木质林产品跨境交易下碳储量核算方法比较分析

国际贸易行为使得储存于采伐后木质林产品中的碳汇在各国间发生流动, 又由于对采伐后木质林产品的使用方式和最终用途的差异, 使得产品中碳汇的存续时间出现巨大的差异。如何对国际木质林产品跨境交易下的各国碳储量变化进行全面量化, 合理判断各国基于木质林产品消费方式的差异而对环境所造成的直接或间接影响, 从而明晰全球温室气体减排下各国的责任划分, 具有非常重要的意义。文中根据政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)所提供的4种采伐后木质林产品碳储量核算方法, 分析各国对不同核算方法的立场及其背后的深层原因, 指出我国应该积极开展木质林产品跨境交易下碳储量核算方法的前沿跟踪研究, 以便未来在木质林产品碳汇计量谈判中掌握主动权从而有效维护国家利益。     

森林保护碳汇项目方法学研究

森林保护碳汇项目是林业行业减排增汇项目的重要组成,因其多重效益已被纳入应对气候变化的行动倡议和碳交易市场领域。文中基于我国温室气体自愿减排市场的需求,从计量碳库的选择、基线情景的确定、额外性论证及碳储量计量等方面研究出适合我国的森林保护碳汇项目方法学,提出将木质林产品、地上生物量、枯死木及枯落物作为计量碳库并采用蓄积法、生物量扩展因子法及衰减函数法计算碳储量的新碳汇项目方法学,以期为我国森林保护碳汇项目开发及全国碳交易市场建设提供理论参考。     

木质林产品碳储量研究进展

木质林产品碳储量估算是国际气候变化谈判的涉林议题之一。文中在简要概述该议题谈判进展和系统分析国内外大量文献的基础上,阐述木质林产品碳流动在森林碳储量中的作用,并评述木质林产品碳储量的相关研究,总结计量方法应用、使用寿命以及垃圾填埋等方面的研究现状和存在的问题,最后提出未来的研究方向。     

湖南省2010年 LUCF 温室气体排放清单编制研究

利用湖南省森林资源清查数据,运用生物量法,从森林和其它木质生物质生物量碳储量变化及森林转化碳排放两方面对省级 LUCF 温室气体排放清单编制进行研究。结果表明：湖南省2010年 LUCF 净吸收温室气体1720．54万 t CO2当量,其中森林和其它木质生物质生物量碳储量变化净吸收温室气体1764．54万 t CO2当量,森林转化净排放温室气体44．0万 t CO2当量;通过增加乔木林碳储量,相当于吸收 CO24195．64万 t 。湖南省2008年的特大冰灾导致2010年 LUCF 活动吸收温室气体量比2005年减少了30．93％。     

四川森林土壤有机碳储量估算方法选择

土壤碳是陆地碳库的重要成分,森林土壤有机碳储量的变化对全球气候变化产生重要影响。对森林土壤有机碳储量的正确估计是编制2005年IPCC国家温室气体清单的重要任务之一,也是其中的难点。本文简要介绍了森林土壤有机碳储量的各种估算方法并对各自的优缺点做了进一步的分析,指出了不确定性产生的主要原因。在分析了四川森林土壤的基本特征后,从满足编制IPCC温室气体清单高层次的方法上考虑,指出四川森林土壤有机碳储量估算的合理方法是土壤类法和生命带法相结合的办法。     

安徽省青阳县栎类阔叶林乔木层固碳效益研究

森林是重要的陆地生态系统,在应对全球气候变化中扮演着重要的角色。森林碳汇指森林等吸收并储存CO：的多少,或者吸收并储存CO2的能力。森林碳汇对降低大气中温室气体浓度、减缓全球气候变暖具有十分重要的作用。目前国内有关森林碳汇的计量方法主要有蓄积量法、生物量法和基于蓄积量法、生物量法的生物清单法。对于生物量一碳储量转换因子...     

