猪RIG-1、TLR-9、IRF-3和IRF-7mRNA TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立定量检测猪Ⅰ型干扰素信号传导因子mRNA的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法,本研究针对猪Ⅰ型干扰素信号传导因子视黄酸诱导基因-1 (RIG-1)、Toll样受体-9(TLR-9)、干扰素调节因子-3(IRF-3)和干扰素调节因子-7 (IRF-7)的基因序列设计了特异性的引物和探针,分别构建了各自的阳性标准重组质粒,同时选择β -actin作为管家基因,建立了检测猪RIG-1、TLR-9、IRF-3、IRF-7的Taq Man荧光定量PCR方法.结果表明:所建立的检测方法荧光定量PCR扩增均无非特异性产物产生;检测下限均达1.0×101 copies/μL;批内及批间变异系数均小于3％.利用该方法对猪细小病毒(PPV)感染48 h的ST细胞中RIG-1、TLR-9、IRF-3和IRF-7mRNA的表达水平进行了检测.结果表明,RIG-1、IRF-3和IRF-7转录水平呈现上调趋势,而TLR-9转录水平呈现下调趋势.本研究建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好,适于猪Ⅰ型干扰素信号传导因子的定量检测分析.     

绵羊甘露聚糖结合凝集素基因启动子区的克隆与序列分析

为了探讨绵羊甘露聚糖结合凝集素（mannan-binding lectin,MBL）基因启动子区活性及转录调控机制,本试验根据已提交的绵羊MBL序列设计3条特异性引物,采用热不对称交错PCR(thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR,TAIL-PCR)技术扩增获得绵羊MBL基因的启动子区序列。经生物信息学分析,确定了其转录活性区域,发现绵羊MBL基因启动子无TATA框,但其存在多个PEA3和Spi-1/PU.1转录因子结合位点,二者同属Ets家族,且参与绵羊MBL基因转录起始复合体的形成。此外,该序列还包含Sp1、GATA-1、TCF/LEF等其他转录因子结合位点。结果表明,试验成功克隆获得了绵羊MBL基因的启动子区序列,为后期MBL基因启动子区活性及其表达调控机制和甲基化研究奠定基础     

干扰素研究进展及在兽医临床上的应用

干扰素（IFN）是动物淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞等在诱导因子的作用下分泌的一种具有调节机体免疫功能、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性的分泌性蛋白质，是机体防御系统的重要组成部分。干扰素于1957年被Isaacs和Lindenmann两人发现，由于其独特的功能，掀起了一场研究干扰素的热潮。干扰素现已被广泛应用于兽医临床治疗。     

Homeobox基因对毛囊生长发育作用机制的研究进展

Homeobox（Hox）基因作为一种重要转录因子,在调节动物体轴发育方面发挥着重要的作用。自Hoxc13基因被首次证明与毛囊生长发育有密切关系后,Hox基因家族其他成员也逐渐被认为在毛囊生长发育与周期变化过程中充当着一个重要角色。作者综述了Hox基因在毛囊生长中的作用机理,为今后绒毛用动物相关领域研究提供思路。     

口蹄疫病毒前导蛋白酶抑制宿主先天性免疫应答的机制

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触传染性动物疫病.口蹄疫病毒有多种机制对抗宿主的先天性免疫应答,在这个过程中病毒的前导蛋白酶(L^pro)发挥了关键作用.L^pro可切断宿主细胞帽子依赖性的蛋白翻译,抑制干扰素蛋白的合成;L^pro通过破坏核转录因子-κB (NF-κB)的完整性或减少干扰素调节因子3/7(IRF3/7)的表达,从而抑制IFN mRNA的产生;L^pro还会参与维甲酸诱导基因Ⅰ(RIG-Ⅰ)、TANK结合激酶1(TBK1)、TNF受体相关因子3(TRAF3)和TRAF6的去泛素化,从而影响Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路的活化.     

