苹果6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)基因cDNA克隆及其植物表达载体构建

山梨醇是一种糖醇,是蔷薇科木本植物主要的光合产物及贮运物质,6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)是其合成的关键酶(马锋旺和李嘉瑞,1993)。近年来,人们利用基因工程手段将S6PDH cDNA导入烟草(Tao et al.,1995)、柿(Gao et al.,2001)中,发现转基因植物可合成山梨醇,且使转基因植物抗性     

山梨醇对植株抗逆性作用的研究进展

山梨醇作为一种重要的植物内源物质,广泛参与调控植株防御反应和形态发育相关的多种生物学过程,应对各种环境胁迫的应激反应,因此山梨醇使植株获得抗性的研究受到广泛关注。本文综述了近年来山梨醇在植株抗逆性研究中取得的进展,包括植物在遭受环境胁迫时植株体内山梨醇含量的变化,以及外源山梨醇在促进植株对营养元素的吸收和提高愈伤组织诱导率等方面的应用研究,提出了当前山梨醇研究中存在的问题,并对山梨醇提高植株抗逆性在我国高产优质高效农业发展中所起的作用进行了展望。     

用光谱法测定植物和土壤中的微量~(15)N-以5A分子筛作为吸收剂

本文叙述了以5A 分子筛代替 CaO 作为吸收剂,用~(15)N 分析仪测定土壤和植物样品中微量~(15)N 的一种改良法。当用 K-Dumas 法制备样品放电管时,样品在500℃燃烧而释放出来的 CO_2和 H_2O 易于被5A 分子筛弃去,其效果与 CaO 相同。该法在研究水稻对肥料氮吸收和利用的~(15)N 示踪试验中进行应用。     

短花针茅荒漠草原不同斑块优势种植物的C，N，P化学计量特征

[目的]研究斑块中优势种的生活史策略及对养分限制的响应,以及优势种生态化学计量学特征随季节变化的响应规律,为植物种群演替及变化过程研究提供科学依据。[方法]确定3类典型斑块:斑块A(短花针茅)、斑块B(短花针茅+草木樨状黄耆)、斑块C(猪毛蒿+苦豆子+老瓜头),测定优势种的全碳、全氮、全磷含量,计算C∶N, C∶P, N∶P并进行方差分析。采用线性回归分析法对不同斑块C,N,P化学计量进行逐步回归分析。[结果]各斑块优势种的C, N, P及其计量比特征在生长季内的变化规律不同,且各指标季节间的变化特征在不同斑块之间也存在差异;植物C含量在不同优势种和不同斑块间的差异均不显著;短花针茅N含量显著小于其他优势种,导致斑块A的N含量总体显著小于另外两个斑块;植物P含量在斑块A中随着季节的变化表现为增长的趋势,而在斑块C中表现为先减小后增大的变化过程;斑块A植物的C∶N值无显著的季节变化,C∶P和N∶P值在春季显著高于夏秋季;斑块B和斑块C不同优势种的C∶N, C∶P和N∶P值均表现出显著的差异性,但随季节变化过程不同,斑块B除C∶N值外均表现出下降的趋势,而斑块C各比值均表现出先增大后减小的变化规律。[结论] 3种斑块C,N,P含量表现出不同的相关性;斑块A表现为防御性策略,斑块B表现为竞争性策略,而斑块C表现为竞争性和防御性策略共存。     

绞股蓝抗TMV蛋白的分离及编码基因的序列分析*

以半叶法测定抗烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus，TMV)活性为监控手段，采用(NH4）2SO4分级沉淀、阳离子交换及亲和层析等方法，从绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)中分离到一种抗TMV蛋白，其分子量约为27kD，N端19个氨基酸残基为DINFSLAGADGQTYNTFIA(SWISS—PROT登录号为P83206)。N端序列分析表明，它是一种新的核糖体失活蛋白(ribosome-inactivating proteins，RIPs)，命名为gynostemmin。gynostemmin与其它植物RIPs的N端同源性介于10％-73％之间，其中Y14F17构成植物RIPsN端的“钉子”位点；gynostemmin与葫芦科植物RIPs的同源性为31％～73％，其中F4L6A9Y14F17I18,6个残基为葫芦科植物RIPsN端“钉子”位点。根据N端序列和葫芦科植物RIPs下游保守氨基酸序列设计简并引物，采用PCR扩增并克隆了编码gynostemmin的基因，包含609个碱基，推导出的203个氨基酸残基约占成熟蛋白的75％，软件分析表明，它含有核糖体失活蛋白的活性位点区。     

