含水率对非饱和原状黄土强度的影响

黄土地区修建的路堤、河堤和土石坝等工程大都位于地下水位以上,呈非饱和状态,且其受力处于平面应变状态。采用TS-526真三轴仪改造的平面应变仪,对非饱和原状黄土在平面应变条件下进行了试验。试验结果表明,非饱和黄土的变形和强度随着含水率的变化呈显著变化,含水率越大,强度越小;土体的偏应力随着轴向变形的变化曲线皆为硬化或者强硬化型;但随着体积的变化土体的偏应力曲线出现明显的拐点;非饱和黄土的抗剪强度参数随含水率的增大而减小。含水率对工程的变形和强度影响比较大。     

不同土壤含水率、体积质量及光谱反射率的关系模型

为了准确、快速地检测湿胀干缩型土壤含水率,该文提出了基于近红外光谱技术的土壤含水率分析方法。该文以湖北省黄棕壤、潮土、水稻土为研究对象,利用美国Ocean Optic公司的NIR256-2.5微型光纤光谱仪在暗室环境下对不同含水率下的土壤样本进行光谱反射率的测定和特征分析,并同时测量相应的土壤体积质量,研究土壤含水率、体积质量、光谱反射率之间的相关关系,通过采用2种土壤含水率表示方法与3种土壤光谱反射率表示方法反映土壤含水率与光谱反射率之间关系的对比试验分析,消除土壤其它性状对土壤反射率反演土壤含水率的影响,得到较适宜地进行土壤光谱反射率反演土壤含水率的匹配表示方法,构建三者之间关系的曲面模型和体积质量变化的土壤体积含水率与土壤光谱反射率的关系指数模型。研究结果表明,构建的3种土壤的曲面回归模型,决定系数均大于0.977,F值均达极显著水平,光谱反射率与体积质量的偏回归系数检验亦达显著或极显著水平。采用指数模型表述1400、1900nm波长处的归一化减土光谱反射率与体积质量变化的土壤体积含水率的关系,其决定系数均在0.9以上,对模型进行验证,其预测误差在0.3左右,精度较高,所建模型拟合效果好。该研究可为用近红外光谱检测体积质量变化的土壤含水率提供科学资料。     

集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测模型构建与验证

传统的土壤压实风险评估方法是基于土壤的先期固结压力理论,以机械的接地压力与土壤先期固结压力间关系作为判断依据,缺少针对集约化稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的土壤结构破坏程度的评价方法和依据。为研究适合中国稻作特色,可以定量预测机械压实危害程度的压实容重预测模型,该研究基于土壤的回弹指数和压缩指数推导出土壤压实容重预测模型,以适用于集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测。采用调控原状土含水率的单轴压缩试验法分别构建了土壤初始容重、初始含水率与弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力之间的传递函数,然后基于典型机型的田间原位平板下陷试验验证所建模型的可靠性和实用性。结果表明,基于单轴压缩试验法构建的各传递函数拟合决定系数大于0.95。将各传递函数模型所得的弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力输入土壤压实容重模型预测的压实后的土壤容重与实测值的相对误差小于5%。可见,该研究设计的土壤压实预测模型能够准确量化受机械压实情况下土壤容重的变化量,而土壤传递函数法能为构建和应用区域性农业土壤的压实模型提供便利。研究可为集约化生产条件下稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的...     

采用Gompertz函数的水稻土压缩特性研究

土壤压实模型是预测压实破坏的常用方法,但土壤压实模型的应用常因输入参数(土壤压缩特性及其与不同土壤物理性质之间的关系)的缺乏而受到限制。为定量地评价土壤水力学性质和土壤结构对土壤压缩特性的影响,该文利用土壤固结仪对25种不同含水率和容重的重塑土样进行单轴压缩试验,并采用Gompertz函数对试验数据进行拟合以获取土样的回弹指数、压缩指数和先期固结压力。试验结果表明,Gompertz函数对水稻土试验数据的拟合效果较优,决定系数为0.991～0.999。水稻土回弹指数为0.003～0.138,与容重呈负相关,与含水率呈正相关。水稻土压缩指数为0.115～0.839,与容重呈负相关,与含水率呈二次多项式关系。水稻土先期固结压力为33～127k Pa,与容重呈正相关,与含水率呈负相关。该研究建立的土壤压缩特性与含水率和容重之间的传递函数,可用于大尺度范围内水稻土压缩特性的预测;同时这些传递函数可作为土壤压实模型的输入参数,用于农业机械作业引起的压实破坏的量化和土壤压实风险的评估。     

