedlings were subjected to moderate or severe water stress by watering them at different intervals for several irrigation cycles. Transpiration rate was measured after irrigation was resumed. Severe water stress reduced transpiration but increased leaf water potential (ψ_leaf), while moderate water stress reduced transpiration less and did not affect ψ_leaf. This suggests that moderate water stress influences only stomatal conductance and not root and shoot resistance.     

Effect of different drip irrigation methods and fertilization on growth,physiology and water use of young apple tree

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three drip irrigation methods (i.e. conventional drip irrigation (CDI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated with full watering, alternate drip irrigation (ADI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half of the full watering, and fixed drip irrigation (FDI), only one side of the root-zone irrigated with half of the full watering) on growth, physiology, root hydraulic conductance and water use of young apple tree under different nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization (i.e. CK (no fertilization), N₁ (0.2 g N/kg), N₂ (0.4 g N/kg), P₁ (0.2 g P₂O₅/kg) and P₂ (0.4 g P₂O₅/kg)). Results show that compared to CDI, ADI and FDI reduced mean root dry mass, daily transpiration, root hydraulic conductance (K_r), leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of young apple tree by 6.9 and 27.7, 29.3 and 45.0, 6.8 and 37.9, 2.5 and 4.8, 32.6 and 33.0, 22.1 and 22.3%, but increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) by 31.3 and 29.8%, respectively when they saved irrigation water by 50%. Compared to the CK, N or P fertilization significantly increased K_r, and K_r was increased with the increased N or P fertilization level. There were parabolic correlations between K_r and root dry mass, daily transpiration and stomatal conductance. Our results indicate that ADI reduced transpiration rate significantly, but it did not reduce photosynthesis rate and K_r significantly, thus alternate drip irrigation improved WUE and the regulation ability of water balance in plants.     

Effect of soil water stress on the development of stone cells in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. ‘Niitaka’) flesh

This study was carried out to investigate the cause of stone cell formation in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. ‘Niitaka’) flesh. Potted plants grown in a glass house were subjected to water stress conditions without irrigation for 30 days from 30 days before full bloom (BFB treatment), full bloom (FB treatment) and 30 days after full bloom (AFB treatment). Control plants were drip-irrigated daily maintaining a soil matrix potential around −40 ± 5 kPa. The formation of stone cells in pear flesh increased in the FB treatment and AFB treatment plants and this tendency was sustained until the harvest season. Root activity was investigated 60 days after full bloom (DAFB) and the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction potential, the formazan content and leaf water potential were investigated 30, 45, and 60 DAFB. Root activity decreased progressively due to the effect of water stress. Also, the Ca content in leaf and flesh was lower. The peroxidase activity was high in the flesh at the early stages of fruit growth and decreased at the late stages of fruit growth, and then a higher increase of peroxidase activity was observed in water-stressed fruit. The reduction in calcium content of leaf and fruit in plants under water stress may be related to the reduction of root activity and leaf water potential. The increase in peroxidase activity under water stress may be due to limited calcium absorption. Higher peroxidase activity may induce the accumulation of lignin in the cell wall and promote the formation of stone cells in pear flesh. We conclude that water stress condition during the early stages of fruit growth is one of several factors that determine the formation of stone cells in pear flesh.     

水分状况与大白菜光合作用关系的研究

水分状况与大白菜光合作用关系密切,正常水分条件下叶片的光合速率远大于水分胁迫条件下的,其差异随光强和CO_2浓度的增加而增加。水分胁迫使大白菜光合作用的光饱和点和CO_2的饱和点降低,补偿点升高。轻度的水分胁迫对光合作用的影响表现为气孔限制,而严重的水分胁迫则表现为非气孔限制,这是因其叶肉细胞光合活性下降所致。大白菜光合速率随叶片相对含水量(RLWC)的减少而下降,当RLWC低于86％时,光合速率出现大幅度下降。短期内空气相对湿度变化对光合速率影响不大。     

甲壳素对苹果幼苗抗旱生理效应的影响

用Hogland营养液水培1 a生"嘎拉"苹果幼苗为材料,研究了在培养液中加入0.5%(W/V)甲壳素对PEG(20%)诱导的水分胁迫条件下叶片光合参数、活性氧和脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:甲壳素可以有效提高叶片的净光合速率,提高叶片气孔导度,增强叶片的蒸腾作用,缓解了由于干旱胁迫对光合作用的影响.研究发现,培养液中加入甲壳素的水分胁迫使植株叶片的叶绿素的含量明显高于对照,过氧化氢含量明显低于对照.