蔷薇科模式植物林丛野草莓的基因组测序完成

野草莓(Fragaroa vesaca),俗称林丛或高山草莓,是蔷薇科的一员,蔷薇科是由超过100个属,3000个种组成的大家庭.这个庞大的家族包含许多重要经济和受欢迎的水果、坚果、观赏植物、木本作物,如杏仁,苹果,桃子,樱桃,覆盆子,草莓,玫瑰.这个被视为蔷薇科模式植物的林丛野草莓的基因组序列在国际研究财团的支持下,与在2010年1月在美国圣迭戈召开的动植物基因组大会上宣布完成.     

云雾山草地植物地上部分和枯落物的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量比是生态系统过程和功能的重要特征。为探究云雾山天然草地30年恢复演替过程中不同封育年限植物和枯落物的全碳、全氮和全磷含量及其生态化学计量特征变化规律,以云雾山封育1、12、20、30年的天然草地为研究对象,通过典型样方调査研究了黄土高原不同封育年限植物和枯落物养分变异特征。结果表明:不同封育年限间,植物地上部分C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比变化范围分别为24.91~37.37、380.1~562.1、12.14~15.86,均值分别为32.51、473.6和14.64;枯落物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比变化范围分别为37.18~47.11、755.5~885.9、16.41~22.31,均值分别为40.71、819.9、20.30。植物地上部分C、N、P含量间呈极显著相关(p0.01);植物地上部分P含量与C∶N、C∶P、N∶P呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与枯落物C、P、C∶P、N∶P呈极显著相关(p0.01)。云雾山植物N∶P比介于14~16之间,植物生长受氮磷共同限制,建议增加草地氮、磷肥的使用量。该研究结果有助于进一步了解云雾山草地C、N、P在不同组分间的相互作用规律与机制。     

黄土高原不同封育年限草地土壤与植物根系的生态化学计量特征

黄土高原特别是干草原地区植被演替的研究比较薄弱。当前植物生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在植物叶片方面,对根系的研究较少。选取宁夏云雾山草原植被不同封育年限的土壤和植物样品,以生态化学计量学原理为基础,测定并分析了土壤与根系的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量比与相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着封育年限的增加,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤有机碳和全氮变异性较大,全磷变异性较小,且封育初期土壤有机碳和全氮含量先降后升,至封育20、30年,保持相对平稳。0~20 cm土层土壤的碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)、氮磷比(N∶P)分别为9.04~9.63、19.62~32.27、2.14~3.37,20~40 cm土层土壤的分别为8.68~9.22、15.74~26.32、1.80~3.03。土壤有机碳与全氮、全磷之间存在极显著的正相关。(2)植物根系C、N、P含量变化范围分别为357.6~381.4 g kg-1、7.35~8.18 g kg-1、0.54~0.70 g kg-1;根系中的C元素含量随封育年限的增加逐渐升高,N、P元素含量均小于全球平均值。根系C∶N随着封育年限的增加变异性较大,C∶P、N∶P随着封育年限的增加变异性较小。(3)植物根系的C∶N∶P化学计量特征受土壤的影响调控大于其自身,且土壤磷含量对植物根系C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征影响的显著性(p0.01)大于土壤氮含量(p0.05)。此外,该地区封禁后,草地生产力易受到土壤N含量的限制。     