加拿大碳收支模型（CBM-CFS3）原理、结构及应用

CBM-CFS3模型基于森林资源清查数据,可模拟不同尺度、不同干扰或经营措施下森林生态系统的碳储量及变化,满足IPCC温室气体最高层次计量方法的要求,是IPCC推荐使用的碳计量模型。该模型的应用将会对我国森林碳储量估算产生重要的促进作用。文中主要介绍CBM-CFS3模型的发展历程和特点、原理、运行和数据结构以及模型目前的应用研究情况,评价了当前模型的适用范围和局限性。     

区域森林碳储量估算方法概述

估算森林碳储量是了解森林固碳增汇能力大小的前提,也是了解森林对减少温室气体排放所做贡献的基础,同时也是体现林业在应对气候变化中的重要作用及特殊地位的量化指标。因此,对区域森林碳储量进行监测和评估是一项十分必要的工作。本文介绍了区域尺度森林碳储量的估算方法,包括森林植被、森林土壤和枯落物三部分的碳储量。     

浙江省毛竹竹板材碳转移分析

木质林产品作为森林生态系统碳循环的一个重要组成部分,是森林生态系统三大碳库之一,对森林生态系统和大气之间的碳平衡起着重要作用,在减缓碳排放上具有巨大贡献(Apps et al.,1999;Dias et al.,2005;白彦锋等,2009):一方面,林产品有一     

排水造林对泥炭沼泽湿地碳循环的影响

湿地在全球气候变化中扮演着重要作用,当湿地排水后,地表水位下降,湿地土壤有氧层增加,CO2排放速率增加,CH4排放速率减少,进而影响全球温室气体的浓度。本文综述了国内外有关湿地排水对土壤CO2、CH4、N2O温室气体和土壤碳储量影响的研究进展,指出了应加强研究的方向,可为湿地恢复和碳管理的研究提供参考。     

气候变化谈判中木质林产品的相关概念及其碳储量核算

森林在维持全球碳平衡中发挥着重要的作用.采伐后木质林产品(harvested wood products,HWP)以下简称木质林产品.木质林产品是森林资源利用的自然延伸.     

Evaluating the impacts of a carbon tax on imported forest products—evidence from Taiwan

Levying a carbon tax is one of the approaches used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) and has been adopted in a number of countries since the Kyoto Protocol. Applying such an approach in the forest sector may have important policy implications. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of a carbon tax on imported forest products using Taiwan as an example. Taiwan relies on foreign imported timber and such consumption of harvested wood products (HWPs) lengthens the storage of carbon beyond the life of the tree. This study investigates the impacts of implementing a carbon tax on seven types of HWPs by applying the ARDL approach to imported timber demand functions in Taiwan. The empirical results show that the volumes of imported HWPs as well as carbon dioxide are significantly reduced once a carbon tax is implemented. These empirical outcomes provide some important forest policy implications for countries importing wood products.     

Financial feasibility of increasing carbon sequestration in harvested wood products in Mississippi

Longer forest rotation ages can potentially increase accumulation of carbon in harvested wood products due to a larger proportion of sawlogs that can be used for manufacturing durable wood products such as lumber and plywood. This study quantified amounts of carbon accumulated in wood products harvested from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands grown in Mississippi by extending rotation ages traditionally used to manage these stands for timber. The financial viability of this approach was examined based on carbon payments received by landowners for sequestering carbon in standing trees and harvested wood products. Results indicated a potential to increase carbon accumulated in wood products by 16.11 metric tons (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) per hectare (ha) for a rotation increase of 5 years and 67.07 tCO₂e/ha for a rotation increase of 65 years. Carbon prices of $50/tCO₂e and $110/tCO₂e would be required to provide a sufficient incentive to forest landowners to extend rotations by 5 and 10 years, respectively. With 2.8 million ha of loblolly pine stands in Mississippi, this translates to a possible increase in wood products carbon of 45 million tCO₂e and 80 million tCO₂e for harvest ages increased by 5 and 10 years, respectively. Higher carbon prices lengthened rotation ages modestly due to low present values of carbon accumulated with long rotations.     

