浙江地产稻米订单生产原粮品质分析

选择浙江嘉兴市稻米加工具有一定规模的二个农业龙头企业作为对象,研究分析了浙江地产稻米订单生产原粮不同来源间的稻米品质差异。结果表明,订单稻谷生产以一家一户为主,农户数量多、规模小,水稻品种偏多。订单稻谷品质以外观品质（垩白粒率和垩白度）差异最大,脂肪酸和脂肪含量其次,再者是直链淀粉、蛋白质含量和整精米率,其他指标差异则较小。其原因主要是由于农户间栽培措施上的差异。因此,提高订单农户水稻栽培技术的到位率,实现订单稻谷生产的标准化,是提高稻米企业稻米品质及其稳定性、储藏品质的关键。     

缓控释肥对籼粳杂交稻产量、品质和经济效益的影响

为探究缓控释复合肥在籼粳杂交稻生产上的应用效果,[方法]在田间小区试验条件下研究对比不同量的缓控释复合肥和常规施肥对水稻“甬优12”产量、品质和经济效益的影响。试验设置5个施肥处理：不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(RF)、100%缓控释复合肥(100% CRF)、80%缓控释复合肥(80% CRF)和60%缓控释复合肥(60% CRF)。[结果]整体而言,100% CRF对水稻产量、经济性状指标、稻米品质指标和经济效益的提高最好,例如,增加水稻的精整米率和碱消值,降低垩白粒率和粗蛋白含量;80% CRF对水稻指标的影响与RF相近;而60% CRF处理的水稻产量、株高、有效穗和经济效益均明显低于RF。[结论]研究结果表明,在一定范围内,施氮量仍然是限制水稻产量和影响水稻品质指标最重要的元素,因而今后在研制和推广缓控释复合肥时应着重考虑其氮素水平。     

氮肥施用量对机插优质晚稻产量和稻米品质的影响

本试验为筛选适合优质丰产机插晚稻的最佳氮肥用量,以优质双季晚稻泰优398、黄华占、天优华占、美香新占4个品种为试验材料,在机插条件下设0、135、180、255 kg hm–2四个施氮水平,测定产量构成及稻米品质指标。结果表明,适当增施氮肥可增加优质双季晚稻产量,施氮量为180kghm–2时产量最高。除黄华占的整精米率外,施氮量为180 kg hm–2时各品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率最高。随施氮量的增加,机插优质双季晚稻的垩白粒率和垩白度降低,米粒长宽比变大,蛋白质含量和胶稠度均增加,直链淀粉含量减少;峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度逐渐下降,消减值增加,糊化温度呈上升趋势。适当增施氮肥可改善机插优质晚稻加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮和营养品质,但RVA特性有变劣趋势。180 kg hm–2的施氮量可使机插优质双季晚稻优质和高产达到较好的协调统一。     

灌浆结实期低温弱光复合胁迫对稻米品质的影响

近年来,南方水稻抽穗灌浆期低温寡照天气发生频率明显增加,为探明其对稻米品质的影响,在水稻灌浆结实期不同时间段(1~7d、8~14d、15~21d、22~28d、29~35d)设置低温弱光复合胁迫(LW)、单一弱光(WN)、单一低温处理(LN)和常温常光(NN)4个处理,研究低温弱光复合胁迫对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、RVA谱特征值等的影响。结果表明,不同处理方式间的垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度均表现为LW>LN>WN>NN,且灌浆结实期各阶段的复合胁迫均较对照NN差异极显著或显著,除了2016年灌浆结实1~7d的垩白度外,灌浆结实21d内的复合胁迫与单一弱光、低温差异也显著或极显著,单一胁迫低温、弱光在灌浆结实21d内较对照NN差异极显著或显著,其中单一低温与弱光在部分处理下差异达显著水平,灌浆结实21d后,复合胁迫与单一弱光、低温部分差异显著,弱光与低温无显著差异。不同处理间的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均表现为NN>WN>LN>LW,其中,灌浆结实21d内,复合胁迫及单一低温、弱光较对照NN差异极显著或显著,灌浆结实21d后,部分时间段差异显著或极显著。低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫对加工品质影响程度按大小依次为整精米率、精米率、糙米率,且灌浆结实21d内处理的影响大。对蒸煮食味品质,低温弱光复合胁迫极显著或显著降低了稻米的直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、外观、黏度和食味值,显著或极显著提高了蛋白质含量和硬度,单一胁迫低温、弱光表现与复合胁迫相同的影响,且灌浆结实21d内,除2016年的胶稠度,单一低温、弱光较对照NN差异显著或极显著,单一低温、弱光较复合胁迫差异也多显著或极显著。从水稻RVA谱特征值来看,低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫造成稻米的峰值黏度、热浆黏度与崩解值下降,最高黏度、消减值与峰值时间上升,除灌浆结实29~35d的崩解值外,复合胁迫较对照NN差异达极显著或显著水平,部分指标的低温、弱光较对照NN差异也达显著水平。总之,灌浆结实期各时间段的低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫造成稻米品质不同程度下降,且以灌浆结实21d内复合胁迫的影响较大。     

