Bacterial wilt resistance in the progenies of the fusion hybrids between haploid of potato andSolanum commersonii

Bacterial wilt of potatoes, which used to be a widespread disease in tropics and subtropics, has become a threat to potato production in temperate region. The diploid species Solanum commersonii has several desirable characteristics including cold tolerance and resistance to several diseases. Selected somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum dihaploid and bacterial-wilt-resistant S. commersonii clones were cross pollinated with S. tuberosum cultivars for further selection of bacterial wilt resistance. The chromosome numbers of the fusion parents were confirmed as 24, and the three fusion hybrids crossed were all tetraploids. The chromosome number of 11 backcross 1 progenies (BC1) was 48 and that of the other six was close to the tetraploid number. Backcross 2 progenies (BC2) were obtained from only three of the 44 BC1 clones crossed. The S. commersonii parent clone, LZ3.2, was the most resistant to bacterial wilt among wild species clones tested. The first sexual progenies segregated for resistance, with one clone highly susceptible and four clones highly resistant. Three highly resistant BC1 clones, CT02-4, CT08-4, and CT10b-4, were backcrossed to cultivars. Two cross combinations produced mostly susceptible BC2 progenies; however seven clones were resistant or highly resistant for both race 1 and race 3. The highly resistant three clones, CT204-3, CT206-9 and CT206-10, were selected for the further testing as cultivars or breeding materials.     

A relational database system for potato breeding programs

Using a desktop database management system (DBMS), a relational database system was developed to replace outdated systems for data storage, retrieval and summary in a potato breeding research program. The new system allows for easy and efficient access, storage and interrelation of potato data, and automated reporting functions to support presentation and analysis requirements of the research program. DBMS tools and programmed functions provide summary information pertaining to such areas as potato plant genealogy and progeny performance in early selection, regional adaptation and disease resistance trials. Database structures have been implemented to facilitate the collection and verification of new data, interface to a hand-held data collection computer, and transfer report data and charts to standard word processing and presentation software. The concepts and techniques used in the construction of this database system can be applied to other potato and plant breeding programs     

Resistance toErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica in second backcross populations of somatic hybrids betweenSolanum tuberosum andS. brevidens

Summary Eleven clones obtained from a cross between cv. Katahdin and fusion products betweenSolanum tuberosum and the non tuber-bearing speciesS. brevidens, were backcrossed again withS. tuberosum (clone AR80-127-5). Small tubers harvested from 583 seedlings of these second backcross (BC2) populations were screened for tuber tissue resistance toErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica under aerobic conditions. After multiplication in the field. BC2 clones again were screened for soft rot resistance under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. In general, the resistance of the BC2 populations was reduced in comparison with the BC1. Variation for resistance was found within the BC2 populations, but there was no correlation between the results of the three tests performed. Four BC2 populations were also screenned for resistance to blackleg in the field. Significant differences were found between populations for mean percentage of diseased plants, but these differences could not be explained by the resistance of the parental clones.     

Tubers from leaf-bud cuttings: A tool for potato seed certification and breeding programs

The use of leaf-bud cuttings as a tool for rapid clonal increase was studied in 6 cultivars. Small tubers were obtained directly from leaf-bud cuttings maintained for 7 weeks in sand-filled pots or benches. The tubers ranged in size up to 1 1/4 inches (3cm) in diameter. The number of leaf-bud cuttings ranged from 37 to 288, depending on size of mother plant. They averaged 114 cuttings. Almost all of the leaf-bud cuttings produced tubers. The procedure is fast, simple, and provides for rapid increase of selected stocks.     

Selection of monoploids for protoplast fusion and generation of intermonoploid somatic hybrids of potato