Harvested wood products accounting in the post Kyoto commitment period

An increase in the amount of harvested wood products (HWP) from sustainable forestry would help to reduce levels of atmospheric carbon. In the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012), this carbon stock effect of HWP is ignored, and forest harvesting is treated as an instantaneous emission of carbon dioxide. However, in the next commitment period of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from 2013, the carbon stock changes resulting from HWP will be taken into account in the national greenhouse gas inventories. The Japan Wood Research Society called for a roundtable conference of eight research societies, industrial associations, and nongovernmental organizations that are involved with wood utilization. At the conference, accounting approaches for HWP were discussed and a consensus was reached that the stock change approach should be adopted in the next commitment period.     

Forest management and carbon sequestration in wood products

Wood products are considered to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. A critical gap in the life cycle of wood products is to transfer the raw timber from the forest to the processing wood industry and, thus, the primary wood products. Therefore, often rough estimates are used for this step to obtain total forestry carbon balances. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the fate of timber harvested in Thuringian state forests (central Germany), representing a large, intensively managed forested region, and (2) to quantify carbon stocks and the lifetime of primary wood products made from this timber. The analyses were based on the amount and assortments of actually sold timber, and production parameters of the companies that bought and processed this timber. In addition, for coniferous stands of a selected Thuringian forest district, we calculated potential effects of management, as expressed by different thinning regimes on wood products and their lifetimes. Total annual timber sale of soft- and hardwoods from Thuringian state forests (195,000 ha) increased from about 136,893 t C (~0.7 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 1996 to 280,194 t C (~1.4 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 2005. About 47% of annual total timber harvest went into short-lived wood products with a mean residence time (MRT) < 25 years. Thirty-one per cent of the total harvest went into wood products with an MRT of 25–43 years, and only 22% was used as construction wood and glued wood, products with the longest MRT (50 years). The average MRT of carbon in harvested wood products was 20 years. Thinning from above throughout the rotation of spruce forests would lead to an average MRT in harvested wood products of about 23 years, thinning from below of about 18 years. A comparison of our calculations with estimates that resulted from the products module of the CO2FIX model (Nabuurs et al. 2001) demonstrates the influence of regional differences in forest management and wood processing industry on the lifetime of harvested wood products. To our knowledge, the present study provides for the first time real carbon inputs of a defined forest management unit to the wood product sector by linking data on raw timber production, timber sales and wood processing. With this new approach and using this data, it should be possible to substantially improve the net-carbon balance of the entire forestry sector.     

Quantitative estimation of carbon removal effects due to wood utilization up to 2050 in Japan: effects from carbon storage and substitution of fossil fuels by harvested wood products

Carbon absorbed by forests remains stored in the timber used for wood products, and a change in wood product stock can be evaluated as substantial removal/emission of atmospheric carbon. Since the carbon storage effect due to harvested wood products (HWP) might be taken into account in the future framework of carbon mitigation, it is crucial to estimate the carbon fl ow and stock concerning HWP for the next commitment period. In the present study, we developed a model for estimating the fl ow and stock of wood products in Japan’s building, furniture, and paper sectors. The HWP carbon storage effect and substitution effect (carbon reduction by substituting fossil fuels and energy-intensive materials with HWP) up to 2050 were quantitatively estimated by lifetime analysis. Our model simulation revealed that (i) the carbon stock change in Japan due to HWP would be evaluated as a large emission if the atmospheric-fl ow approach is adopted, (ii) carbon removal would not significantly increase if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture remains stable, and (iii) the carbon storage effect together with the substitution effect would have a significant impact on climate change mitigation if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture is gradually improved to 70% by 2050.     