降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移变化的影响

高温季节土壤表层温度非常高,土壤内部含水率较低,突发性降雨对于土壤温度动态变化和水热交换运移影响极大。为了揭示降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移变化的影响,该研究建立了反映降雨入渗过程的土壤热量运移数学模型,编制了有限元数值计算程序,针对南京雨花台区典型土壤,开展了降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移影响的数值计算与分析研究。结果表明：不考虑降雨入渗情况下,土壤温度变化与热量运移主要是表层土壤与环境之间的热交换作用引起,热量运移影响深度约0.2 m;降雨强度45 mm/h作用下,随降雨历时增加,雨水全部自由入渗到土壤内部,土壤内部基质吸力呈线性递减趋势,湿润锋面逐渐下移,土壤体积含水率快速增加;湿润锋过后的土壤体积含水率逐渐接近于饱和体积含水率,土壤入渗能力逐渐下降,直至趋于饱和入渗率;在降雨非饱和入渗影响下,入渗到土壤孔隙中的低温雨水与土壤颗粒发生热量交换,进而改变了原有土壤温度场分布,并随着降雨入渗深度的持续增加,降雨入渗过程对土壤热量运移的影响呈现逐渐减弱趋势。经过现场实测数据与模拟计算结果验证,随着降雨历时增加,土壤体积含水率实测值和数值计算值相对误差保持在±3.99%以内,均方根误差RMSE为0.01 cm3/cm3;土壤温度实测值和数值计算值的相关误差保持在±2.72%以内,均方根误差RMSE为0.55℃,模拟计算结果和现场实测数据均吻合较好,表明该模型对描述降雨非饱和入渗过程土壤热量运移规律的适应性较强,数值计算程序合理。研究成果可为农业水利工程与水土保持、土壤水文水资源的分布与利用、城市水资源控制与生态环境保护等领域提供重要参考。     

川西北高寒区冻融交替作用后土壤水热运移模拟研究

川西北高寒区在黄河和长江上游的水源涵养与补给、生态平衡中发挥着重要作用,该区土壤长期受到昼夜及季节性冻融作用影响,但土壤水分和热量在受到冻融交替作用后的变化规律,及其在草地退化及沙化过程中的作用还不明确。通过野外采集土样进行室内土柱模拟水热运移实验,利用有限元软件HYDRUS建立了一维土柱模型,开展基于冻融循环作用后的非饱和沙化草地和天然草地土壤水热迁移过程的数值计算研究,揭示不同冻融界面条件下沙化草地和天然草地土壤的水热分布特征、空间运移特性。结果表明：HYDRUS软件模拟沙化草地和天然草地土壤体积含水率的模拟结果R²>0.98,其平均值分别为0.997,0.996,模拟效果较理想;在土壤温度特性方面,模拟结果R²>0.98,平均值0.999,HYDRUS软件较好地模拟了川西北高寒区冻融交替作用后天然草地和沙化草地土壤温度和体积含水量的变化特征。通过模拟预测发现,反复冻融作用后,天然草地和沙化草地土壤体积含水率随时间变化均呈现上下波动的趋势,天然草地各土层体积含水率总体均高于沙化草地含水率;土壤温度模拟值呈现先波动上升后波动下降...     