微量元素锌与基因表达

锌可作为配基参与构成锌指蛋白和锌结合转录因子 ,并以此调控基因表达。日粮锌对金属硫蛋白基因表达有显著影响。用差异 m RNA显示技术能够鉴定哪些基因是锌反应基因。营养物质对基因表达有重要作用。其影响途径有 :1与细胞成分通常是转录因子直接作用 ,改变转录速度和特定 m RNA的浓度。如骨钙化醇、某些类固醇和脂肪酸可作为配基结合到特定转录因子上 ,改变基因转录 ,锌以类似的机制改变基因转录。锌位于转录因子的一个位点上 ,该位点对转录因子的活性是必须的。2通过一些间接作用 ,即次级调节因子对基因表达进行调节 ,涉及多种信号传…     

干扰素在兽医临床中的应用研究

干扰素(IFN)是动物淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞等在诱导因子作用下分泌的一种具有调节机体免疫功能、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性的分泌性蛋白质,是机体防御系统的重要组成部分.目前,已知IFN是-类高活性多功能的糖蛋白,对IFN基因核酸序列分析结果表明,它于5亿～10亿年前即存在于生物细胞中,是生物体内-类古老的保护因子.     

禽呼肠孤病毒感染DF1细胞后干扰素刺激基因在转录水平表达量的动态变化

为了解干扰素（interferon，IFN）和干扰素刺激基因在禽呼肠孤病毒（ARV）感染DF1细胞后的表达情况，试验将ARV病毒感染DF1细胞，观察细胞病变，收集感染后0、6、12、24、36、48、72、96 h的细胞样品，抽提反转录成cDNA，通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测干扰素IFN-α和IFN-β及9种禽源常见干扰素刺激基因在感染后不同时间点在转录水平表达量的动态变化规律。结果显示，在ARV感染DF1细胞后，DF1细胞出现典型的细胞病变，感染后12 h病毒开始快速增殖，在36~96 h维持在较高的水平；IFN-α和IFN-β在转录水平的表达量在感染后均表现为显著下调（P<0.05；P<0.01）；IFI6、OAS、IFIT5、ISG12在转录水平表达量变化规律相似，均呈现显著上调表达（P<0.05；P<0.01），在感染后96 h达到峰值；其中IFIT5的上调幅度最大，感染后96 h的表达量是0 h的19.62倍（P<0.01）；而Mx、IFITM3、PKR、Viperin、ZAP的表达量变化规律相似，均表现为显著下调表达（P<0.05；P<0.01），其中Mx、IFITM3、Viperin的下调幅度较大，PKR和ZAP下调幅度很小。说明在ARV感染DF1细胞后，干扰素及多种干扰素刺激基因在转录水平呈现规律性变化，与病毒在DF1细胞中复制存在一定的联系。结果表明，ARV感染后可以诱导多种干扰素刺激基因的表达，这些干扰素刺激基因在抵御ARV病毒的入侵，抑制ARV的复制、释放及病毒的清除中发挥着重要作用。本研究为今后深入研究ARV的致病机理和宿主的抗病毒免疫应答提供了参考。     

Genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains in Beijing,China and innate immune responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in persistently infected dairy cattle

To acquire epidemiological data on the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and identify cattle persistently infected (PI) with this virus, 4,327 samples from Holstein dairy cows were screened over a four-year period in Beijing, China. Eighteen BVD viruses were isolated, 12 from PI cattle. Based on genetic analysis of their 5''-untranslated region (5''-UTR), the 18 isolates were assigned to subgenotype BVDV-1m, 1a, 1d, 1q, and 1b. To investigate the innate immune responses in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of PI cattle, the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β, myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1), and interferon stimulatory gene 15 (ISG15) was assessed by qPCR. When compared with healthy cattle, the expression of TLR-7, IFN-α, and IFN-β mRNA was downregulated, but the expression of MX1 and ISG-15 mRNA was upregulated in PI cattle. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7 was lower in PI cattle than in healthy cattle. Thus, BVDV-1m and 1a are the predominant subgenotypes in the Beijing region, and the strains are highly divergent. Our findings also suggest that the TLR-7/IRF-7 signaling pathway plays a role in evasion of host restriction by BVDV.     