Carbon,Fossil Fuel,and Biodiversity Mitigation With Wood and Forests

Life-cycle analyses, energy analyses, and a range of utilization efficiencies were developed to determine the carbon dioxide (CO₂) and fossil fuel (FF) saved by various solid wood products, wood energy, and unharvested forests. Some products proved very efficient in CO₂ and FF savings, while others did not. Not considering forest regrowth after harvest or burning if not harvested, efficient products save much more CO₂ than the standing forest; but wood used only for energy generally saves slightly less. Avoided emissions (using wood in place of steel and concrete) contributes the most to CO₂ and FF savings compared to the product and wood energy contributions. Burning parts of the harvested logs that are not used for products creates an additional CO₂ and FF savings. Using wood substitutes could save 14 to 31% of global CO₂ emissions and 12 to 19% of global FF consumption by using 34 to 100% of the world’s sustainable wood growth. Maximizing forest CO₂ sequestration may not be compatible with biodiversity. More CO₂ can be sequestered synergistically in the products or wood energy and landscape together than in the unharvested landscape. Harvesting sustainably at an optimum stand age will sequester more carbon in the combined products, wood energy, and forest than harvesting sustainably at other ages.     

Forest carbon storage in the northeastern United States: Net effects of harvesting frequency,post-harvest retention,and wood products

Temperate forests are an important carbon sink, yet there is debate regarding the net effect of forest management practices on carbon storage. Few studies have investigated the effects of different silvicultural systems on forest carbon stocks, and the relative strength of in situ forest carbon versus wood products pools remains in question. Our research describes (1) the impact of harvesting frequency and proportion of post-harvest structural retention on carbon storage in northern hardwood-conifer forests, and (2) tests the significance of including harvested wood products in carbon accounting at the stand scale. We stratified Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots to control for environmental, forest structural and compositional variables, resulting in 32 FIA plots distributed throughout the northeastern U.S. We used the USDA Forest Service's Forest Vegetation Simulator to project stand development over a 160 year period under nine different forest management scenarios. Simulated treatments represented a gradient of increasing structural retention and decreasing harvesting frequencies, including a “no harvest” scenario. The simulations incorporated carbon flux between aboveground forest biomass (dead and live pools) and harvested wood products. Mean carbon storage over the simulation period was calculated for each silvicultural scenario. We investigated tradeoffs among scenarios using a factorial treatment design and two-way ANOVA. Mean carbon sequestration was significantly (α = 0.05) greater for “no management” compared to any of the active management scenarios. Of the harvest treatments, those favoring high levels of structural retention and decreased harvesting frequency stored the greatest amounts of carbon. Classification and regression tree analysis showed that management scenario was the strongest predictor of total carbon storage, though site-specific variables were important secondary predictors. In order to isolate the effect of in situ forest carbon storage and harvested wood products, we did not include the emissions benefits associated with substituting wood fiber for other construction materials or energy sources. Modeling results from this study show that harvesting frequency and structural retention significantly affect mean carbon storage. Our results illustrate the importance of both post-harvest forest structure and harvesting frequency in carbon storage, and are valuable to land owners interested in managing forests for carbon sequestration.     

木质林产品贸易中碳流动的边境调节

近年来，碳关税成为国际贸易研究的热点问题之一，而目前有关碳关税的讨论多集中于能源密集型产业。木质林产品（HWP）同时作为碳源和能够长期储存碳的碳库，具有碳流动上的特殊性，其贸易也显著影响一国的碳库储量。文中梳理当前有关碳关税的国内外研究及争议焦点，分析碳关税如何在不同类型的HWP中得以调整和应用，并分析对HWP征收碳关税给征收国和被征收国带来的影响，指出HWP的国际贸易可能带来的碳泄露问题。结论认为，出口国可选择采取碳关税措施减少本国碳汇效应较好的HWP的出口，并将更多的碳储量留在国内，但这一做法可能抑制本国林产品的出口贸易。