不同播期生态条件下燕麦叶片细胞形态的观察

用细胞离析法对春播和秋播燕麦各叶位叶片细胞形态的观察表明,春播时随叶位提高,具有多环的叶肉细胞比例增加,叶肉细胞变小,表皮气孔密度增加。而秋播有与春播相反的趋势,即随叶位提高,多环的叶肉细胞所占比例变化不大或略有下降,叶肉细胞变大,气孔密度降低。随秋播播期推迟,相同叶位叶片细胞的变化趋势,与秋播时随叶位提高的     

黑麦不同叶位叶片、叶鞘叶肉细胞形态及其功能的研究

以田间生长的两个黑麦品种为材料，对各叶位叶片、叶鞘的叶肉细胞形态进行了离析观测。黑麦各叶片叶肉细胞形态不一，从1环到10余环。冬前所生叶片叶肉细胞的形态各叶位间无明显的变化规律；春季伸长节间的叶片，随叶位的上升多环细胞所占比例渐增，旗叶尤其明显。越冬前后长出的叶片叶肉细胞的长、宽均较大，以前和此后伸出     

“谷上谷”生育性状的观察——Ⅱ.不同叶位叶片解剖组织结构的观察

用“谷上谷”和“尺八量”两个谷子品种为材料,对不同叶位叶片的解剖结构进行了观察。结果表明:谷子叶片随叶位上升运输系统趋于优化,如叶片维管束数目、韧皮部和木质部面积随叶位上升而逐渐增多和增大。上述各种性状,“谷上谷”的叶片均优于普通谷“尺八量”的相应叶片。叶肉细胞形态的观察,谷子叶片叶肉细胞大多数为不分枝     

玉米不同叶位叶片的初步研究

用两个玉米品种,于春、夏两季播种,对玉米植株基部(第3叶)、下部(第7、9叶)、中部(果穗叶)和上部(倒二叶)四个叶位叶片,进行叶肉细胞的形态、气孔器的分布、维管束的数目、叶绿素的含量和光合强度的综合研究。趋势如下:叶肉细胞的形态具有多样性,果穗叶最复杂,四环以上细胞的比例最高,自果穗叶向上向下各叶渐趋简单。不同叶位叶片气孔器的密度,有随叶位上升而增加的趋势。在维管束的数目、导管粗度、叶绿素的含量和光合强度诸方面,果穗叶均高于其它叶位。综上所述,玉米不同叶位叶片的结构与功能的变化趋势是一致的,中部果穗叶片优于其它叶位。     

大麦不同叶位叶片细胞及其它器官细胞形态的初步观察

运用细胞离析法对田间种植的大麦(Hordeum Vulgare L.)不同叶位叶片叶肉细胞形态进行了初步观察,发现各叶位叶片的叶肉细胞形态各有不同,低位叶中非环状细胞占有较大的比例,高位叶中则以规则的多环状细胞以及不规则的多分枝状细胞为主。随叶位上升逐渐趋于复杂化。同时,还对旗叶叶鞘、穗下节间、芒的同化细胞作了观察,并发现     

大麦不同叶位叶鞘同化细胞形态结构的初步观察

研究材料为六棱食用大麦品种矮秆齐,二棱啤酒大麦品种76-22。针对2个品种不同叶位叶鞘同化细胞的形态结构作了初步的观察。结果发现:大麦叶鞘同化细胞的形态随叶位上升而逐渐趋于复杂化,主要表现为所谓的环状细胞和不规则的分枝状细胞比例随叶位上升而明显交小。此变化与叶片叶肉细胞的变化相一致。此外高位叶鞘的表皮细胞壁发生明显的波状加厚,而低位叶鞘表皮则无这种特征。     

燕麦叶鞘和穗部的同化细胞形态及其光合功能的研究

运用细胞离析法观察表明,燕麦叶鞘及穗下节间、穗轴、颖壳和芒的同化细胞形态均与叶肉细胞类似,而且随叶位升高,叶鞘同化细胞形态逐渐复杂化的趋势也与叶肉细胞类似。与叶片一样,上述绿色器官也均具有同化CO2,进行光合作用的能力。     

不同基因型玉米叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的关系及其调控

以玉米品种豫单2002和郑单 958 为材料,研究不同基因型玉米叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的关系及其化学调控.结果表明:两品种 4 个叶位叶片的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、CAT活性呈由高到低的变化趋势(第 5 叶位除外),但 MDA 含量随着叶片的衰老而升高.与豫单2002 相比,郑单 958 各叶位叶片衰老过程中SOD、CA...     

