不同氮肥水平下转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响

在目前氮肥施用量依然偏多的大背景下,氮肥与转 Bt 基因水稻的相互作用是否会对稻田中非靶标节肢动物产生影响是转基因水稻安全评价的重要内容。本研究在室内条件下用0 kg/hm²、100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²3个氮肥水平处理的转 Bt 基因水稻T1C-19和T2A-1以及非转基因亲本水稻明恢63,连续饲养褐飞虱和白背飞虱4代,研究在不同氮肥条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响。结果显示,在同一水稻品种上,氮肥的过量施用,显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,并且随着代数的增加具有一定的累加效果。同一氮肥水平条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻和对照相比对同代褐飞虱和白背飞虱的若虫发育历期、雌虫体质量、成虫寿命、褐飞虱若虫孵化率、存活率均无显著影响。而在100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²施氮水平下取食转基因水稻T1C-19的褐飞虱在第1代至第3代的每雌产卵量均显著低于另一转基因品种T2A-1以及对照品种明恢63,但第4代褐飞虱在各品种上的产卵量无显著差异。本研究结果表明,氮肥的施用显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,供试两种转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性无显著影响。这为转基因水稻的安全评价提供了一定的理论依据。     

Comparative Efficacies of Next-Generation Insecticides Against Yellow Stem Borer and Their Effects on Natural Enemies in Rice Ecosystem

The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.     

不同施氮水平下水稻植株在白背飞虱为害后的生理变化

【目的】为明确不同施氮水平调控水稻对白背飞虱抵御能力的生理机制,【方法】采用室内笼罩饲喂胁迫法,比较了不同施氮水平下水稻受白背飞虱为害后,体内叶绿素(SPAD)含量、含水量、伤流液含量和干物质含量、可溶性糖含量等防御相关物质含量的变化。【结果】水稻受白背飞虱为害后,水稻体内不同防御物质含量变化存在差异。水稻受白背飞虱为害后体内叶绿素含量、干物质含量、可溶性糖含量均有所下降,伤流液含量、相对含水量、含水量有所上升。随着水稻施氮水平的增加,受害水稻叶绿素含量、干物质量降幅呈上升趋势,含水量、伤流液含量增幅呈上升趋势,相对含水量、可溶性糖含量增幅呈下降趋势。【结论】不同施氮水平可通过调控水稻体内叶绿素含量、相对含水量、含水量、干物质含量、可溶性糖含量影响水稻对白背飞虱的抵御能力,从而影响白背飞虱种群数量。     

氮肥运筹对水稻植株不同形态氮素含量的影响

以桂朝2号和叠加占为试验材料,以总氮、蛋白氮、叶绿素氮、可溶性蛋白氮、Rubisco-N、游离氨基态氮为指标,研究了氮肥运筹对水稻植株不同形态氮素含量的影响。结果表明,上述形态氮素含量对氮肥运筹表现出相同的趋势,即水稻抽穗期和成熟期植株总氮、蛋白氮、叶绿素氮、可溶性蛋白氮、Rubisco-N、游离氨基态氮含量均随施氮水平提高而提高,在相同施氮量条件下,重施穗肥时其含量较高。氮肥运筹对不同形态氮素含量的影响程度是不同的,其中,对Rubisco-N和游离氨基态氮的影响明显。两个品种早晚季无论是抽穗期还是成熟期不同施氮水平下Rubisco-N和游离氨基态氮含量差异均达到显著或极显著水平。相关分析表明,早晚季抽穗期和成熟期水稻植株总氮含量与蛋白氮含量均呈极显著相关。     

茶园三种间作模式对小贯小绿叶蝉及其天敌功能团群落的影响

为探讨茶园间作对茶园小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)的生态调控作用,本研究开展樱花(Cerasus sp.)、圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉种群时序动态,及其天敌功能团组成结构、种群数量时序变...     

双季早稻氮肥基蘖肥与穗肥不同比例简比试验

以金优2155为材料,设置双季早稻氮肥基蘖肥与穗肥不同比例简比试验。结果表明,氮肥基蘖肥与穗肥比例为5：5的处理产量最高,具有明显的增产效果。     

干湿交替灌溉下施氮模式对水稻光合产物和氮转运的影响

[目的]采用大田小区试验,研究不同灌溉模式下氮肥施用模式对水稻产量、光合生理特性、非结构性碳水化合物和氮素利用效率的影响,以期为当地稻田灌溉和施氮模式优化管理提供理论依据.[方法]以中浙优1号为供试材料,设常规淹灌和干湿交替2种灌溉模式,以及不施氮(N0)、常规施氮(PUN100)、减氮20％(PUN80)、缓控释复合...     

