白龙江上游黑体高原鳅生物学研究

对2006年5～10月和2007年7～8月采于白龙江上游的200尾黑体高原鳅进行生物学研究.体长40.3～117.26mm,体重1.20～20.19g.脊椎骨数4 35～41 1.年龄可分为5个龄组,1龄→5龄数量表现为逐渐减少趋势.体重与体长呈显著的幂函数相关:W♂ ♀=0.0136L2.993,(R2=0.92).Fulton肥满度雌体平均为1.37,雄体平均为1.33;Clark肥满度雌体平均为0.96,雄体平均为1.03.幼体主要摄食摇蚊幼虫;成体主要摄食钩虾,蜘蛛和昆虫幼虫.雄鱼最小性成熟个体体长和体重分别为80.89mm和8.32g,性成熟系数为1.26%;雌鱼最小成熟个体体长为64.03mm,体重为2.71g,绝对怀卵量为942粒.绝对繁殖力波动在942～9200粒/尾之间,平均为3652粒/尾.     

长江干流长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)繁殖生物学

2012年3月-2014年12月对长江上游宜宾江段采集的521尾野生长鳍吻(鱼句)进行了繁殖生物学研究.结果显示,长鳍吻(鱼句)种群雌雄比为1.41∶1,繁殖期为3-5月,盛期为4月上旬至5月上旬.繁殖季节可通过吻端细小“珠星”鉴别雌雄,雄鱼最小性成熟年龄为2+龄,最小成熟体长为173 mm,体重为90.4 g,成熟系数为0.36％;雌鱼最小性成熟年龄为3+龄,最小成熟体长为185 mm,体重为119.6 g,成熟系数为11.30％.繁殖群体中,雌性优势龄组为3+龄,雄性优势龄组为2+龄和3+龄.统计结果显示,长鳍吻(鱼句)绝对繁殖力(F)为16399-39835(26816±7875)粒/尾,体重相对繁殖力(FW)为162-234(189±23)粒/g,体长相对繁殖力(FL)为877-1659(1231±246)粒/cm.通过对性腺成熟系数、卵径分布频率以及性腺组织切片结果的综合分析认为,长鳍吻(鱼句)属于完全同步产卵类型.     

缺帘鱼人工繁殖初探

2007-2008年对39尾,4～5龄,雌鱼体长36～41 cm,体质量 2.5～2.9 kg,雄鱼体长 32～35 cm,体质量 1.5～1.6 kg的缺帘鱼亲鱼用 HCG、PG、LHR-A_2、DOM 4种催产药物,按5种组合(设置每千克体质量:HCG 300 IU + LHR-A_2 2.5 μg + DOM 2 mg、 HCG 3500 IU +PG 2 mg + LHR-A_2 3 μg + DOM 3 mg、PG 4 mg + LHR-A_2 6 μg + DOM 2 mg、HCG 700 IU + DOM 2 mg、LHR-A_2 5 μg + DOM 4 mg)进行催产试验,催产水温27～28 ℃,采用两针注射,效应时间 9～10h.5种组合的平均催产率分别为75.2%、75.4%、75.5%、60%、60.3%;平均受精率为76.6%;平均孵化率为68.5%;平均出苗率为72.2%;出膜时间为17～18 h;孵化水温27～28 ℃,20尾雌鱼共产卵59 560粒;共获苗种23 469尾.     

长江干流长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)繁殖生物学

2012年3月–2014年12月对长江上游宜宾江段采集的521尾野生长鳍吻鮈进行了繁殖生物学研究。结果显示,长鳍吻鮈种群雌雄比为1.41:1,繁殖期为3–5月,盛期为4月上旬至5月上旬。繁殖季节可通过吻端细小"珠星"鉴别雌雄,雄鱼最小性成熟年龄为2~+龄,最小成熟体长为173 mm,体重为90.4 g,成熟系数为0.36%;雌鱼最小性成熟年龄为3~+龄,最小成熟体长为185 mm,体重为119.6 g,成熟系数为11.30%。繁殖群体中,雌性优势龄组为3~+龄,雄性优势龄组为2~+龄和3~+龄。统计结果显示,长鳍吻鮈绝对繁殖力(F)为16399–39835(26816±7875)粒/尾,体重相对繁殖力(F_W)为162–234(189±23)粒/g,体长相对繁殖力(F_L)为877–1659(1231±246)粒/cm。通过对性腺成熟系数、卵径分布频率以及性腺组织切片结果的综合分析认为,长鳍吻鮈属于完全同步产卵类型。     