四种臭椿不同叶位叶片色素组成及分布变化

为揭示臭椿不同叶位叶色变化生理机制,以期为臭椿的育种和推广提供依据。以4种臭椿（‘朝阳椿’、‘千红椿’、‘普通臭椿’、‘聊红椿’）的1年生无性系苗木为材料,对5个存在明显叶色转换的叶位的叶片色素含量、叶色参数、以及叶片表皮和横切面的结构和颜色进行观测。结果表明：各品种随着叶位的下降,总叶绿素(Chl)含量和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量均显著增加(P<0.05),花青素(Ant)含量、Car:Chl和Ant:Chl均显著减少(P<0.05),叶绿素a与叶绿素b的含量比值(Chla:Chlb)呈增加趋势。同一叶位Chl、Car含量以‘普通臭椿’和‘千红椿’较高、Ant含量以‘千红椿’最高、Ant:Chl以‘朝阳椿’和‘千红椿’较高、Car:Chl和Chla:Chlb均以‘朝阳椿’最高。各品种叶肉厚度(LM)和栅栏组织厚度(PT)均随叶位下降而增加(P<0.05),各叶位LM和PT多以‘朝阳椿’和‘聊红椿’较大。各叶位亮度L*值、黄蓝属性色相b*值、彩度C*值多以‘朝阳椿’最大（叶位4时最大）,叶位1～4的红绿属性色相a*值均以‘朝阳椿’和‘千红椿’较大（叶位1时最大）。叶片腺...     

不同耐盐高粱品种全生育期对盐胁迫的响应

为探究土壤盐胁迫对不同生育时期(拔节期、开花期、成熟期)高粱植株生长及生理特性的影响,在4个盐处理水平(CK:0 g/kg,S3:3 g/kg,S5:5 g/kg,S7:7 g/kg)种植2个耐盐性不同的高粱品种高粱蔗(耐盐)和河农16(盐敏感),比较了2个品种在不同盐处理水平下、不同生育时期植株形态、根系形态、叶片光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的差异。研究结果表明:随盐胁迫程度增加,2个品种的抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)先升高后降低,抗氧化酶活性在S3处理或S5处理下达到最大值,且该最大值与对照间存在显著差异。2个高粱品种的丙二醛(MDA)含量,随盐处理浓度的增大而升高,在S7处理下显著高于对照,同一处理下耐盐品种高粱蔗的抗氧化酶活性高于盐敏感品种河农16,但丙二醛含量低于盐敏感品种。2个品种的光合能力受到盐胁迫的显著影响,在拔节期,S7处理显著降低了高粱蔗的Pn值,而2个品种的胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)在S7处理下均高于对照。盐胁迫下高粱地上和地下部分生长都受到影响,2个品种的基部茎粗、总根长、根面积、根尖数和分支数在S3处理下达到最大值,基部节长、株高、总根...     

散射光和直射光对高粱叶片光合功能的影响

C₄等面叶作物背腹侧结构相似并分别暴露在散射光和直射光下。为阐述散射光和直射光对其光合功能的驱动作用,以高粱为材料,研究了散射光和直射光对叶片背腹侧光合功能的影响。结果表明,高粱叶片背腹侧解剖结构相似,其光谱学特性差异很小, 与近轴侧相比,远轴侧的气孔密度、气孔下腔面积、维管束鞘细胞与叶肉细胞接触面积较大; 在相同直射光下近、远轴侧均具有较高的光合速率, 在近轴侧照光同时用PE膜封闭叶片受光侧气孔,观察到远轴侧在叶片自身透射光下能够维持较高的净光合速率;相反,近轴侧在自身透射光下光合速率很低; 自然光照条件下一天内直射光和散射光强度差异很大,大部分时间的散射光强度明显低于远轴侧光补偿点。由此认为,高粱远轴侧光合作用主要由自身透射光驱动,散射光作用很小,该特性是对光环境的适应。这对田间等面叶作物生产管理、生态系统生产力的研究和高光效育种有重要意义。     

盐胁迫下高粱新生叶片结构和光合特性的系统调控

以C₄作物高粱为材料,研究了盐胁迫下新生叶片结构和光合特性的系统调控。结果表明：(1)盐胁迫导致成熟叶和新生叶水势、光合速率、气孔导度明显下降,光抑制程度略有增强;并且新生叶片上下表面气孔密度均增加。(2)非盐胁迫条件下,成熟叶遮荫对其自身和新生叶水势影响不显著,但两者光合速率、气孔导度和叶片可溶性糖含量降低,对强光敏感性增强;同时,降低成熟叶光强还显著降低新生叶的叶片厚度、气孔密度、维管束鞘细胞表面积;(3)盐胁迫下成熟叶遮荫诱导的新生叶结构和光合功能变化与非盐胁迫条件下趋势相似。双因素方差分析显示,盐胁迫下成熟叶遮荫能明显加剧高粱成熟叶和新生叶两者光合速率和气孔导度的下降并增强对强光的敏感性。因此认为,盐胁迫下高粱新生叶片的结构和光合功能均受到系统信号调控;提高成熟叶所处环境光强有助于改善盐胁迫下新生叶发育和碳同化能力,并一定程度上缓解光抑制。这对理解盐胁迫下高粱抗盐性具有重要意义。     

高粱(Sorghum vulgare Pers.)营养器官中的硅质细胞与硅质体

本文着重讨论高粱硅质细胞的形态、排列方式和分布数量。幼苗三叶期的幼叶硅质细胞为葫芦形,排列成1—2行。成长植株的中、高位叶硅质细胞成马鞍形,通常与栓质细胞成对,与长细胞相间排列成多种图形。硅质细胞分布数量:低位叶少,中、高位叶增多;叶下表皮多于上表皮;尤以贴叶脉下表皮、主脉下表皮、大平行侧脉下表皮多于其它部     

