福建省玉米小斑病菌的致病型及其群体结构分析

为了解福建省玉米小斑病菌的致病型及其群体结构,采用病斑长度测量法研究了2014—2015年采自福建省7个地区的247个菌株侵染不同细胞质玉米品种‘C103T’、‘C103C’、‘C103S’和‘C103’后叶片的病斑型。结果表明,所有供试菌株均可引起4个玉米品种发病,其病斑长度平均值介于1.15~5.40 mm、1.06~4.70 mm、1.09~4.84 mm和1.15~5.21 mm之间。根据病斑长度将病斑分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ型,其菌株出现频率分别为80.26%和19.74%。依据各菌株依次在4个不同品种玉米上的病斑型,供试菌株群体被划分出15个致病型,其中致病型CHP15(病斑反应型Ⅰ-Ⅰ-Ⅰ-Ⅰ)为优势型,致病型CHP11(病斑反应型Ⅲ-Ⅰ-Ⅰ)为亚优势型,优势型和亚优势型分别占供试总菌株数的57.49%和9.72%。不同地区菌株之间的致病型组成及其出现频率存在多样性。此外,其中的235个O小种菌株也出现了14个致病型,菌株间的致病力存在明显的分化。     

玉米灰斑病菌致病性分化研究

从我国玉米品种资源中首次成功筛选出9个具有广泛血缘代表性的自交系,即沈137,78599-1,Mo17,478,C8605-2,E28,598,Va35,K12,作为玉米灰斑病菌的生理分化鉴别寄主;8个主栽品种,即沈试29,沈试31,铁单9,掖单13,丹413,丹玉18,沈农87,东单54,作为辅助鉴别寄主,从而确定了玉米灰斑病菌生理分化鉴别寄主体系。采用田间成株期鉴定,高粱粒灌心法进行接种,根据在鉴别寄主上的发病等级,将采自北方玉米主产区的23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株划分成5个致病类型。研究表明,我国玉米灰斑病菌存在一定程度的致病性分化,通过病级评价可将23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株分成5个致病类型,其中致病类型I为强致病类型,致病类型IV为弱致病类型,Ⅱ,Ⅲ2组致病类型介于两者之间,而致病类型V属于不确定类型。研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、灰斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

河北省玉米小斑病菌生理小种鉴定及群体动态变化

1987-2003年从河北省10个地区采集玉米小斑病标样,对分离出的288个玉米小斑病菌菌株进行了生理小种鉴定。在鉴定的年度范围内,玉米小斑病菌T小种、C小种、S生理型与O小种的分离频率在地区间和年度间存在显著差异,O小种的平均分离频率明显高于其他小种,是河北省玉米小斑病菌的优势小种。在年度间,C小种的分离频率也存在显著差异,T小种、S生理型、O小种的分离频率无显著差异。O小种具有不同致病力,强致病力菌株和中等致病力菌株的出现频率较弱致病力菌株高,强致病力菌株主要分布在河北省的东部和南部,弱致病力菌株主要分布在河北省北部。     

玉米灰斑病菌致病过程的寄主反应研究

通过对玉米灰斑病菌侵染后的显症过程的系统观察,可在组织水平上说明该病菌与寄主互作反应存在分化或多样性：玉米灰斑病菌不同菌株侵染后显症过程表现出明显的差异;玉米灰斑病菌在侵袭力上存在多样性,菌株间对同一种品种的致病性表现多样化,或者同一菌株对不同品种侵染引起的寄主反应表现为多样性;病斑反应型的分化,玉米灰斑病菌侵染玉米品种或自交系后,主要有7种病斑反应类型,即RH型(长矩形具褪绿晕圈病斑)、RN型(长矩形无褪绿晕圈病斑)、IRH型(不规则形具褪绿晕圈病斑)、IRN型(不规则形无褪绿晕圈病斑)、SH型(斑点形具褪绿晕圈病斑)、RI型(长矩形与不规则形混合病斑)和RS型(长矩形与斑点形混合病斑),若发病严重,病斑连成片,而且这些反应类型出现的频率也不同。     