ASI法速测土壤指标与植物N吸收的相关性研究

本研究选用ASI法对山西褐土41个、河南潮土73个、辽宁棕壤43个、黑龙江黑土69个土样进行了土壤硝态N(ASI-NO3--N)、铵态N(ASI-NH4+-N)、碱溶有机质(ASI-OM)的测定,同时用常规方法测定了碱解N和有机质。并对测定值进行了相关性分析。同时选取土壤进行盆栽试验以验证ASI法测定值与植物吸N量的相关性。结果表明:四类土壤ASI-NO3--N与碱解N测定结果达到了极显著相关(褐土r=0.89**,潮土r=0.79**,棕壤r=0.90**,r=0.47**),四类土壤ASI-OM与常规方法有机质测定结果均达到了极显著正相关(褐土r=0.92**,潮土r=0.88**,棕壤r=0.93**,黑土r=0.96**),ASI-NH4+-N与碱解N测定结果也均达到了极显著正相关(褐土r=0.76**,潮土r=0.64**,棕壤r=0.97**,黑土r=0.61**)。褐土、棕壤土壤ASI-NO3--N含量与植物吸N量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),潮土、黑土土壤ASI-NO3--N含量与植物吸N量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。褐土、棕壤土壤ASI-NH4+-N含量与植物吸N量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),潮土、黑土土壤ASI-NH4+-N含量与植物吸N量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。除褐土土壤ASI-OM含量与植物吸N量呈显著正相关外(P<0.05),潮土、棕壤、黑土土壤ASI-OM含量与植物吸N量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。     

水氮互作对黑河中游娃娃菜光合特性与水氮利用的影响

在黑河流域中游张掖市的高原夏菜生产中,以"春月黄"娃娃菜品种为试材,试验采用双因素随机区组设计,研究了不同水氮互作模式对其光合特性与水氮利用的影响。结果表明:以优化灌水定额(1125 m3 hm-2)与优化施氮量(300 kg hm-2)组合处理(A2N2)的娃娃菜,在结球前期(5月25日)、中期(6月10日)、末期(6月25日),测定的光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)变化规律相一致,均表现为:中期>末期>前期;不同处理对Pn和Tr的影响顺序为:优化灌水定额和优化施氮量(A2N2)>经验灌水定额和优化施氮量(A1N2)>轻度亏水灌溉定额和优化施氮量(A3N2)>优化灌水定额和经验施氮量(A2N1)>经验灌水定额和经验施氮量(A1N1)>轻度亏水灌溉定额和经验施氮量(A3N1)>经验灌水定额和零施氮量(A1N3)>优化灌水定额和零施氮量(A2N3)>轻度亏水灌溉定额和零施氮量(A3N3);采用A2N2处理的娃娃菜,其植株叶片的光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')和光化学猝灭系数(q P)值最高,分别为0.38、0.49和0.66,而其非光化学猝灭系数(q N)和光抑制程度最低,为0.543和-0.197;同时娃娃菜地上部分叶数、横茎、纵茎与经济产量分别为42.26片、18.54 cm、24.38 cm和89.55 t hm-2,明显高于其它处理。由此可见,以水氮组合A2N2来指导本区娃娃菜生产,可达到高产高效、降低环境污染的目的。     

Synthesis of zeolite from waste lignite ash from Thailand

Almost all the lignite ash from the coal thermal power plants in Maemoa, Lumpang Province, Thailand is disposed of as solid wastes. However, the number of reclaimed sites for the disposal of the wastes is not sufficient to handle the large amount of wastes. Therefore, the development of a technique for the utilization of lignite ash is essential to preserve the environment and to recycle the waste materials. Lignite ash is composed of inorganic compounds mainly present as glasses resulting from fusion during their combustion. The chemical composition of these glasses is similar to that of volcanic glass in nature and changes easily to zeolite-like substances by hydrothermal treatment with an alkali. Henmi (1987) reported the synthesis of hydroxysodalite, a kind of zeolite, from waste coal ash. Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates with a three-dimensional crystal structure and have the attractive cation-exchange properties in agricultural applications (Ming and Mumpton 1989). In the present study, attempts were made to synthesize zeolitelike substances from lignite ash from Thailand, in order to develop a new method for the disposal of industrial wastes. Although the synthesis of zeolite-like substances from waste coal ash had been reported in different countries after the publication of Henmi (1987), this method was applied for the first time in Thailand for the treatment of lignite ash.     

