Ghrelin:一种新的GH释放肽

Ghrelin是从鼠和人的胃中分离得到的一种生长激素释放激素受体的天然的内源性配体,它由28个氨基酸残基组成,且氮端第三位丝氨酸发生了辛酰基化,Ghrelin具有广泛的生物学功能,包括调节能量平衡、调节胃肠功能、调节生长激素释放及调控动物采食等等,对Ghrelin的研究具有重要的理论意义和广阔的应用前景。     

生长激素释放肽及其生物学效应

生长激素释放肽(Ghrelin)是一种在动物体内广泛存在的生长激素促分泌素受体(GHSR)的内源性配体, Ghrelin与位于下丘脑的GHSR结合后,具有促进生长激素释放、增加食欲、调节消化系统功能及能量代谢等作用。文章就Ghrelin的结构、分布、生物学效应及在畜牧业上的应用前景等方面进行综述,以期促进Ghrelin的进一步深入研究。     

Ghrelin调节采食量的研究进展

Ghrelin是从人和大鼠的胃中分离出来的,作为生长激素促分泌素受体的内源性配体,具有促进生长激素(GH)的分泌、增加胃肠蠕动、调节神经内分泌、消化代谢和能量稳态等功能。此外,Ghrelin通过激活下丘脑弓状核中的神经肽Y(NPY)/刺鼠基因相关蛋白(AgRP)神经元,刺激食欲素(Orexin)等激素的释放调节摄食。文章就Ghrelin调节采食、消化代谢、与其他采食因子的关系等进行综述。     

Ghrelin:一个重要脑肠肽生物学效应的研究进展

Ghrelin是第一个被发现的生长激素促分泌素受体(GHS-R)的内源性配体。这个脑肠肽在调节生长激素释放、增进食欲、调节能量代谢等方面发挥重要作用,他还具有其他重要的生物学功能。加强Ghrelin在营养生理学上的研究具有重要的理论意义和广阔的应用前景。     

生长激素释放肽Ghrelin的研究进展

生长激素释放肽（Ghrelin）是生长激素促分泌素受体（GHS—R）的一种内源性配体，1999年由日本国立循环器病中心Kojima等人从小鼠和人的胃组织中成功分离并鉴定。Ghrelin系由28个氨基酸构成的多肽，能够和GHS—R结合而刺激生长激素GH的分泌。就目前的研究报道来看，Ghrelin除调节生长激素分泌外，还在能量平衡、胃功能、心血管系统以及肿瘤生长等诸多方面表现出重要的生物学效应。     

脑肠肽Ghrelin的研究进展

Ghrelin是Kojima M等人利用免疫组化的方法,在小鼠和人胃内分泌细胞及下丘脑弓状核中发现的,是目前为止发现的唯一的生长激素释放激素受体[GHS-R)的天然配体.Ghrelin由28个氨基酸组成,主要由胃黏膜的内分泌细胞产生.当Ghrelin与其特异性受体结合之后,不仅能刺激垂体前叶释放生长激素,还能刺激食欲提高采食量,调节能量代谢、生殖和糖代谢民地,改善心血管功能等.文章对Ghrelin的结构及生物学效应进行了综述,现介绍如下.     

生长激素分泌规律的研究概况

围绕生长激素在正常生理状况下的分泌方式，探讨了采食、品种、年龄、性别等因素对生长激素分泌的影响，并对生长激素正常分泌的调节进行了讨论。     

生长激素分泌规律的研究概况

围绕生长激素在正常生理状况下的分泌方式，探讨了采食，品种，年龄，性别等因素对生长激素分泌的影响，并对生长激素正常分泌的调节进行了讨论。     

Ghrelin--一种多功能激素

Ghrelin是一种具有生长激素释放活性的脑肠肽。最初发现ghrelin时，将其当作GHSR的内源性配基。随着研究的不断深入，发现它还与食欲调节、能量平衡和肥胖、心脏、胃肠功能、细胞增殖及睡眠等有关。作者综述了ghrelin的研究进展。     

Ghrelin在调节摄食和能量代谢中的作用

Ghrelin是在大鼠和人胃内发现的一种含有28个氨基酸的生长激素释放肽,酰基化Ghrelin是生长激素促分泌素受体(GHS-R)的内源性配体。Ghrelin与受体结合后,具有促进生长激素释放、增加食欲、调节消化系统功能和能量代谢等作用。文章对Ghrelin在调节摄食和能量代谢中的作用进行了综述,为新的添加剂的开发和应用提供依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …