松球壳孢菌菌落及孢子形态学对比研究

通过79个辽宁松球壳孢菌菌株与4个A型和B型标准菌株、5个美国菌株在菌落和分生孢子形态方面的对比研究，发现辽宁的菌株在形态上基本一致。辽宁菌株与美国的类型A相近，主要表现在孢子表面平滑，通常无隔或有1个隔，在成品PDA培养基上产生绒毛状、白色至灰色菌落。不同之处在于，辽宁菌株在自制PDA培养基上形成贴在培养基表面的菌落——与类型B相似，分生孢子长度介于A型和B型之间或与后者相近。5个美国菌株与类型A一致。同时发现，培养基的来源对菌落形态研究非常重要；光照使菌落气生菌丝有所减少且出现绿色；培养基和寄主种类对孢子大小有影响。     

松球壳孢菌的致病性研究

实验证明 ,国内供试松球壳孢菌 (Sphaeropsissapinea)的致病力明显高于美国的B型菌株 ,与A型相似 ,致病性较强。B型也能无伤侵入 ,只是发病率明显低于A型。伤口并不是病菌侵入的唯一途径 ,自新梢伸长至针叶发育完全期间 ,病菌可直接侵入树木当年嫩梢并使之枯萎 ;此后 ,随着梢部组织的不断成熟与老化 ,伤口对病菌侵入与危害的作用才得以显现出来 ,无伤接种时不发病或只产生部分枯叶。气孔也是病菌侵入的途径之一。病菌不但可侵入当年新稍 ,而且还可于枝梢的 2a和 3a生处有伤侵入 ,使之染病甚至死亡。油松(Pinustabulaeformis)、赤松 (P .densiflora)、彰武松 (P .densifloravar .zhangwuensis)较樟子松 (Pinussylvestrisvar.mongolica)抗病 ,且彰武松主要表现为“耐病”。幼龄的樟子松较大龄的抗病。树势削弱的枝梢抗病性能降低 ,发病快而重。潜育期和繁殖期的长短与寄主、树势、组织的成熟程度和气温等有关     

我国松杉球壳孢生长适应性分化研究

对来自我国 13个省份的松杉球壳孢 (S .sapinea) 4 9～ 5 5个菌株进行生长适应性研究。在 6种培养基质、系列温度梯度和系列pH值梯度条件下 ,各菌株的生长适应性存在较大的差异。在Czapek培养基上 ,有些菌株存在明显的营养适性分化。运用高次多项式数学模型拟合方法构建出各供试菌株 0～ 72h的生长量随系列温度、系列pH值的变化曲线 ,从而确定了各菌株的平均最适生长温度为 2 6 .8℃ ,其中最低值为 2 3.1℃(ZJ2 ) ,最高值为 2 9 6℃ (F1) ;平均最适生长pH值为pH5 .6 ,其中最低值为pH4 .4 (F7) ,最高值为pH6 .7(F5 )。地理来源及其生境对松枯梢病菌菌株间的适温性变化似有一定影响 ,但与该菌对基质pH值变化的适应性似乎无明显关系     

松球壳孢菌的形态学与18S rDNA ITS序列比较分析

以研究东北三省樟子松球壳孢菌Sphaeropsis sapinea的遗传多样性为目的,自黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省不同地区收集、分离获得樟子松球壳孢菌45个菌株,寄主均为樟子松;收集美国菌株2个,分别分离自脂松、班克松.运用形态学和分子生物学手段比较47个菌株的形态学及18S rDNAITS序列.结果表明:(1)所有47个菌株在形态上没有明显差别;(2)除美国菌株STBl外,其他46个菌株在培养特性上没有明显差别;(3)东北三省的45个菌株之间的遗传距离均小于0.09,与寄主为脂松的A型菌株(STAl)亲缘关系较近,相似度高于98%,与寄主为班克松的B型菌株(STBl)遗传距离为0.13,亲缘关系较远.(4)同一地域、不同地域来源的菌株其ITs序列相同,而地理来源相同的菌株其ITs序列也存在一定的差异;(5)相同寄主上的菌株其ITs序列存在差异,而不同寄主上的菌株其ITS序列相同.综上得出以下结论:东北三省不同地区樟子松上的45个松球壳孢菌菌株为A型.球壳孢菌菌株之间的遗传差异与菌株的寄主及地域性没有明显的关系.     