积雪覆盖条件下土壤液态含水率空间分布

为了揭示季节性冻土区积雪覆盖条件下土壤垂直剖面各层次液态含水率序列的复杂性变化过程,基于(2013年11月-2014年4月)实测的田间数据,分析了裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚覆盖处理条件下5、10、15、20、40、60、100、140、180 cm土层土壤液态含水率的变化过程,采用变异系数、方差等指标评价其时间序列的离散程度,同时利用小波变换信息量系数(wavelet transform information cost function,WT-ICF)值对含水率序列的复杂性进行识别验证。结果表明:冻融期,积雪覆盖阻碍了土壤与环境之间的水汽传输与能量交换过程,裸地处理条件下土壤含水率变幅最大的层面出现在20 cm土层处,其含水率变幅为18.31%,自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚条件下其最大变幅层面分别为15、15、10 cm,层面逐渐上升;裸地处理条件下20 cm土层处的离散程度最大,随着积雪覆盖厚度的增加和密度的增大,序列离散程度最大的层面逐渐上移,其变异系数依次为6.0189%、6.1367%和6.8546%,波动性增强;小波变换信息量系数能够精确的测算各土层土壤含水率的复杂度,裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚处理条件下其复杂性活跃层依次为21、18、14和10 cm,积雪的存在导致了环境因子对于土壤的影响区域减小,复杂性活跃层向地表移动。该研究揭示了北方寒区冻融期土壤水分迁移的复杂性特征,对于合理预测春播期土壤墒情,精准、高效的利用土壤水资源具有指导意义。     

体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重

土壤含水率直接测量是相关研究和应用的基础,在土壤力学、作物栽培、农田灌溉、生态环境等研究和实践中十分重要。该文提出了一种与传统烘干称质量法相当的体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重。该方法在假设一定土壤颗粒密度的前提下,用一定体积的标准取样环刀取得土样后,通过向待测量土体补充水分使土壤达到饱和,用一定体积的水置换土壤中的充气空隙,直到土样达到饱和状态;再通过测量得到的初始/原始土样质量、饱和后土壤的质量以及已知土壤颗粒密度和水密度,计算得到被置换的充气空隙的体积,进而由此计算得到土壤质量含水率和土壤容重。采用3种不同土壤,即陕西杨凌黏黄土、北京粉壤土和江西黏红土,分别预配制成7种不同初始土壤体积含水率,含水率约为:风干土(含水率2%～3%)、5%、10%、15%、25%、30%和饱和含水率,以及3种不同土壤容重:1.25、1.35和1.45g/cm3进行室内试验。用类似的土样,采用传统方法烘干土样8、12、24、48h后,测量确定土壤的质量含水率,通过延长烘干时间测得数据表明,传统方法烘干8h所测得的质量含水率仍有1%～3.2%的含水率误差。最终试验结果表明体积置换方法测得的土壤含水率比传统烘干土样8h所测得的结果大2%～3%,比烘干土样48h所测得的结果大1%左右。体积置换方法测量操作过程简单,耗时较少,节约能源,测量结果具有较高精度。     

含水量和容重对旱地耕层土壤热导率的影响及预测

土壤热导率是研究地表能量平衡和土壤水热运移过程中的一个基础参数。受土壤耕作、干湿交替和根系生长等过程的影响,耕层土壤的含水率和结构呈现较强的变异特征,而目前缺乏关于定量分析耕层土壤热导率变异特征的研究。该研究利用田间定位试验,采用热脉冲技术测定了含水率和容重变化条件下耕层土壤热导率的变异特征,并利用传递函数模型对耕层土壤热导率进行了预测。结果表明:含水率和容重是影响耕层土壤热导率变异的主要因子,而耕作强度和干湿交替是这种变异的关键驱动力;与翻耕和旋耕处理相比,免耕处理提高了土壤容重和含水率,从而增大了土壤热导率;在干湿交替作用下,翻耕后土壤容重逐步增加,耕层热导率也呈现上升趋势,波动幅度与含水率的变化相关。基于含水率、容重和质地信息,土壤热导率传递函数模型可以给出可靠的田间土壤热导率估计值,其均方根误差和平均偏差分别为0.09和-0.01 W/(m·K);考虑耕层土壤容重的动态信息,可以提高该模型预测土壤热导率的准确性。     