东北地区玉米大斑病菌生理分化研究

为明确东北地区玉米大斑病菌的生理分化及小种动态情况,分析玉米大斑病加重的原因。采用常规Ht单基因(Ht1、Ht2、Ht3、HtN)鉴别寄主鉴定技术,对2010年采自辽宁、吉林、黑龙江省22个县(市)88份玉米大斑病菌的菌株进行了生理小种鉴定,共鉴定出0、1、2、N、12、1N、23、2N、3N、12N、123N、123、23N和12N号14个生理小种;东北地区大斑病菌生理分化明显,出现了能够克服多个抗性基因的小种,其中,0号和1号生理小种分别占供试菌株的37.5%和20.5%,为优势小种;所鉴定的88个菌株对Ht1、Ht2、Ht3和HtN抗性基因的毒性频率分别为45.5%,30.7%,15.9%,23.7%。研究结果表明,东北地区玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成及种间的变异频率开始趋于复杂化,不断有新小种出现。玉米大斑病菌新小种出现0号和1号以外其他小种,出现频率升高和品种抗性丧失是导致玉米大斑病发生的重要原因。     

福建省玉米小斑病菌对氟啶胺比较敏感

<正>为明确福建省玉米小斑病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性及其与不同杀菌剂间的交互抗性,福建省农科院植保所研究人员采用菌丝生长速率法测定了该省5个地区的73株玉米小斑病菌菌株对氟啶胺的敏感性。结果表明,供试73株玉米小斑病菌菌株对氟啶胺具有较高的敏感性,所有菌株的有效抑制中浓度EC50值在0.0023～1.2863μg/mL之间,平均值为0.2573μg/mL,其     

福建省玉米小斑病菌的生物学特性研究

[目的]为明确福建省玉米小斑病病菌的生物学特性,[方法]以选自福建省建瓯、沙县和福州地区的3株玉米小斑病菌菌株为研究对象,研究了温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对病菌菌丝生长、产孢量和孢子萌发的影响。[结果]结果表明,菌丝生长最适温度和pH分别为30℃和6;产孢最适温度和pH分别为25℃和6~7;孢子萌发最适温度和pH分别为25~28℃和6。光照能显著抑制病菌产孢,在相对湿度为85%、95%条件下或在水琼脂培养基表面上,孢子萌发率分别达50%、88%和90%。葡萄糖、乳糖、甘露醇、可溶性淀粉适宜病菌菌丝生长和孢子形成,而尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵能显著抑制菌丝生长、孢子形成和孢子萌发。菌丝体的致死温度为65℃、10 min或60℃、30 min,分生孢子的致死温度为60℃、10 min或55℃、30 min。[结论]3个菌株的产孢特性、菌丝致死温度和致病力均存在明显的差别。     

福建省少量玉米小斑病菌已对丙环唑等3种杀菌剂产生抗性

正为明确福建省玉米小斑病菌对丙环唑、烯唑醇和咪鲜胺的敏感性,福建省农科院植保所和福建省种子管理总站研究人员采用菌丝生长速率法测定了自福建省15个市、县分离的185株玉米小斑病菌对以上3种药剂的敏感性。研究结果显示:供试菌株对丙环唑、烯唑醇和咪鲜胺的EC_(50)值分别在     

云南玉米大斑病群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

为了从分子水平上了解云南玉米大斑病菌遗传变异情况,为玉米大斑病菌种群致病力分化和病害有效控制提供理论依据。本研究采用RAPD分析技术,对采自云南省部分地区的56个大斑病菌株进行了RAPD分析。对供试菌株间的遗传距离进行聚类分析并构建系统树状图,聚类分析结果表明,供试56个菌株被划分为10个遗传聚类组,RAPD分组与菌株的地理来源无明显相关性。云南省不同地区的玉米大斑病菌株整体亲缘关系相近,但各菌株间存在遗传差异。     