松树枯梢病发生规律研究进展

松树枯梢病(Sphaeropsis sapinea)是我国南方湿地松、火炬松、马尾松等树种的重要病害。文章综述了松树枯梢病的发生规律研究的进展情况，着重对病原菌的生物学特性、寄主的感病性以及环境等与病害发生规律的关系进行了探讨。     

森吉木霉M75发酵粗提液对松球壳孢菌的抑菌机制研究

目的 研究森吉木霉M75发酵粗提液对松球壳孢菌Sphaeropsis sapinea代谢系统及生理生化的影响,探究其抑菌机制。 方法 采用分光光度计法,分别测定在不同处理时间段内森吉木霉M75发酵粗提液对松球壳孢菌代谢系统酶活性,以及对电导率、丙二醛含量的影响。 结果 森吉木霉M75发酵粗提液可显著影响松球壳孢菌代谢系统中各关键酶活性。其中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）在处理8~12 h内达到峰值,为75.25 U·（g·min）−1、0.066 U·（g·s）−1、5.8 U·（g·s）−1和12.33 U·（g·s）−1,分别是初始时的1.96、6.09、16.37和7.86倍;丙酮酸激酶（PK）、己糖激酶（HK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）在处理12~24 h内显著下降,由初始时的0.55、0.066、2.35 U·（g·min）−1下降至0.18、0.03、0.66 U·（g·min）−1,后下降趋缓;琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和辅酶Ⅰ含量在处理12 h内呈快速下降趋势,由初始时的30.33 U·（g·min）−1、15.55 U·（g·min）−1、5.70 nmol·（g·min）−1分别下降至10.00 U·（g·min）−1、3.65 U·（g·min）−1、1.34 nmol·（g·min）−1,处理12 h后呈缓慢下降趋势,而对照组则不断升高;Na+,K+-ATP、Mg++-ATP和Ca++-ATP酶活性在处理8 h或12 h时达到峰值,分别为0.09、1.76和3.18 μmolPi·（g·h）−1;此后迅速下降,处理24 h后下降趋缓并逐渐趋于0;松球壳孢菌细胞膜电导率在处理12 h内显著升高,且处理组在各时间段的电导率值始终高于对照组;丙二醛含量在处理24 h内显著升高并达到峰值1.06 nmol·g−1,处理24 h至96 h内呈缓慢下降趋势,但在各处理时间段仍显著高于对照组。 结论 森吉木霉M75发酵粗提液通过破坏松球壳孢菌的防御系统,阻碍了病原菌正常的生理代谢路径,从而抑制病原菌的正常生长。     

湿地松枯梢病菌生物学特性的研究

松色二孢菌引起湿地松枯梢病。病菌在ＰＤＡ培养基上生长最好，最适温度为２５－３１℃，在全光照条件下生长最快，子实体最早形成。分生孢子在１０％的湿地松和油松针叶浸汁中萌发最好，６ｈ萌发率达９０％以上，萌发的最适温度为２５－３０℃；最适ｐＨ值为６～７；在水滴中纟在饱和湿度下萌发率高；光照对分生孢子萌发几乎显显著影响。     

四孢麻孢壳研究初报

笔者于1986年在吉林省延边黄泥河林业局采集的长白落叶松树干皮层上分离到该菌。四孢麻孢壳是一种类生菌,是真菌遗传的重要材料。该菌在国内首次报导。     

国外松枯梢病的松色二孢菌9个菌株生物学特性的研究

对来自不同发病程度，不同地点的国外松枯梢病松色二孢菌的９个菌株的生产，产孢等生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明，各菌株生长的最适温度为２５－３０℃，ＰＨ值为６－７，相对湿度为９０％以上；９２４５、Ｈ２１二菌株对湿度在培养其中加入１‰的硼对各菌株的生长和产孢有不同程度的抑制作用，尤以抑制产孢最明显，表现出硼对国外枯病的发生，发展有一定的控制作用。     

中国南方松树枯梢病地域分布的气候分区

通过对福建、江西和江苏等省17个县(市)的松树枯梢病的危害程度及发病特点调查,把松树枯梢病的发生区域归纳为:轻(无)度病害区、中度病害区和重度病害区三大类.感病程度与气象因子的相关分析表明,4、5月份的月平均湿度、月降水量和月降水天数,以及年平均湿度与病害发生关系较为密切.以上述气象因子为自变量,发病程度为因变量,建立了病害的回归预测模型:y = 98.60 13.54x1-9.33x2-3.62x3 0.07x4 0.07x5-11.97x6 3.26x7 (R=0.933 3).利用该模型对我国南方主要县(市)的病害进行了预测和划分,并提出了该病害的综合治理措施.     

松树枯梢病发生的立地条件及其主要诱因分析

对福建、江西等地227块松树枯梢病的林分病情标准地进行调查.结果表明:病害的发生与林分及立地因子关系密切.由上杭、连城、永新和安福4县有代表性的49块样地推导出了松树枯梢病的病情指数与林龄、造林密度、郁闭度、土壤质地、土壤湿度、坡位、坡向的生态数学模型:y=41.38-16.56x11 5.08x21 18.62x31-3.78x41 19.94x51 7.32x61 4.27x62-4.06x71-10.56x72-13.88x73,其偏相关系数分别为0.606 9、0.612 5、0.268 9、0.1789、0.681 1、0.279 0、0.473 7.该模型模内判别准确率为79.59%,其中病情指数与土壤湿度、郁闭度、林龄和坡位间关系紧密,在0.01水平上显著,它们是松树枯梢病在我国南方发生的主要诱导因子.提出以营林措施为主的生态控制技术.     