土壤导热率测定及其计算模型的对比分析

土壤导热率是重要的热参数之一,为了获得预测导热率的准确方法,该文对比分析了确定土壤导热率的热脉冲直接测定法和模型间接推求法。根据热脉冲原理在相同体积质量下,测定了不同质地和含水率土壤的导热率值。结果表明在相同含水率条件下,砂粒含量越高,土壤的导热率越大,土壤导热能力越强。利用Horton经验公式对实测值进行了拟合,结果显示Horton经验模型基本可以反映土壤导热率变化特征,并得到了Horton公式经验系数。利用实测值与Campbell模型计算值进行了比较,结果显示Campbell模型计算结果偏差较大,并对其进行了修正。并且用实测值与Johansen模型及其2种改进模型(Coté-Konrad模型和Lu-Ren模型)的计算值进行了对比分析,结果表明Johansen模型计算结果与实测值偏差较大,2种改进型模型的计算结果与实测值更接近。该研究表明土壤导热率可以利用土壤质地、含水率、孔隙度和体积质量进行计算,3种理论模型的计算值与实测值的相关系数均值分别为:0.643、0.937、0.943,推荐使用Coté-Konrad模型和Lu-Ren模型计算土壤导热率,Lu-Ren模型比Coté-Konrad模型的适用范围更广。     

初始含水量和容重对黑土压缩特性的影响

东北黑土区农业机械化水平高,农机作业压实导致的土壤结构和物理性状退化问题日益严重,压缩特性是定量分析土壤压实过程的有效手段,但目前黑土压缩特性随初始含水量和初始容重的变化规律尚不明确。为了解初始含水量和初始容重对黑土压缩特性的影响程度及其变化关系,该研究以重塑黑土为对象,设0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40 g/g共6个初始含水量水平,设1.00、1.10、1.20、1.30、1.45、1.60 g/cm³共6个初始容重水平,使用固结仪进行单轴压缩试验测定土壤压缩曲线,分析初始含水量和容重对压缩特性影响。结果表明,土壤初始含水量、容重及两者交互作用均极显著影响重塑黑土压缩特性(P<0.001),据此建立了预测压缩特性的土壤传递函数。黑土的预固结压力为10.42～1 106.17 kPa,与初始含水量显著线性正相关、与初始容重显著线性负相关(P<0.05);压缩指数为0.311～0.852,与初始含水量和容重呈二元多项式方程的关系,随初始容重的增大而降低,在中等含水量时最大;回弹指数为0.007～0.321,与初始含水量正相关,与...     

Guidelines for safe trafficking and cultivation, and resistance–density–moisture relations of three disturbed soils from Alberta

The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test are used by engineers for classifying soils and for predicting stability of building foundations. Field capacity and wilting point (agronomic limits) are used to indicate available water for plant uptake. Few studies have related the engineering criteria to the agronomic ones with regard to compaction hazard for soils. This study investigated the relationships between Atterberg limits, agronomic limits and the critical moisture content (moisture content at Proctor maximum density) for three disturbed soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils from a reclaimed Highvale mine site, and a silt loam soil from a grazing site at Lacombe) of different textures. Relationships between bulk density, moisture content and penetration resistance for these soils were also investigated. For the sandy loam and loam soils, the field capacity was close to the critical moisture content but lower than the plastic limit. Therefore, cultivation of these two soils at moisture contents close to field capacity should be avoided since maximum densification occurs at these moisture contents. Overall, the critical moisture content or field capacity would be a better guide for trafficking of sandy loam and loam textured soils than the Atterberg limits. For the clay loam, field capacity was within the plastic range. Thus trafficking this soil at field capacity would cause severe compaction. In conclusion, either field capacity or plastic limit, whichever is less, can be used as a guide to avoid trafficking at this moisture content and beyond. For the sandy loam and loam soils penetration resistance significantly increased only with increased bulk density (P≤0.05). For the clay loam soil, penetration resistance was positively related to bulk density and negatively related to moisture content.     