氮肥运筹对不同生育期晚稻品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

以6个生育期不同的晚稻品种为材料,研究了不同生育期品种对不同氮肥运筹比例的响应。结果表明,早熟品种在基蘖肥∶穗肥为7∶3时的产量高于6∶4时的产量,而中、迟熟品种中既有在7∶3时表现为产量较高的品种,也有在6∶4时表现为产量较高的品种。而不同氮肥运筹比例对不同生育期晚稻品种间的氮素吸收利用的影响与品种熟期之间没有明显的规律性。     

不同控释氮肥运筹对粳稻养分吸收与氮素利用的影响

以绥粳18为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,在一次性施入控释氮肥免追肥条件下,设置不同施肥量(高、中、低、无)和施肥深度(5 cm、10 cm),探讨不同氮肥施用方式对粳稻养分吸收和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,在不同氮肥运筹条件下,粳稻各生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运均存在明显的协同效应,施肥深度5 cm组,随着氮肥施用量的增加,粳稻的氮吸收总量增加,同时可促进磷的吸收,但影响幅度较小。钾变化与氮、磷变化有所不同。施肥深度10cm组,施高量氮肥抑制了粳稻对磷的吸收、减少了对氮的吸收,但有利于提高氮素利用率,对钾的吸收无显著影响。施用树脂包膜控释肥,纯氮用量为153 kg/hm^2、施肥深度5 cm、一次性施肥免追肥可获得最优水稻氮素利用效率并显著提高磷钾肥利用效率。     

不同肥料对华南双季稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

肥料种类和施肥方式会影响水稻产量和养分吸收利用效率。本文研究了等氮条件下不同肥料对华南双季稻产量及其构成因子、物质转运和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与施控释肥(N、P、K含量分别为25%、6%和19%)处理相比,施传统复合肥(N、P、K含量均为15%)和快美复混肥(N、P、K含量分别为24%、7%和19%)的处理,水稻抽穗期叶片SPAD值显著增加,穗部干物质累积量、穗部干物质累积速率和库容量分别增加2.7%~17.1%、1.6%~17.1%和5.4%~11.0%;水稻总吸氮量、氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力分别增加9.4%~38.2%、26.6%~102.4%、19.3%~76.7%和4.5%~15.1%。在本试验条件下,快美复混肥是提高华南双季稻产量、氮肥利用效率的优势肥源。     

电子记录稻飞虱取食和产卵行为及其在植物抗虫性研究中的应用

采用AC型电子记录系统(EMS)对褐飞虱在非寄主植物稗草和具有抗性基因bph4的水稻品种Babawee上的取食行为进行了比较研究.结果表明,褐飞虱口针到达稗草韧皮部以前停止取食,这揭示了在稗草非韧皮部组织中存在拒食剂.而在抗虫品种上,口针到达韧皮部以后取食行为终止.因此,可以清楚地识别两类具有不同抑制取食抗性因子的抗性植物.分析白背飞虱产卵行为的电子记录表明,在大多数情况下,就旺盛生长的水稻植株的下半部分而言,白背飞虱产卵器插入植物组织中但不产卵.这表明旺盛生长的植株能诱导白背飞虱的产卵行为,但由于某些拒避性因素使整个产卵过程不能完成.因此,这一系统可以有效地识别具有产卵抗性的植物上行为序列中受到破坏的步骤.     

Impact of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium on Brown Planthopper and Tolerance of Its Host Rice Plants

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages, and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants, and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants, which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents, which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.     

寄主植物对3种稻飞虱解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响

 就不同寄主植物\[水稻品种TN1、IR42、Rathu Heenati（RHT）和武育粳3号以及稻田常见杂草稗草\]对3种稻飞虱\[褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)和灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)\]的存活率及解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,3种稻飞虱在5种供试植物上的存活率明显不同,其中,褐飞虱在TN1上存活率最高,IR42、武育粳3号次之,在RHT和稗草上存活率极低或不能存活;白背飞虱和灰飞虱在TN1、武育粳3号和稗草上存活率较高,RHT、IR42上存活率显著降低。3种稻飞虱间,除谷胱甘肽S 转移酶和微粒体多功能氧化酶活性在若虫期无显著差异外,成虫期谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶、微粒体多功能氧化酶以及成虫和若虫期羧酸酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性均存在显著差异。不同寄主植物对3种飞虱酶活性的影响程度不同,其中,对灰飞虱的影响最大,对褐飞虱的影响最小,对白背飞虱的影响居中。这与3种飞虱寄主范围表现出一致性。然而,即使在寄主适合度相似的供试植物上,3种飞虱间甚至同种飞虱成虫与若虫之间的变化并不一致,寄主适合度与解毒酶及保护酶间的关系因虫种、虫态、寄主植物而异。     

水稻拔节期叶片碳氮代谢基因型差异及与氮素利用效率的关系

 采用土培盆栽试验,以3个氮素利用效率(NUE)有显著差异的水稻基因型秀恢2号(低NUE)、R83 12(中NUE)和五优244(高NUE)为材料,研究了拔节期叶片碳氮代谢的基因型差异及其与氮素高效利用的关系。结果表明,拔节期不同基因型水稻的叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖含量、淀粉/可溶性糖含量比和淀粉/蔗糖含量比存在极显著差异,前两者为五优244 > R83 12 >秀恢2号,后两者则相反;而淀粉和蔗糖/可溶性糖含量比各基因型差异不显著。不同基因型水稻的叶片全氮含量(TNC)、蛋白氮含量(PNC)、 PNC/TNC、Rubisco含量(RC)/PNC和RC/TNC存在极显著或显著差异,前两者为五优244 < R83 12 <秀恢2号, 后三者则相反;RC无基因型差异。五优244叶片的叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、PSⅡ潜在活性、羧化效率、碳酸酐酶、酸性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性极显著或显著高于其他基因型;其叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性也极显著高于其他基因型。统计分析表明,高NUE水稻叶片具有较高的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量及较大的RC/TNC和RC/PNC,其生理基础是其叶片的高谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和PSⅡ潜在活性。     

水稻品种(组合)对褐飞虱抗性的田间表现

在褐飞虱大发生的2007年单季稻期间,以TN1作为感虫对照,在浙江省金华市评价了48份水稻品种(组合)的田间成株期抗性表现。结果表明,16个品种(组合)表现为田间成株期感虫,其他32个品种(组合)具有中抗以上水平,其中丙04-123、Ⅱ优845、宜香845、中组14、嘉兴优04-1和IR36等品种(组合)达高抗水平。在持久抗性方面,除高抗品种外,秀水09、新嘉优99、嘉优22-5、秀优0969、宁04-81、丙04-103、丙04-08、丙04-123、R4101、丙04-132、丙05-129、丙05-227、浙粳23和浙粳22等品种(组合)具持抗性。试验表明,成株期田间褐飞虱抗性评价对生产实践具有更重要的意义。     

不同施氮水平下水稻穗上不同部位籽粒的蒸煮与营养品质变化

以中熟籼稻扬稻6号和中熟粳稻武育粳3号为材料,研究了不同施肥水平下稻米蒸煮及营养品质在穗上不同粒位籽粒间的差异及其分布特点。 总体而言,穗下部一、二次枝梗籽粒的胶稠度较低,直链淀粉含量较高;穗中、上部一、二次枝梗的胶稠度较高,直链淀粉含量较低。在同一个枝梗上,二次枝梗上早开花的第1粒的胶稠度最高,穗子中、上部一次枝梗迟开花的第2粒的直链淀粉含量较高。扬稻6号穗中部一次枝梗籽粒的粗蛋白含量较低,穗上、下部枝梗上籽粒的粗蛋白含量较高;而武育粳3号一次枝梗和二次枝梗籽粒的粗蛋白含量在穗上、中、下三部位间无明显差异。从不施氮到少量施氮（120 kg/hm2）,稻米的胶稠度和粗蛋白含量增加,直链淀粉含量降低。但从少量施氮（120 kg/hm2）到中等施氮（240 kg/hm2）,稻米的胶稠度降低,直链淀粉和粗蛋白含量有不同程度增加。     

不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响

以杂交稻F优498为材料,研究了高、低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻主要生育期氮素吸收利用特征、产量及米质的影响,并探讨了不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖和氮肥运筹对结实期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质的形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤肥力下,麦秆覆盖均有效促进杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累,提高了氮素利用效率以及稻谷产量,增加了稻米蛋白质含量、稻米胶稠度,显著降低了稻米垩白度以及垩白粒率,且高土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖优于低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理。同时,不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理,均以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为3∶3∶4的氮肥运筹模式最优,均能有效调节水稻灌浆结实期叶片SPAD值,提高水稻氮素吸收利用效率及稻谷产量;但稻米品质方面,高土壤肥力以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为5∶3∶2时最佳;而低土壤肥力可适当提高氮肥后移比例,以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥=3∶3∶4最佳。相关分析表明,水稻灌浆期剑叶SPAD值与稻米出糙率、整精米率以及蛋白质含量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.47*~0.90**);与垩百度、垩白粒率负相关,但相关未达显著水平;而高土壤肥力下稻米品质各项指标分别与齐穗后19~27d剑叶SPAD值,低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与齐穗后13~19d剑叶SPAD值相关系数最大。     

Occurrence and Population Dynamics of Chironomids in Early-Season Rice Fields

The chironomid is one of the world wide distributed insects and normally occurs in a great abundance among many kinds of water bodies. Currently, our knowledge about the chironomid in rice fields is limited to the species survey, and it is considered as a group insect at the family level, termed as a kind of the neutral insects. By using the specially designed emergence traps, the species richness and the occurrence of the chironomid in rice fields were studied throughout the early season in Fuyang City, Zhejiang Province, China. There were four species, namely, Tanytarsus formosanus, Chironomus sinicus, Polypedilum nubifer and Tanypus punctipennis of chironomids collected from rice fields. All of them are widely distributed species. T. formosanus and C. sinicus were the most dominant species in rice fields. The succession of chironomids in the early season could be divided into two phases, the early and the late phases. The abundance of the chironomid was higher in the early phase than that in the late phase. It was estimated that there were around 3 million individuals of chironomids emerged from 667 m² rice field throughout the early season. It was also found that the sex ratio of T. formosanus was female-biased during the early phase, whereas male-biased during the late phase. In contrast, the sex ratio of C. sinicus was male-biased throughout the early season.