Effects of allelic variations in starch synthesis-related genes on grain quality traits of Korean nonglutinous rice varieties under different temperature conditions

Influences of allelic variations in starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) on rice grain quality were examined. A total of 187 nonglutinous Korean rice varieties, consisting of 170 Japonica and 17 Tongil-type varieties, were grown in the field and in two greenhouse conditions. The percentages of head rice and chalky grains, amylose content, alkali digestion value, and rapid visco-analysis characteristics were evaluated in the three different environments. Among the 10 previously reported SSRG markers used in this study, seven were polymorphic, and four of those showed subspecies-specific allele distributions. Six out of the seven polymorphic SSRG markers were significantly associated with at least one grain quality trait (R² > 0.1) across the three different environments. However, the association level and significance were markedly lower when the analysis was repeated using only the 170 Japonica varieties. Similarly, the significant associations between SSRG allelic variations and changes in grain quality traits under increased temperature were largely attributable to the biased allele frequency between the two subpopulations. Our results suggest that within Korean Japonica varieties, these 10 major SSRG loci have been highly fixed during breeding history and variations in grain quality traits might be influenced by other genetic factors.     

水稻籼粳杂种一代稻米加工和外观品质性状研究

采用不同稻米品质3个粳稻和4个籼稻按完全双列模型设计进行杂交，配组了24个籼粳杂种一代F1，对其主要稻米加工和外观品质性状进行研究。加工品质中糙米率和精米率均接近粳稻品种，与籼稻无关，无胞质效应；整精米率差异很大，但大多介于籼粳双亲之间，并且随粳稻亲本不同，其胞质效应表现不一致。外现品质中垩白度和透明度，大多数介于双亲之间．而垩白率多倾向于亲本的高值。     

绿肥-烟-稻轮作与烟叶产量品质及后茬晚稻产量效应

摘要 连续三年采用绿肥-烟-稻轮作田间定位试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究绿肥还田对提高土壤肥力和烟叶产量、品质及后茬作物晚稻产量的作用,取得良好效果。绿肥还田其养分释放可明显提高土壤速效氮磷钾养分含量,促进烤烟植株对土壤养分的吸收利用,显著提高烟叶产量。且改善烟叶品质,其烟叶外观表现为结构疏松,成熟度好,光泽强,颜色均匀,杂色少。三年结果统计,黑麦草区烟叶平均产量为2644kg/hm 2,油菜区烟叶平均产量为2626kg/hm 2,分别比对照增产14.6%、14.1%。上、中等烟叶比例分别为92.1％、93.6％,烟叶内在化学成分接近或达到优质烟叶标准。后茬作物晚稻分别比对照增产43.2%、29.6%。     

播种量和穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的影响

播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108为材料,在行距固定为25 cm条件下,分析了60、90、120、150和180 kg hm–2等5个播种量对上述品种产量和品质的影响,并观察了适宜播种量条件下穗肥施氮量对优质食味水稻产量和品质的调节效应。主要结果表明:(1)苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108的产量均随播种量增加呈先升后降的趋势。3个品种高产最适播种量分别为130.2～136.5、118.3～119.3和90.0～96.4 kg hm–2。稻米加工品质与播种量呈不同程度负相关,而垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量、米粉消解值与播种量呈显著或极显著正相关。胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味值和崩解值与播种量均呈显著或极显著负相关。(2)在高产适宜播种量条件下,与常规穗肥施氮量相比,穗肥施氮量减半对南粳5055和南粳9108的产量无明显影响,但可明显改善稻米的外观品质和食味值。上述结...     

Effects of DEP1 on grain yield and grain quality in the background of two japonica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars

Plant architecture is an accessible approach to achieving high-yield potential. The DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE 1 (DEP1) gene regulating panicle morphology, grain number per panicle, and nitrogen uptake and metabolism has been widely used for the breeding of high-yield rice in northern Chinese japonica varieties. However, there has been no consensus on the genetic effects of dep1 on grain yield and quality under different genetic backgrounds and growing environments. In the present study, we developed two sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of DEP1 (AKI-dep1, AKI-DEP1, LG5-dep1 and LG5-DEP1), each carrying the DEP1 region from either 'Liaogeng5' (LG5) or 'Akitakomachi' (AKI) in the AKI and LG5 backgrounds. Our results demonstrated that AKI-dep1/LG5-dep1 exhibited erect panicle and enhanced grain number per panicle, thereby consequently increasing grain yield, whereas they possessed inferior grain appearance compared with AKI-DEP1/LG5-DEP1 in the same background. However, the effects of dep1 on grain processing quality and eating and cooking quality varied with the background. These results provide useful information for high-yield erect panicle rice breeding by marker-assisted selection.