城市土壤压实对土壤水分特征的影响——以南京市为例

通过对南京市不同土地利用下的土壤容重、孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲线的测定，研究了压实对土壤水分特征参数的影响。结果表明城市土壤存在严重的压实退化现象，土壤容重和孔隙度能够很好地反映土壤的压实程度。随着压实程度的增加，土壤的田间持水量增加，萎蔫点含水量增加，而土壤的最大有效水含量却明显减少。所以，压实土壤对水分的调节能力下降，使其上生长的植物更不容易获得水分供应。     

Mechanisms of soil vulnerability to compaction of homogenized and recompacted Ultisols

Soil compaction is a main cause of soil degradation in the world and the information of soil compaction in subtropical China is limited. Three main Ultisols (quaternary red clay, sandstone and granite) in subtropical China were homogenized to pass through 2 mm sieve and recompacted into soil cores at two bulk densities (1.25 and 1.45 g cm⁻³). The soil cores were equilibrated at different matric potential values (−3, −6 and −30 kPa) before subjected to multi-step compaction tests. Objectives of this study were to determine how different initial soil conditions and loading time intervals influence pre-compression stress and to evaluate an easy measure to determine soil vulnerability to compaction. It became evident that the soil strength indicator, pre-compression stress, was affected by soil texture, initial soil bulk density and matric potential. The coarser the soil texture, the lower the bulk density and the higher the matric potential, the lower was the pre-compression stress. The pre-compression stress decreased exponentially with increasing initial soil water content. Soil water content and air permeability decreased after compaction. The amount of water loss was affected not only by soil texture, bulk density and initial water content but also by loading time interval. These results indicate soil pore structure and hydraulic conductivity changed during compactions. The applied stress corresponding to the highest changes of pore water pressure during compaction had a significant linear relationship with the pre-compression stress (R=0.88, P<0.001). The correlation was ascribed to that the changes in pore water pressure describe the dynamics of the interactive effects of soil pore characters and soil water movement during compaction. The results suggested the evaluation of soil vulnerability to compaction have to consider the initial soil condition and an easy method to measure the changes in pore water pressure can be applied to compare soil strength and soil vulnerability to compaction.     

An investigation of the re-expansion of unsaturated, structured soils during cyclic static loading

A procedure is presented that quantifies soil resilience to compressive stress, through elastic deformation or re-expansion after stress removal, with a single numerical index. This was achieved by comparing the three parameter coefficients of static-loaded and rebound compression lines (normal stress range = 0–1.0 MPa) which had been fitted to a non-linear density-stress model equation. The difference between the static-loaded and rebound values of one of these coefficients was significantly correlated to the clay and organic matter contents, the gravimetric moisture content and the initial dry bulk density of the 33 soils sampled as intact cores at field moisture content (coefficients of determination=0.533–0.973, P<0.05). The magnitude of the sample rebound observed varied between 0.018 and 0.075 Mg m⁻³ at the maximum applied stress of 1.0 MPa. This is likely to be a significant component of the error in prediction inherent in compaction models based on static-loaded compression data. The data further support the segregation of soils into groupings of comparable mechanical behaviour for soil compaction modelling purposes. The implications of these findings for improving soil resilience to compressive stress through soil and crop management are discussed.     

Influence of soil moisture,soil compaction and K fertilization on maize (Zea mays L.) grown on Iwo Soil

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) on Iwo Soil in relation to different levels of soil moisture, soil compaction and K fertilization. Reductions in dry matter yields of maize were closely associated with soil moisture stress and compaction. There was significant interaction between soil moisture and bulk density, with highest yields occurring at 17% and 21% soil moisture levels for 1.6 and 1.2 g/cm³ bulk densities, respectively. Moisture stress and compaction resulted in greater reductions in the yield of roots than that of shoot. Yield and K uptake were more adversely affected by compaction compared to soil moisture stress. Addition of K increased yield and plant K content but the 60 ppm and 120 ppm rates were not significantly different in terms of improving crop performance. Implications of the results relative to long-term management of Iwo Soil are discussed.     