Parental influences on gas exchange rates in grain sorghum

Summary Significant genetic variation in CO₂ assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), and A: g ratio, which are indicators of intrinsic differences in productivity and water use efficiency (WUE), has been demonstrated in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids. The primary objective was to determine the possible parental influence on the components of the A: g relationship in sorghum hybrids across a range of water supplies. Thirty F₁ hybrids resulting from a 6 × 6 diallel crossing pattern constituted the genetic material. Field experiments were conducted using four water supply treatments established through differential irrigation. Carbon assimilation rate (A), g, and leaf water potential (_w) of individual leaves were monitored every 15 to 20 days. Genetic analyses revealed that general- and specific-combining ability effects were evident for A. However, reciprocal and maternal effects were more important in governing the A-g and A-_w relationships. Since the maternal effects were the major determinants in causing reciprocal differences, A can be improved by selecting specific female parents to exploit cytoplasmic factors or physiological characteristics of this parent. Substantial genetic variation in the A-g relationship resulting from significant genetic control of A offers the opportunity to impose selection for high A and stability of A, which might directly contribute to whole plant WUE and productivity in grain sorghum.Abbreviations A carbon assimilation rate - g stomatal conductance to water vapor - GCA General Combining Ability - SCA Specific Combining Ability - WUE Water Use Efficiency     

Phenological and physiological evaluation of first and second cropping periods of sorghum and maize crops

Environmental conditions influence phenology and physiological processes of plants. It is common for maize and sorghum to be sown at two different periods: the first cropping (spring/summer) and the second cropping (autumn/winter). The phenological cycle of these crops varies greatly according to the planting season, and it is necessary to characterize the growth and development to facilitate the selection of the species best adapted to the environment. The aim of this study was to characterize phenological phases and physiological parameters in sorghum and maize plants as a function of environmental conditions from the first cropping and second cropping periods. Two parallel experiments were conducted with both crops. The phenological characterization was based on growth analyses (plant height, leaf area and photoassimilate partitioning) and gas exchange evaluations (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water-use efficiency). It was found that the vegetative stage (VS) for sorghum and maize plants was 7 and 21 days, respectively, longer when cultivated during the second cropping. In the first cropping, the plants were taller than in the second cropping, regardless of the crop. The stomatal conductance of sorghum plants fluctuated in the second cropping during the development period, while maize plants showed decreasing linear behaviour. Water-use efficiency in sorghum plants was higher during the second cropping compared with the first cropping. In maize plants, in the second cropping, the water-use efficiency showed a slight variation in relation to the first cropping. It was concluded that the environmental conditions as degree-days, temperature, photoperiod and pluvial precipitation influence the phenology and physiology of both crops during the first and the second cropping periods, specifically cycle duration, plant height, leaf area, net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency, indicating that both crops respond differentially to environmental changes during the growing season.     

机械化栽培高粱龙杂7号的选育

龙杂7号是黑龙江省农科院作物育种研究所以龙149A为母本、外4为父本，采用常规育种方法选育的早熟机械化栽培高粱杂交种。该杂交种生育日数92d，生育积温2150℃，株高140cm，产量6098.5kg/hm2。抗叶部病害和黑穗病。2003年通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会的审定。     

Mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Atherigona soccata</Emphasis> in sorghum

Summary Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) is an important pest of sorghum in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean Europe, and host plant resistance is an important component for the management of this pest. The levels of resistance in the cultivated germplasm are low to moderate, and therefore, it is important to identify genotypes with different mechanisms of resistance to pyramid the resistance genes. We studied the antixenosis for oviposition, antibiosis, and tolerance components of resistance in a diverse array of shoot fly-resistant and -susceptible genotypes. The main plants and tillers of SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551 experienced lower shoot fly deadhearts at 28 days after seedling emergence, produced more number of productive tillers. The insects fed on these genotypes also exhibited longer larval period (10.1–11.0 days compared to 9.3 days on Swarna), lower larval survival and adult emergence (54.7–67.8 and 46.7–52.2% compared to 73.3 and 60.6% on Swarna, respectively), and lower growth and adult emergence indices as compared to the susceptible check, Swarna. Physico-chemical traits such as leaf glossiness, trichome density, and plumule and leaf sheath pigmentation were found to be associated with resistance, and chlorophyll content, leaf surface wetness, seedling vigor, and waxy bloom with susceptibility to shoot fly and explained 88.5% of the total variation in deadhearts. Step-wise regression indicated that 90.4% of the total variation in deadhearts was due to leaf glossiness and trichome density. The direct and indirect effects, correlation coefficients, multiple and step-wise regression analysis suggested that deadhearts, plants with eggs, leaf glossiness, trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf, and leaf sheath pigmentation can be used as marker traits to select for resistance to shoot fly, A. soccata in sorghum.