新疆北部棉花黄萎病菌培养特性、致病型、致病性分化及ISSR遗传变异研究

【目的】明确当前新疆北部棉区黄萎病菌菌系变异和致病力分析情况。【方法】从新疆北部植棉区获得17个棉花黄萎病菌单孢菌系,对其培养特性、致病型、致病力以及ISSR遗传变异进行了研究。【结果】供试17个菌株全部为菌核型,其中落叶型菌系(Defoliating type,D型)有13个,占76.5%;非落叶型菌系(Non-defoliating type,ND型)有4个,占23.5%;D型平均病指(58.72)略高于ND型平均病指(52.7)。在泗棉3号上D型平均病指高于ND型,而在奥3503上D型平均致病力低于ND型。供试菌株按强、中、弱三个致病力类型划分,分别占94.12%、5.88%和0%。ISSR遗传分化与致病型具有一定的相关性,大部分的D型和ND型处于各自不同分支。研究结果还发现,同一地块分离的菌株xj13-3(1)、xj13-3(2)和xj13-3(3)虽同为D型,但ISSR标记可将3个菌株分到不同的亚群上。【结论】试验结果表明了新疆北部棉花黄萎病菌遗传变异关系的复杂性。     

Genetic analysis of resistance to leaf-rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) pathotypes in the durum wheats 'PBW 34' and 'DWL 5023'

Genetic analysis of leaf-rust resistance was conducted on two durum wheats. Triticum durum cvs. ‘PBW 34’ and ‘DWL 5023’ were crossed with the leaf-rust-susceptible durum wheat ‘Malvi Local’. The F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations were tested against leaf-rust pathotypes 1, 77A and 108. In ‘PBW 34’, a single dominant gene was effective against each of the pathotypes 1 and 108, whereas two independently inherited dominant genes were effective against pathotype 77A. In ‘DWL 5023’, two independently inherited dominant genes were operative against pathotypes 1 and 77A, whereas a single dominant gene was identified as being operative against pathotype 108. Allelic tests on F₂ generation and joint segregation analysis on F₃ generation seedlings, suggested that two different genes in each cultivar are effective against these three leaf-rust pathotypes. Cultivar ‘PBW 34’ has Lrd1 and Lrd2 genes whereas Lrd1 and Lrd3 genes are present in ‘DWL 5023’.     

Pathogenic and molecularVariability of Colletotrichum falcatum Went. Isolates from sugarcane with red rot disease symptoms

Pathogenic variability of different isolates of Colletotrichum falcatum Went. collected from six varieties: Co 419, CoC 671 (from Andhra Pradesh), Co 86032, Co87044, 89V74, and a local variety in Bhadrak (from Orissa) were established. Six red rot isolates were differentiated into four distinct pathotypes, viz., pathotype A - Cf 419 and Cf Bdkh; pathotype B - Cf 671; pathotype C - Cf 89V74 and pathotype D - Cf 86032, and Cf 87044. Pathotype A showed a susceptible reaction to Khakai, CoC 671, CoJ 64, and Co 419. Also pathotype B showed a susceptible reaction to Baragua, CoC 671, Co 997, CoJ 64, Co 1148, and Co 975, whereas pathotype C showed a susceptible reaction to CoC 671, Co 7717, Co 997, CoJ 64, Co 975, and Co 419. But pathotype D showed a susceptible reaction to CoC 671 and Co 997. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and subsequent restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Cf 89V74, Cf 671 and Cf Vittal (C. falcatum isolate from Vittal, Karnatak) by four restriction enzymes, Alu I, Msp I, Rsa I, and Pvu II revealed two distinct groups viz.Group 1- Cf 89V74 and Cf Vittal; Group 2-Cf 671. Restriction enzymes Alu I, Msp I, Rsa 1, and Pvu II produced fragment lengths of 380, 520, 550, and 580 bp for Cf Vittal and Cf 89V74, whereas fragment lengths of 420, 370, 440, and 460 bp were observed in Cf 671, respectively. The present investigation with the red rot infected sugarcane samples clearly indicated the existence of two pathotypes viz., pathotype A and pathotype B in Andhra Pradesh and three pathotypes viz., pathotype A, pathotype C, and pathotype D in Orissa. Pathotype C (Cf 89V74) showed similar ITS-RFLP pattern in Cf Vittal which was isolated from Karnataka.     