Modelling compaction of agricultural subsoils by tracked heavy construction machinery under various moisture conditions in Switzerland

In recent years, agricultural land in Switzerland has been increasingly used as temporary access ways for heavy machinery in road and pipeline construction operations. The Swiss soil protection law requires that measures are taken to prevent soil compaction in such operations, but gives no criteria to determine tolerable loads. We studied the compaction sensitivity of a loess soil (Haplic Luvisol) at different soil moisture conditions in a field traffic experiment and by a numerical model on the computer using finite element analysis. Two plots, one wetted by sprinkling and one left dry (no sprinkling), were traversed by heavy caterpillar vehicles during construction of a large overland gas pipeline. Compaction effects were determined by comparing precompression stresses of samples taken from trafficked and non-trafficked soil. A finite element model with a constitutive relation, based on the concept of critical state soil mechanics, was used to interpret the outcome of the field trials.

We found significantly higher precompression stresses in the trafficked (median 97 kPa) compared with the non-trafficked (median 41 kPa) topsoil of the wet plot. No effect was evident in the topsoil of the dry plot as well as in the subsoils of the wet and the dry plot. The observed compaction effects were in agreement with the model predictions if the soil was assumed to be partially drained, but disagreed for the wet subsoil if fully drained conditions were assumed. Agreement between model and experimental results also required that the moisture dependence of the precompression stress was taken into account.     

A method for predicting soil susceptibility to the compaction of surface layers as a function of water content and bulk density

Identifying the vulnerability of soils to compaction damage is becoming an increasingly important issue when planning and performing farming operations. Soil compaction models are efficient tools for predicting soil compaction due to agricultural field traffic. Most of these models require knowledge of the stress/strain relationship and of mechanical parameters and their variations as a function of different physical properties. Since soil compaction depends on the soil's water content, bulk density and texture, good understanding of the relations between them is essential to define suitable farming strategies according to climatic changes. In this work we propose a new pedotransfer function for 10 representative French soils collected from cultivated fields, a vineyard and forests. We investigate the relationship between soil mechanical properties, easily measurable soil properties, water content and bulk density. Confined compression tests were performed on remoulded soils of a large range of textures at different initial bulk densities and water contents. The use of remolded samples allowed us to examine a wide range of initial conditions with low measurement variability. Good linear regression was obtained between soil precompression stress, the compression index, initial water content, initial bulk density and soil texture. The higher the clay content, the higher the soil's capacity to bear greater stresses at higher initial water contents without severe compaction. Initial water content plays an important role in clayey and loamy soils. In contrast, for sandy soils, mechanical parameters were less dependent on initial water content but more related to initial bulk density. These pedotransfer functions are expected to hold for the soils of tilled surface layers, but further measurements on intact samples are needed to test their validity.     

A system for measuring soil physical properties in the field

An automated soil sampler and a system for measuring the physical properties of soil cores in the field were developed for the study of soil compaction and tillage effects on soil physical properties. The system measures the bulk density, air-filled porosity, intrinsic air permeability, and moisture content on 47.6 mm diameter soil cores as well as measuring cone penetration resistance in the field. Results of a laboratory calibration study illustrated that the system measures the soil properties with acceptable accuracy. A main benefit of the system was the fact that it could measure all of the above properties on ten core samples down to a depth of 0.5 m, typically within 15 min.

A field compaction study showed that the system was capable of detecting the effects of a 15.2 tonne axle load on the soil down to a depth of 0.4 m, 1 year after compaction.     

Measuring and predicting Stress Distribution under Tractive Devices in Undisturbed Soils

The objective of this study was to compare predicted stresses with measured stresses within the soil profile underneath a tractor rear tyre as affected by soil type, dynamic load, and contact pressure. The major principal stress, octahedral normal stress, and octahedral shearing stress were compared. A three-dimensional non-linear finite element model was used to predict soil profile stresses while stress state transducers were used to measure soil stresses beneath a moving tyre in the field. Principal stresses, octahedral normal stresses, and octahedral shearing stresses were calculated from the measured stresses. Predicted values of soil stress obtained from the finite element model were compared against measured values obtained from field experiments. Generally, the results from the finite element model were found to be compatible with the experimental results. The study of compaction on two soils indicated that, at the same dynamic load, compaction of clay soils was far more severe than that of coarsely textured soils.