The union of potato monoploid genotypes (2n=1x =12) through protoplast fusion may result in vigorous somatic hybrids due to a reduction of the “genetic load” normally present in this highly heterozygous tetraploid (2n=4x=48) crop. More than 100 androgenic monoploids derived from diploid (2n=2x=24)Solanum phureja Juz. & Buk. andS. chacoense Bitt. xS. phureja clones were evaluated in field trials during 1996 and 1997 to identify the most promising genotypes for protoplast fusion experiments. Compared to the total population, the 1996 selected genotypes had higher means for tuber number (30.1 vs 11.2 tubers/plant), average tuber weight (3.0 vs 1.8 g/tuber) and total yield (66.1 vs 20.4 g/plant). Similarly, the 1997 selected genotypes had higher means for tuber number (42.8 vs 25.4 tubers/plant), average tuber weight (3.6 vs 2.5 g/tuber) and total yield (114.0 vs 63.4 g/plant) compared to the total population. The 31 selected monoploid genotypes from 1996-97 varied in their response to protoplast isolation and culture from no growth (9), cell enlargement (5), limited cellular divisions (8), callus formation (5) to plant regeneration from callus (4). Chemical fusion and electrofusion produced three groups of intermonoploid somatic hybrids. Polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci enabled distinction of somatic hybrids from parental somaclones. Rapid DNA extraction with SSR analysis enabled screening of calluses to identify somatic hybrid tissue prior to plant regeneration. The somatic hybrids were highly polyploid, mostly hexaploid (2n=6x=72), possibly due to fusion of endopolyploid protoplasts and/or chromosomal doubling during plant regeneration.     

Problems of potato breeding in Israel

Potato Research - In the spring of 1957 a breeding programme was begun for the purpose of creating a potato variety with a short dormancy and a short to medium growing period. Since there are two...     

The significance of wild species for potato breeding

Summary The writer discusses the selection work performed at the Max-Planck-Institute at Cologne-Vogelsang. Attention was particularly concentrated on finding crosses with wild species resistant to diseases and plagues. The writer discusses in turn the results obtained with resistance toPhytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea, Synchytrium endobioticum, virus diseases,Heterodera rostochiensis and Colorado beetle. He also refers to various difficulties that occur in crosses with wild species.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser bespricht die Selektionsarbeit, die im Max-Planck-Institut in K?ln-Vogelsang verrichtet worden ist. Die Aufmerksamkeit war vor allem darauf konzentriert, Kreuzungen mit Wildarten zu suchen, die resistent sind gegen Krankheiten und Sch?dlingsplagen. Nacheinander bespricht der Verfasser die Ergebnisse, die erreicht worden sind mit der Resistenz gegenPhytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea, Synchytrium endobioticum, Viruskrankheiten,Heterodera rostochiensis und Kartoffelk?fer. Ferner nennt er einige Schwierigkeiten, die bei Kreuzungen mit Wildarten entstehen.

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Résumé L'auteur donne un exposé sur l'oeuvre sélectionnaire, entreprise à l'Institut-Max-Planck à Cologne-Vogelsang. Une attention particulière a été apportée notamment à la recherche de croisements avec des éspèces sauvages résistant aux maladies et aux pestes. L'auteur traite ensuite des résultats que donne la résistance àPhytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea, Synchytrium endobioticum, maladies virologiques,Heterodera rostochiensis et au doryphore. Pour conclure, il traite de quelques difficultés que soulèvent les croisements avec des variétés sauvages.

     

Use of experimental tetraploids in potato breeding

High yielding experimental tetraploids from 4x × 2x crosses were found to be excellent parents, giving rise to many high yielding families and clones. Several of the progeny were found to yield over 900 cwt/acre at the Hancock Experimental Station. Both general and specific combining ability were significant for yield, while general combining ability was predominant for tuber appearance traits. Breeding methods to take both immediate advantage of the existing experimental tetraploids and to generate further experimental tetraploids that are of more desirable tuber appearance and possibly even higher yield are presented.     

甘蓝型油菜与野芥属间体细胞融合杂种后代种皮纹饰亚微结构研究

通过扫描电镜观察,研究了甘蓝型油菜与野芥属间体细胞融合杂种后代与亲本甘蓝型油菜和新疆野生油菜（野芥）的种皮纹饰亚微结构特征,结果表明,甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）、白芥（Sinapis alba）和野芥（Sinapis arvensis）的种皮纹饰具有种的特异性,同一物种内的不同品种具有相同的种皮纹饰亚微结构特征,如甘蓝型油菜黑籽品种中油821与黄籽品系YEP011具有十分相似的网-穴状结构;2份新疆野芥与2份欧洲来源的野芥都具有相同的由向心条纹组成的近六边“回”字型网-穴状结构, 表明新疆野芥与欧洲野芥同属一个物种。甘蓝型油菜与野芥属间体细胞融合杂种7007-4具有与亲本之一甘蓝型油菜中油821相同的网-穴状结构;同属白芥属的野芥（Sinapis arvensis）与白芥（Sinapis alba）的种皮纹饰存在很大差异,说明种皮纹饰不具有属的特异性。 -----------------------------------     

Frequency of 2n pollen in diploid hybrids betweenSolanum phureja Juz. & Buk. andSolanum chacoense Bitt.