Potassium leaching from cut grassland and from urine patches

In grassland farming, especially on coarse‐textured soils, K can be a critical element. On these soils, the actual K management as well as fertilizer history to a large extent determine the leaching of K. The effects of four fertilizer regimes on the nutrient balances and leaching of K from grassland grown on a sandy soil were investigated. The swards differed in the source and level of N input and K fertilizer: no fertilizer N + 166 kg K ha^?1 year^?1 (Control), 320 kg inorganic N ha^?1 + 300 kg K ha^?1 year^?1 (MIN 320), 320 kg N + 425 kg K ha^?1 year^?1 in form of cattle slurry (SLR 320) and a grass–clover sward + 166 kg K ha^?1 year^?1 (WCL 0) without any inorganic N input. In a second experimental phase, cores from these swards were used in a mini‐lysimeter study on the fate of K from urine patches. On cut grassland after 6 years K input minus removal in herbage resulted in average K surpluses per year of 47, 39, 56 and 159 kg K ha^?1 for the Control, MIN 320, WCL 0 and SLR 320, respectively. Related leaching losses per year averaged 7.5, 5, 15 and 25 kg K ha^?1. Losses of urinary‐K through leaching were 2.2–4.5 and 5.7–8.4% of the K supplied in summer and autumn applications, respectively. Plant and soil were the major sinks for K from fertilizer or urine. High levels of exchangeable K in the soil and/or large and late fertilizer or urine applications stimulated leaching of K.     

Phenolic antioxidants from green tea produced from Camellia taliensis

The chemical constituents of green tea prepared from the leaves of Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melchior (Theaceae) were investigated for the first time. Of these, 19 phenolic compounds including 8 hydrolyzable tannins (1-8), 6 catechin derivatives (9-14), 3 quinic acid aromatic esters (15-17), and 2 simple phenolics (18, 19) were identified, along with caffeine (20). Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory assays. Moreover, the chemical composition was compared with that in the cultivated tea plant, C. sinensis var. assamica, by HPLC analysis. It was noted that C. taliensis has similar chemical features with the cultivated tea plant; that is, both of them contain rich flavan-3-ols and caffeine. In addition, there are abundant hydrolyzable tannins as specific characteristic constituents contained in the leaves of C. taliensis. Therein, 1,2-di-O-galloyl-4,6-O-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (8), as a major compound in C. taliensis, showed remarkable antioxidant activity. The results suggested that C. taliensis could be a valuable plant resource for the production of tea.     

Bacteriocins from Pediococcus pentosaceus L and S from pork meat

Two strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus were isolated from refrigerated pork and found to produce antimicrobial substances that may inhibit foodborne pathogens and have potential as natural food preservatives. They were named P. pentosaceus L and S. The antimicrobial substances were purified to electrophoretical homogeneity by chloroform extraction and designated pentocins L and S with molecular masses (M) of 27 and 25 kDa, respectively. Both pentocins also had broad inhibition spectra and were thermostable. They inhibit the growth of tested spore-forming G+ and G- strains and the germination of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 10225, B. subtilis ATCC 10254, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 spores. The inhibition activities decreased as the glucose in the medium decreased from 8.0 to 2.0%.     