木霉可湿性粉剂对玉米小斑病的生物防治作用

玉米小斑病是我国南方玉米产区主要叶部病害之一,为探索防治玉米小斑病的生物农药,采用实验室培养皿理想试验与玉米苗盆栽试验,观察木霉菌可湿性粉剂对病原菌菌丝生长、玉米叶片变化及玉米防御反应相关酶活的测定。实验室结果表明,木霉菌可湿性粉剂强烈抑制玉米小斑病菌菌丝生长;盆栽结果表明,喷洒木霉可湿性粉剂抑制了小斑病菌对玉米叶片的侵染。同时喷施12h、24小时后木霉菌可湿性粉剂诱导玉米防御相关的POD和PAL酶活升高。     

Identification and validation of a quantitative trait locus associated with wheat yellow mosaic virus pathotype I resistance in a Japanese wheat variety

Yellow mosaic disease, caused by wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), is one of the most serious diseases of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Japan. The three pathotypes of WYMV are distributed in different geographical areas: pathotype I is found mainly in western and central Japan (Kanto), pathotype II in northern Japan (Tohoku and Hokkaido) and pathotype III on the southern island of Japan (Kyushu). A total of 246 doubled‐haploid (DH) lines, derived from a cross between ‘Yumechikara’ (resistant) and ‘Kitahonami’ (susceptible), were evaluated for 2 years for their resistance to WYMV pathotype I. A single major quantitative trait locus, Q.Ymym, mapping to chromosome 2D was associated with resistance to pathotype I in ‘Yumechikara’. This is the first time a QTL responsible for pathotype I resistance has been identified. Fine mapping of Q.Ymym indicated that it was on a tight linkage block originating from ‘Yumechikara’, and the markers associated with this block will accelerate the development of varieties resistant to WYMV pathotype I.     

棉花黄萎病菌菌体蛋白与其致病类型的关系

经液休培养获得５个棉花黄萎病菌不同致病类型的菌体培养物，并进行了菌体蛋白的十二烷基硫酸钠－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）分析和氨基酸组成分分析。结果表明，美国落叶型Ｔ－９茵系的菌体蛋白电泳谱带数明显多于我国落叶型菌系ＶＤ－８菌系和３个不同致病类型的代表菌系，除安阳菌系外，其它４个菌系分别具有其蛋白特征带。我国落叶型ＶＤ－８菌系和强致病力类型泾阳菌系的菌体氨基酸含量明显高于中等致病力和弱致病力类型，落叶型和非落叶型菌系在某些氨基酸含量上具有明显差异。     

Detection and inheritance of leaf rust resistance in common wheat lines Agra Local and IWP94

Genetic studies were undertaken to determine the number and identities of leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat lines Agra Local and IWP94. The infection type arrays of the two lines with eight pathotypes (pt.) of P. triticina were different from those of lines possessing known leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes. Agra Local possessed two recessive resistance genes, one conditioning resistance to pathotype 4R9-7, and the other, a temperature-sensitive factor, gave resistance to pt. 121R127 at high temperature (27°C). IWP94 was previously demonstrated to carry Lr23. From the present study IWP94 was determined to have at least four leaf rust resistance genes. The first of these was the same recessive gene conferring resistance to pathotype 4R9-7 which was found in Agra Local. A second partially dominant gene conferred resistance to pathotype 121R127 at high temperature and two additional recessive genes governed resistance to pathotype 93R15. When present together, these two recessive genes complemented each other and provided resistance to pathotype 69R13 as well. One of the two recessive genes conferring resistance to pathotypes 93R15 and 69R13 was Lr23.     