猪GnRH受体基因多态性分析及相关基因组织表达谱的构建

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)受体基因与猪的繁殖性状密切相关,本试验对不同猪种的GnRH受体基因的编码区进行了SSCP分析,未发现多态性。在GnRH受体基因5′侧翼序列上设计引物扩增了该基因大约2000 bp的侧翼序列,通过比对设计引物,对其中的一段含有GAGABox的插入突变序列和一段由于点突变而形成转录调控蛋白结合序列IRF-1的区域运用SSCP的方法进行了多态性分析。结果表明在插入突变处,基因频率在不同的猪种间存在着很大的差异性,其中民猪与其他猪种的差异性最大。IRF突变只存在于民猪中,并且只存在AA型和AB型。构建了3头大白猪母猪GnRH基因、GnRH受体基因、卵泡抑素(FST)基因、促卵泡素(FSH)基因、FSH受体基因、促黄体素(LH)基因、抑制素(inhibin)β(a)基因、inhibinβ(b)基因的组织表达谱,根据表达谱可以推测在下丘脑-脑垂体-性腺轴外不存在这些基因表达产物的相互作用系统。     

Differential activation of interferon regulatory factors-3 and -7 by non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhoea virus

Non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (ncpBVDV) has previously been shown to inhibit the function of interferon regulatory factor-3 in cultured cells [J. Virol. 76 (2002) 8979]. In this study, we show that, like ncpBVDV, when cells were previously exposed to cytopathogenic BVDV (cpBVDV) the appearance of an IRF-3–DNA complex from nuclear extracts that can be induced by heterologous virus infection was not observed. Infection of cells with ncpBVDV or cpBVDV resulted in neither the translocation of IRF-7 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of infected cells, nor an inhibition of its nuclear translocation in cells super-infected by Semliki Forest Virus. We conclude that cpBVDV and ncpBVDV both share the ability to inhibit the full function of IRF-3 but neither stimulate or block the nuclear uptake of IRF-7.     

Porcine MHC classical class I genes are coordinately expressed in superantigen-activated mononuclear cells

The expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classical class I genes is important for the adaptive immune response to target virus-infected cells and cancer cells. The up-regulation of the MHC is achieved by hormonal/cytokine signals including IFN-γ-inducible elements. The swine leukocyte antigen (SLA), the MHC class I region of pigs, consists of the duplicated classical class I genes, SLA-1, SLA-2 and SLA-3, but the molecular mechanisms involved in their up-regulation after T cell stimulation have not been fully elucidated. In order to better understand some of the putative regulatory mechanisms of SLA class I gene expression in activated T cells, we examined the coordinated expression of the SLA classical class I, IFN-γ and interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SLA homozygous Clawn miniature swine stimulated for 72h with either IFN-γ or an enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. This enterotoxin, toxic shock syndrome-1 (TSST-1), is known to act as a superantigen (sAG) to activate the T cells in various vertebrate species. We showed by using mAbs and flow cytometry that the CD4(+)CD25(+) cell number of swine PBMCs was also increased by TSST-1 and to a lesser degree by IFN-γ. Time course analyses of the expression of the IFN-γ, IRF-1 and the three classical class I genes, SLA-1, SLA-2, and SLA-3, in PBMCs by quantitative real-time PCR revealed a transitory response to TSST-1 or IFN-γ stimulation. The IFN-γ mRNA levels in the PBMCs were continuously up-regulated over the first 48h by TSST-1 or IFN-γ. In contrast, SLA class I expression moderately increased at 24h and then decreased to a baseline level or less at 72h of IFN-γ or TSST-1 stimulation. The three classical SLA class I genes showed similar expression kinetics, although SLA-3 mRNA level was consistently lower than those of SLA-1 and -2. The expression of IRF-1, a modulator of SLA expression, showed similar kinetics to those of the three classical SLA class I genes. The expression profiles detected by flow cytometry of the SLA molecules on the cell surface of PBMCs were maintained at a consistently high level during cell stimulation with either TSST-1 or IFN-γ, which was distinct from the kinetics of mRNA expression. These results showed that miniature swine SLA class I mRNA expression was effectively and equally up-regulated among the three loci and coordinately with IRF-1 gene expression after stimulation of T cell activation by sAG or IFN-γ.     

Muscovy duck retinoic acid-induced gene I (MdRIG-I) functions in innate immunity against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) infections

Retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a large duck different from other species of ducks, and is more susceptible to some microbial pathogens. In this study, the Muscovy duck RIG-I gene (MdRIG-I) was identified. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that MdRIG-I mRNA was widely expressed in different tissues, especially in those with mucosa. RIG-I null DF-1 cells transfected with DNA constructs encoding MdRIG-I or CARDs domain can activate IRF-3 and NF-κB to up-regulated activity of IFN-β promoter. The components of the signaling pathway downstream of RIG-I in mammalian cells including IRF-3, NF-κB, IFN-β and the IFN-stimulated genes Mx-1, PKR and MDA5 were significantly up-regulated in CARDs-overexpressing-DF-1 cells. Implicating RIG-I in the antiviral response to an infection in vivo, we found that RIG-I expression in brain, spleen, lung and bursa were up-regulated in ducks challenged with H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), whose six internal genes were closely related to the H7N9 and H10N8 AIV. In vitro, DF-1 cells transfected with MdRIG-I plasmid can respond significantly to H9N2 AIV, evident through enhancement of IFN-β promoter activity and decreased virus titer. Altogether, these results indicated that MdRIG-I is a novel member of RLR gene family, engaging in the early stage of antiviral innate immunity.     