Phenolic extraction from apple peel by cellulases from Thermobifida fusca

With the optimization of the pretreatment conditions for the crude Thermobifida fusca cellulase activity and phenolic release from apple peel, we focused on the activity of individual purified cellulase related to the antioxidant activity. The overall phenolic release was significantly increased in a synergistic manner with combined pretreatment, not with individual pretreatment such as boiling, acid, and pectinase treatment. Approximately 60 mg of reducing sugar equivalent were produced per g of apple peel by treatment with T. fusca crude extract, and up to 3 times more reducing sugars were released when the apple peel was boiled and then treated with acid and pectinase. There was good correlation between the release of phenolics and reducing sugar by cellulase treatment and also between the amount of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity by each enzyme treatment (r2> 0.95). Among the tested enzymes purified from T. fusca cell extract, cellulase activity on apple peel was the highest with cellulase 6A (Cel 6A; 43% digestion), and the highest antioxidant capacity was obtained by incubation with Cel 6B (16 mg vitamin C equiv/g). Synergism in the activity was found from the combined treatment with Cel 6A and 6B in both cellulase activity and antioxidant capacity after 20 h of incubation. Cel 9A (progressive endocellulase) exhibited greater cellulase activity and antioxidant capacity than Cel 9A cd which lacks in cellulose-binding module, indicating that the cellulose-binding domain might play important roles in cellulolysis of apple peel. This study could provide some insights into the action mechanism of various cellulases on the digestion of cellulose-containing byproducts and expand the opportunity for cellulase utilization in the extraction of functional ingredients from the plant-derived byproducts.     

Beryllium pollution from slag and ashes from thermal power stations

Beryllium enters the environment principally from coal combustion. Be contents in the ashes from a Czechoslovak power plant were determined. The ashes used in the experiment were as follows: coarse (> 2.0 mm) and fine (2.0 to 0.2 mm) fraction from dump, and fine (< 0.2 mm) fraction from electrostatic precipitators. It was discovered that the acidic and the alkali aqueous extracts of these ashes contain various concentrations of Be (1 to 17% of total concentration). Wastewater has shown 3.15 and 3.4 μg Be L^?1. Thus, secondary long-term Be pollution emerges from the slag and ash dumps.     

Volatiles from leaves,fruits, and virgin oil from Olea europaea Cv. Olivastra Seggianese from Italy

The volatiles produced by leaves and fruits of Olea europaea cv. Olivastra Seggianese have been analyzed in two different phenological stages. Furthermore, the volatiles of the virgin olive oil obtained from ripe fruits has been characterized. The volatiles were sampled by means of two different techniques: hydrodistillation and SPME. Differences were observed between the two different collection times, the different organs, and sampling techniques. The major constituents were often aldehydes, particularly (E)-2-hexenal (9.8-48.0%); however, also many terpenoids have been identified, mainly (E,E)-alpha-farnesene (0.2-27.0%), linalool (0-3.6%), beta-caryophyllene (0-8.1%), and valencene (0-2.5%). This is the first investigation on this cultivar.     

Production of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose using beta-galactosidases from Lactobacillus reuteri

The beta-galactosidases (beta-Gals) of Lactobacillus reuteri L103 and L461 proved to be suitable biocatalysts for the production of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. Maximum GOS yields were 38% when using an initial lactose concentration of 205 g/L and at approximately 80% lactose conversion. The product mixtures were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Disaccharides other than lactose and trisaccharides made up the vast majority of GOS formed. The main products were identified as beta-d-Galp-(1-->6)-d-Glc (allolactose), beta-d-Galp-(1-->6)-d-Gal, beta-d-Galp-(1-->3)-d-Gal, beta-d-Galp-(1-->6)-Lac, and beta-d-Galp-(1-->3)-Lac. There were no major products with beta1-->4 linkages formed. Both intermolecular and intramolecular transgalactosylation were observed. d-Galactose proved to be a very efficient galactosyl acceptor; thus, a relatively large amount of galactobioses was formed. Monosaccharides could be conveniently separated from the mixture by chromatography using a strong cation-exchange resin.     

TNT nitroreductase from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from TNT-contaminated soil

Microbial degradation and detoxification of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) in soils ultimately depends on the presence of effective intracellular or extracellular enzymes. TNT was rapidly degraded by an enzyme obtained from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from TNT-contaminated soil. The nitroreductase enzyme was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by sequential chromatography on phenyl-sepharose, hydroxyapatite, and ion exchange resins. The TNT-nitroreductase catalyzed reduction of TNT to 4-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (4HADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT). TNT reduction to 4ADNT in cell-free enzyme preparations corresponded to 2ADNT production by intact cells. The enzyme required NADH as a cosubstrate and the optimal pH for the reaction was approximately 6.5. The purified enzyme also exhibited NADH diaphorase activity and its denatured molecular weight was approximately 54 kDa.