Inheritance of wheat stem rust resistance in triticale

Genetic studies were conducted on nine triticale cultivars and lines lo determine the presence and identity of stem rust resistance genes. The lines were intercrossed and their F₂ and F₃ generations were tested with selected pathotypes of Puccinia graminis tritici. Segregation in seedling tesis showed the presence of two new genes SrLal and SrLa2 in ‘Lasko’, SrBj anil SrJ in ‘Bejon’. SrVen in ‘Currency’, SrBj in ‘Abacus’ and ‘RM4’ and SrNin in ‘Tahara’, ‘Maidan’ and ‘Madonna’ SrBj, SrNin, SrLal and SrLa2 were genetically independent and each conferred resistance to the currently important Australian P. graminis tritici pt 34-2.12.13, whereas SrJ and SrVen conferred moderately susceptible reactions to the same pathotype. SrVen segregated independently of SrBj, but the relationship of SrVen with the other genes was noi determined. The typical low infection types conferred by SrBj and SrJ were best expressed at temperatures above 21 C, Prolamine separations nsinj; sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel elcclrophoresis confirmed that SiNin and SrBj were located in chromosome 2R. The gene SrLal behaved as a third allele at or near the Sr27, SrSatu locus in chromosome 3R, The present work demonstrated that chromosomes 2R and 3R are important bearers of genes Tor stem rust resistance in hexaploid iriticale.     

Genetic basis of seedling-resistance to leaf rust in bread wheat 'Thatcher'

The bread wheat cultivar ‘Thatcher’ is documented to carry the gene Lr22b for adult‐plant resistance to leaf rust. Seedling‐resistance to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina in the bread wheat cultivar ‘Thatcher’, the background parent of the near‐isogenic lines for leaf rust resistance genes in wheat, is rare and no published information could be found on its genetic basis. The F₂ and F₃ analysis of the cross ‘Agra Local’ (susceptible) × ‘Thatcher’ showed that an apparently incompletely dominant gene conditioned seedling‐resistance in ‘Thatcher’ to the three ‘Thatcher’‐avirulent Indian leaf rust pathotypes – 0R8, 0R8‐1 and 0R9. Test of allelism revealed that this gene (temporarily designated LrKr1) was derived from ‘Kanred’, one of the parents of ‘Thatcher’. Absence of any susceptible F₂ segregants in a ‘Thatcher’ × ‘Marquis’ cross confirmed that an additional gene (temporarily designated LrMq1) derived from ‘Marquis’, another parent of ‘Thatcher’, was effective against pathotype 0R9 alone. These two genes as well as a second gene in ‘Kanred’ (temporarily designated LrKr2), which was effective against all the three pathotypes, but has not been inherited by ‘Thatcher’, seem to be novel, undocumented leaf rust resistance genes.     

Novel pathotypes of lettuce mosaic virus — breakdown of a durable resistance?

Summary Resistance to lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) is derived either from cv. Gallega (g gene) or the wild accession PI251245 (mo gene). Previous studies indicated that these two genes were identical. Breeders in Europe produced numerous resistant cultivars utilisingg while in the USAmo was used. The resistance has been effective for over 20 years. However, recently there have been reports of LMV isolates causing unusually severe and sometimes necrotic symptoms on cultivars with these resistance genes. Investigations of these severe isolates have distinguished three new pathotypes in addition to the common pathotype (II) and identified a novel dominant gene for resistance. Themo/g genes confer resistance to pathotypes I and II but pathotype III possesses virulence for cultivars withg but not for those withmo. These two genes are therefore not identical but are probably either closely linked genes or alleles. Pathotype IV possesses virulence for all lettuce lines so far tested. Some isolates of this pathotype are seed transmitted in cultivars possessingmo org and have caused severe crop losses in southern France. The durability of the resistance conditioned by these two genes is discussed.     

福建省菜用大豆新品种2015年区域试验

旨在为福建省菜用大豆育种、生产提供参考。通过对2015年福建省菜用大豆区域试验9个参试品种在福建省不同生态区7个地点试验的表现及产量差异分析,并对有关问题进行了探讨。结果表明：菜用大豆在福建省春播有很好的适应性和广阔的发展前景;参试9个品种春季种植采青日数79.4~88.4d,鲜荚产量8268.45~9190.50kg/hm-2,标准荚产量5942.70~7498.80kg/hm-2,株高23.79~46.89㎝,主茎节数7.0~9.7节,有效分枝数2.8~3.4个,有效荚数19.0~24.4个,荚重48.22~61.00g,鲜百粒重73.39~89.86g,标准荚长×宽5.18~6.07×1.29~1.46,标准荚数280.8~373.7个/kg;根据福建省菜用大豆品种审定标准,推荐‘交大127’、‘闽豆7号’续试。