Summary Solanum phureja (PP)xSolanum chacoense (CC) hybrid families (PC) were evaluated for pollen fertility and frequency of 2n pollen in two seasons in Morocco. PP clones produced high frequencies of 2n pollen, whereas CC clones produced none. The percentage of plants with 2n pollen ranged from 2 to 63% among 20 PC families and was consistent in some PC families over two growing seasons, whereas others varied between fall and spring growing seasons. The expected ratio of 2n to non-2n pollen-producers within a PC family based on a single recessive gene model [i.e. 1∶0 with CC homozygous dominant (PsPs) or 1∶1 with CC heterozygous (Psps)] was observed in only 5 of 20 progenies. Narrow sense heritability was 0.71, allowing gain from further selection. Only clones producing more than 10% 2n pollen exhibited more stable expressivity across seasons. Scientific Journal Series Article 17811 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station supported in part by the US Agency for International Development, contract no. 608-0160, IAV Morocco Project.     

Reducing sugar accumulation in progeny families of cold chipping potato clones

Two North Dakota breeding clones, ND860-2 and ND2221-6 accumulate very little reducing sugar in low temperature storage and will produce acceptably colored chips with little reconditioning. Progeny from diallel crosses of ND860-2, ND2221-6, Norchip and Kennebec were evaluated for reducing sugar and total sugar accumulation after 100 days of cold storage (3–4°C). Crosses of the North Dakota clones with Norchip or Kennebec produced families whose distributions were skewed towards the high parent with respect to reducing sugar values; about 2% had levels near the two low parents. Crosses between ND860-2 and ND2221-6 produced reciprocal families in which an average of 8% of the progeny had levels as low as these two parents.     

Relationship between silver scurf levels on seed and progeny tubers from successive generations of potato seed

The level of silver scurf on potato seed tubers on successive generations of potato seed tubers and their progeny tubers was investigated during 3 years in the field. The objective was to determine the importance of seed-borne inoculum on silver scurf development on the subsequent progeny tubers. Silver scurf incidence and severity increased with each generation. Coefficients of determination for disease levels among generations were significant and ranged from 0.89 to 0.97, indicating that seed tuber source accounted for a large proportion of silver scurf on progeny seed tubers. Incidence and severity of silver scurf also increased with decreasing time periods between potato crops in the field. In a field near Paterson, WA, where potatoes had not been previously grown, the severity of silver scurf increased on progeny tubers of cvs Russet Norkotah, Ranger Russet, and Shepody as disease severity increased on seed tubers of successive generations. Disease severity index significantly increased as disease incidence increased. The relationship between the two was best described using a curvilinear regression model.     

Genetics,cytogenetics and breeding in the potato: Review of literature

American Journal of Potato Research -     

Production of somatic hybrids between frost tolerantSolanum commersonii andS. Tuberosum: Protoplast fusion,regeneration and isozyme analysis

Mesophyll protoplasts ofSolanum commersonii, a frost tolerant wild species not crossable with the cultivated potato, were fused with either dihaploid or tetraploid S.tuberosum. Protoplasts were aggregated by means of alternating current (AC) or polyethylene glycol (PEG), and electrofused with three direct current (DC) pulses. The treatments with PEG/DC generally resulted in very low heterofusion frequency and protoplast viabiity. On the other hand, AC/DC fusion conditions were optimized by increasing the fusion density of protoplasts and adding CaCl₂ to fusion medium. When a density of 4.8 × 10⁵ protoplasts ml^?1 was used in the fusion medium containing 0.2 mM Ca⁺⁺, AC/DC treated protoplasts showed heterofusion frequencies and plating efficiencies of about 10 and 3%, respectively. Fast growing calli from AC/DC fusion experiments were further cultured for regeneration. Fifty-seven plants were regenerated and clonedin vitro as shoot cultures. Compared to parents they showed heterotic vigor and could be identified as hybrids, based on isozyme analysis.