Analysis of a pair of END+ and END? viruses derived from the same bovine viral diarrhea virus stock reveals the amino acid determinants in Npro responsible for inhibition of type I interferon production

The Exaltation of Newcastle disease virus (END) phenomenon is induced by the inhibition of type I interferon in pestivirus-infected cells in vitro, via proteasomal degradation of cellular interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 with the property of the viral autoprotease protein N^pro. Reportedly, the amino acid residues in the zinc-binding TRASH motif of N^pro determine the difference in characteristics between END-phenomenon-positive (END⁺) and END-phenomenon-negative (END⁻) classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs). However, the basic mechanism underlying this function in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has not been elucidated from the genomic differences between END⁺ and END⁻ viruses using reverse genetics till date. In the present study, comparison of complete genome sequences of a pair of END⁺ and END⁻ viruses isolated from the same virus stock revealed that there were only four amino acid substitutions (D136G, I2623V, D3148G and D3502Y) between two viruses. Based on these differences, viruses with and without mutations at these positions were generated using reverse genetics. The END assay, measurements of induced type I interferon and IRF-3 detection in cells infected with these viruses revealed that the aspartic acid at position 136 in the zinc-binding TRASH motif of N^pro was required to inhibit the production of type I interferon via the degradation of cellular IRF-3, consistently with CSFV.     

Duck MDA5 functions in innate immunity against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infections

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is an important intracellular receptor that recognizes long molecules of viral double-stranded RNA in innate immunity. To understand the mechanism of duck MDA5-mediated innate immunity, we cloned the MDA5 cDNA from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicates that duck MDA5 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all sampled tissues. A significant increase of MDA5 mRNA was detected in the brain, spleen and lungs of ducks after infection with an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). We investigated the role of the predicted functional domains of MDA5. The results indicate the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of duck MDA5 had a signal transmission function through IRF-7-dependent signaling pathway. Overexpression of the CARD strongly activated the chicken IFN-β promoter and upregulated the mRNA expression of antiviral molecules (such as OAS, PKR and Mx), proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-2, IL-6, IFN-α and IFN-γ, but not IL-1β and IL-8) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR) (RIG-I and LGP2) without exogenous stimulation. We also demonstrate the NS1 of the H5N1 HPAIV inhibited the duck MDA5-mediated signaling pathway in vitro. These results suggest that duck MDA5 is an important receptor for inducing antiviral activity in the host immune response of ducks.     

猪流感病毒A/swine/Guangdong/2/2012(H1N1)毒株攻毒BALB/c小鼠细胞因子动态变化的研究

为了测定H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(swine influenza virus,SIV)对小鼠的致病性,本试验对A/swine/Guangdong/2/2012(H1N1)株SIV HA基因进行克隆及遗传分析,并将SIV尿囊液经鼻腔感染6周龄BALB/c小鼠,观察感染后小鼠的一般状况、器官系数和组织病理学变化,在病毒感染后第1、3和7天使用荧光定量PCR测定小鼠肺脏、脾脏、脑组织中7种细胞因子mRNA的表达量,研究其对小鼠的致病特性。结果显示,该病毒属于经典SIV,病毒经鼻腔感染后可引起小鼠活动减少、采食量降低,但无咳嗽和死亡;病理组织学变化为肺间隔较正常组织明显增厚,毛细血管明显扩张充血,周围肺泡腔呈代偿性肺气肿;小鼠肺脏、脾脏组织样本中IFN-α、IFN-β、IP-10、IL-1β、TNF-α、IRF-3和IL-10 mRNA含量在感染后第3天均显著升高(P<0.05),而脑组织样本中IL-1β和IL-10在小鼠攻毒后第3和7天均显著上调(P<0.05)。