长江宜昌段鳙的繁殖生物学初步研究

研究长江宜昌江段鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)野生群体的性比、年龄结构、初次性成熟体长、繁殖力和产卵类型等生活史特征,为三峡水库生态调度方案的优化、鳙增殖放流和人工繁殖提供科学数据。2015年3月至2016年5月,在长江中游宜昌江段月度采样,共收集鳙样本940尾,其中可区分性别个体135尾(♀68尾,♂67尾)。性腺发育达到IV期及以上个体共计55尾,其中雌鱼32尾、雄鱼23尾。繁殖群体雌雄性比为1.4∶1,体长370～900 mm,体重500～11 650 g,由2～7龄共6个年龄组组成。采用Logistic方程推算出初次性成熟个体特征,雌性平均体长480.1 mm,对应体重2 137.6 g,平均年龄3.33龄;雄性平均体长464.0 mm,对应体重1 937.5 g,平均年龄2.91龄。卵径(3.75±0.14) mm,大小分布呈双峰型,推测为分批同步产卵型鱼类。绝对繁殖力(390 000±79 000)粒,相对繁殖力为(72.4±3.0)粒/g,绝对繁殖力随着鱼体长、体重增长而增大。性腺成熟系数周年变化规律显示,宜昌江段鳙的繁殖时间为5月下旬至8月上旬,以6-7月为盛产期。建议提高鳙开捕年龄,严格限制捕捞未性成熟个体;同时加强产卵场的修复和栖息地的保护,并定期实施合理的增殖放流和生态调度。     

鞍带石斑鱼印Epinephelus lanceolatus（Bloch）中间培育技术的初步研究

将体长2．48-3．00cm,平均体长2．64cm;体重2.37～3．16g,平均体重2．68g的鞍带石斑鱼鱼苗在水温17．2～24．6℃、海水盐度31．2条件下进行室外水泥池培育。采取逐渐添加淡水降低盐度至18～19;以鱼体重4％-6％日投喂量投喂用鱼浆或鲜虾浆与幼鳗粉料混合制成的湿性饲料的方式。经过52d的培育,鱼苗体长增至4．7-6．8cm,平均体长增长3．12cm／尾,增长率121．44％;体重增至5．73-8．64g,平均体重增重4．84g／尾,增重率180．60％。培育存活率97．4％。     

鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceolatus(Bloch)中间培育技术的初步研究

将体长2.4～3.00锄,平均体长2.64 cm;体重2.37～3.16 g,平均体重2.68 g的鞍带石斑鱼鱼苗在水温17.扣24～6℃、海水盐度31.2条件下进行室外水泥池培育.采取逐渐添加淡水降低盐度至18～19;以鱼体重4%～6%日投喂量投喂用鱼浆或鲜虾浆与幼鳗粉料混合制成的湿性饲料的方式.经过52 d的培育,鱼苗体长增至4.7～6.8 cm,平均体长增长3.12 era/尾,增长率121.44%;体重增至5.73～8.64g,平均体重增重4.84 g/尾,增重率180.6%.培育存活率97.4%.     

昆明裂腹鱼人工繁殖技术研究

于2003年8月起进行野生昆明裂腹鱼(Schizothorax grahami)亲鱼培育研究,并2009年5月3日—9日进行了人工繁殖技术和鱼苗培育实验。结果显示:野生昆明裂腹鱼在人工驯化养殖条件下,能在池塘内正常生长发育。亲鱼初次性成熟年龄为4龄,雌鱼以5～6龄最佳。采用二次胸鳍基部注射,催产孵化水温为14～17℃,效应时间平均为46h,平均孵化时间为176 h,鱼苗经60 d培育(平均水温14～18℃)体长可达5.05 cm。     

闽东北外海渔场银方头鱼渔业生物学初步研究

闽东北外海底层流刺网作业渔获的银头鱼群体由1～6龄11个世代构成,以2、3和4龄占优势;体长优势组为210～270mm,体重优势组为200～400g,体长与体重的关系W=2.1120×10~(-5)×L~(2.9964)r=0.9970。初次性成熟年龄为2～3龄,最小性成熟个体体长为190mm,在4～8月均有产卵活动;按von Bertalanffy方程拟合生长参数:L_(∝)=436.21mm,W_(∝)=1715.05g,k=0.2357,t_0=-0.9542,体重生长拐点年龄为3.702龄。     

长江铜陵段紫薄鳅个体生物学与资源保护

按常规生物学方法,对长江铜陵段紫薄鳅(Leptobotia taeniops)的形态特征、体长与体重关系、肥满度、食性、繁殖等个体生物学特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,所取样本体长范围为6.81～12.40cm,体重范围为7.00～36.24g;体长与体重呈显著的幂函数关系:W=0.0348L2.7480(r=0.9090);为偏动物食性的杂食性鱼类。以体长8.00～10.00cm组的肥满度为高,雄性的Fulton肥满度随体长的逐渐增加而降低。性成熟年龄在1+～2+龄,4～7月份产卵繁殖,卵为半漂浮性。种群性比为1:1.4,V期绝对怀卵量平均为2602粒,相对怀卵量平均为127粒/g,成熟卵的卵径达(1.47±0.10)mm。年龄分为3个组,其中2+龄个体占63.79%。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.