Sur un cas de variabilité chez Sphaeropsis sapinea

A case of variability in Sphaero sis sapinea . Two isolates (type I and type II) of Sphaeropsis sqinea were isolated from the co lar of a declining Cedrus deo daa in the South of France. Cultural characteristics on PDA and MEA as well as conidial dimensions were compared with those of types A and B of S. sapinea described to occur in North America. Type II was similar to type A in respect to cultural aspects and growth but distinctly different in conidial dimensions. Slower growing type I was similar to type B. However, type I grew faster on PDA, had smaller conidia and lacked microconidia. Single-conidia isolates obtained from the four types showed stability of these characteristics.     

不同生物控制技术对樟子松林分生长及松枯梢病发病程度的影响

通过对樟子松林分进行生物控制技术的研究可知,在中龄林进行施用菌剂、切根、人工整枝试验对促进樟子松树势的恢复、树木胸径生长、增强树势等方面等有明显作用:在胸径生长方面,3个处理与对照差异显著,其中切根5年后的樟子松林分胸径生长高于施用菌剂和人工整枝处理,年生长量达1.89cm;3个处理与对照相比,大大减少了松枯梢病发病机率,其中修枝处理防控病害的效果最好。     

RAPD analysis of genetic relationships among Sphaeropsis sapinea isolates

Genetic relationships were studied among 23 isolates of Sphaeropsis sapinea collected from China, the United States, England, South Africa and Chile by using a random amplification of a polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analytical method. One hundred and 35 DNA fragments were amplified with 12 random primers by a polymerase chain reaction PCR technique and 96.3% were polymorphic. The genetic dendrogram based on RAPD analysis showed that the S. sapinea isolates could be divided into three types. Isolate CWS41 from Chile was separated genetically as the first type that was different from other isolates and isolates F2 and J2 from China comprised the second group. The third RAPD group accommodated other isolates including the B morphotype isolate CWS43 from the United States. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2006, 30(1): 13–16 [译自: 南京林业大学学报]     

毒蘑菇菌株及毒素粗提液对樟子松枯梢病菌生长的影响

厚环鹅膏、鹅膏菌、珊瑚菌、白霜杯伞、冠状柄环菇、细鳞环柄菇、鳞柄白鹅膏、绒白乳菇、毒蝇鹅膏9个毒蘑菇菌株及毒素粗提液对樟子松枯梢病原菌菌丝生长影响的研究结果表明:除厚环鹅膏和鹅膏菌外,其他7个菌株对病原菌生长均有一定的抑制作用;鳞柄白鹅膏和细鳞环柄菇相对抑制效果最好,分别为10.80和10.40。除毒蝇鹅膏外,其他8个菌株的毒素粗提液对病原菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用,珊瑚菌和绒白乳菇毒素粗提液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌率分别达到63.89%和58.89%。     

Variation among New Zealand isolates of Sphaeropsis sapinea

Sphaeropsis sapinea is a pathogen of many coniferous species and causes significant losses to the plantation forestry industries of many countries. New Zealand isolates of S. sapinea were examined for colony and morphological characteristics, and pathogenicity to Pinus radiata seedlings. Considerable variation was observed in colony growth form and colour, and in the growth rates on four agar media. The conidial dimensions, carbon and nitrogen utilization, and pathogenicity also varied among the isolates. The variation observed was such that the isolates could not be placed within previously described distinct morphotypes and the present results concur with previous studies cautioning the use of morphological criteria alone to partition the species. These results contrast markedly with previous reports and seemingly indicate a change in the New Zealand S. sapinea population. This difference may reflect the re‐introduction or spread of additional isolates or a shift in the structure of the resident population.     

Genotypic diversity and distribution of Sphaeropsis sapinea within Pinus radiata trees from northern Spain

Sphaeropsis sapinea is an important latent pathogen of Pinus spp., outbreaks of which have a considerable impact on plantations. This study considers the population diversity and distribution of S. sapinea in northern Spain at different spatial scales from single plantations to a wide area covered by Pinus radiata trees. Estimation of genotypic diversity is an important component of the analysis of the genetic structure of plant pathogen populations. Ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used, together with vegetative compatibility tests, to study the genetic diversity among S. sapinea isolates. Polymorphism analysis at SSR loci is a simple and direct approach for estimating the genetic diversity of S. sapinea isolates. From a total of 86 isolates collected from four different areas, 14 microsatellite haplotypes and 13 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified. The percentage of maximum genotypic diversity, based on Stoddart and Taylor's index, for microsatellites of the northern Spain population ranged from 14.6% to 38.1% and from 8.0% to 29.4% for VCGs. Analysis of these markers and vegetative compatibility groups confirmed that S. sapinea reproduces mainly asexually due to its reduced genotypic diversity in spatially close populations. Isolates of S. sapinea from northern Spain populations were predominantly monomorphic at the tested SSR loci. Vegetative compatibility groups also indicate a low level of genetic variability in these samples, which appear to be clonal.