应用引诱剂监测松墨天牛试验

为了准确掌握松墨褐天牛成虫在信阳新县羽化时间,监测松材线虫病发生区林间的松墨褐天牛虫口密度,有效防治松材线虫病提供科学依据,2010年至2012年的5-8月,笔者在河南省新县采用松墨天牛引诱剂监测松墨褐天牛,结果表明：新县松墨褐天牛羽化初期为5月上旬至6月上旬,6月中旬到7月中旬为高峰期,7月下旬至8月底为羽化末期。虫口密度与引诱效果成正相关,在松墨天牛成虫虫口密度大的林分,引诱效果较明显。     

APF-I型引诱剂诱捕器对闽侯县松墨天牛诱捕效果初探

为掌握松材线虫病发生区松墨天牛的种群发生规律,在闽侯县马尾松林内连续3 a使用APF-I型引诱剂诱捕器诱捕松墨天牛成虫,结果显示,闽侯县松墨天牛成虫种群数量高峰集中在5—7月,APF-I型引诱剂诱捕器对青口镇、南通镇和鸿尾乡的松墨天牛具有较好引诱效果。根据松墨天牛成虫活动规律,在松材线虫疫情防控工作中,松墨天牛诱捕器适宜在5—11月布设,其中5—7月为最佳防治时期。     

引诱剂诱杀松墨天牛成虫效果初报

松墨天牛(Monochamus alteratus)是松材线虫病的重要传播媒介昆虫。诱杀松墨天牛成虫，减少松墨天牛虫口密度是防治松材线虫病的有效防治方法之一。笔者于2003年5—7月在重庆万州区天城镇松材线虫病发生区及发生区外围采用引诱剂进行了诱杀松墨天牛试验。现将试验的初步结果报告如下，以供探讨。     

不同引诱剂和诱捕器对松墨天牛的林间引诱效果

2006年和2007年,采用不同的诱捕器和引诱剂,对泸县和富顺的马尾松林中松墨天牛成虫进行了诱捕.结果表明自制SC-1型松墨天牛引诱剂和A-3型松墨天牛引诱剂对松墨天牛成虫的引诱效果基本相同.替代型塑料质诱捕器对松墨天牛成虫的引诱效果只有YB-50型铁质松墨天牛诱捕器的63.70%～81.11%,但塑料质诱捕器成本低、安装简便、不易丢失.在林间虫口数量较大的林区,在同一地点连续进行诱捕,可有效减少林间松墨天牛虫口数量,可用于对松墨天牛的防治.而在林间虫口数量较小的林区,采用诱捕的方法对松墨天牛进行防治,则效果较差甚至没有效果.在四川泸县和富顺诱捕的天牛成虫中,尚未发现松材线虫.     

松墨天牛引诱剂引诱距离及引诱时间的研究

松墨天牛引诱剂是防治秘墨天牛和松材线虫病的重要手段之一。为探明引诱剂的引诱距离和引诱时间，近几年分别在松林外和林间进行了测定。引诱距离在松林外距离林缘４０～８０ｍ的孤立木上都有明显的引诱作用，离林缘越近，诱虫效果越明显。在林间诱木上施引诱剂后３～５天，有３２％的诱木有天牛来咬刻槽；６～１２天有４７％的诱木有天牛来咬刻槽。诱木实际诱虫时间平均为６２．４天。     

饵木-化学药剂优化组合法诱杀松墨天牛

饵木诱集、化学防治是防治松墨天牛诸多方法中较常用的方法。通过对化学药剂的筛选及饵木对天牛引诱距离的测定,优化饵木与化学药剂的组合,提高其对松墨天牛的防治效果。结果表明,饵木与化学药剂的最佳组合是:饵木在成虫羽化前25d设置,每两株饵木之间距离应相隔150m左右,往饵木上喷洒1%阿维菌素触破式微胶褒剂150倍液,每隔10d喷洒1次,能充分发挥活饵木和化学药剂的效果,降低林间松墨天牛虫口密度,从而有效防治松材线虫病。     

松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学研究进展

[目的]通过对松材线虫的媒介松墨天牛的防控以达到控制松材线虫病的目的。[方法]通过查阅国内外相关文献,对松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学进行归纳总结。[结果]松墨天牛成虫活动范围较小,当食物短缺时会远距离迁飞。大部分成虫补充营养10 d后才开始交配,交配分为三个阶段:雌雄成虫共同受寄主植物挥发物吸引,雄虫通过短距离信息素吸引雌虫,再通过接触信息素识别雌虫。植物挥发物如α-蒎烯和乙醇等可以引起松墨天牛成虫的反应,樟子松墨天牛雄虫分泌的聚集信息素2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol能同时引诱雄虫和雌虫,使用植物挥发物与聚集信息素复配研制出的引诱剂如APF-I型引诱剂引诱松墨天牛时,效果比单独使用更加显著,是一种灵敏高效、环境友好、不易产生抗性的防治方法。视觉在松墨天牛活动中具备一定的指导作用,使其对褐色有较大的选择偏向性,当复眼被涂黑后交配成功率也相对下降。进行取食选择时,选择健康木优先于衰弱木,进行产卵选择时则相反。未交配松墨天牛对健康松枝挥发物的触角电位反应值比被害松枝挥发物的反应值大,交配后的松墨天牛触角电位反应与交配前相反。产卵后雌虫会在产卵孔分泌包含产卵忌避信息素的胶状物,防止其他雌虫在此处产卵。[结论]可以使用引诱剂防治松墨天牛,也可以应用天敌生物花绒寄甲、白僵菌和管氏肿腿蜂等防控松墨天牛。     

灯光诱杀松墨天牛的效果及评价

三地两年的对比试验结果表明 ,45 0 W高压汞灯诱杀松墨天牛 Monochamus alter-natus Hope效果明显优于 2 0 W黑光灯 ,灯光引诱结果与松墨天牛自然羽出情况基本一致 ,灯光诱集的松墨天牛雌雄成虫体上均可分离到松材线虫 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle。因此利用 45 0 W高压汞灯监测松墨天牛及松材线虫种群有应用价值 ,有待进一步试验完善。但灯光引诱成本较高 ,安全性也不好 ,用于松墨天牛防治不宜提倡。     

松褐天牛缓释型引诱剂及其引诱效果研究

松褐天牛缓释型引诱剂由引诱活性制剂和具强吸附力的缓释基质复合配制,其组分和配比为2种单萜烯∶ 乙醛∶ 丙酮∶ 乙醇∶ 微晶碳素∶ 膨润土=0.20∶ 0.06∶ 0.06∶ 0.08∶ 0.47∶ 0.13,引诱活性制剂和缓释基质质量分别占缓释型引诱剂总质量的40%和60%。缓释型引诱剂能控制活性成分释放速度,使引诱活性成分较平稳地持续发挥引诱效果。缓释型引诱剂引诱活性成分日均释放量为0.9 g,仅为原型引诱剂日均释放量的25.0%,可引诱以松褐天牛成虫为主的29种林木蛀干害虫,是一种广谱性的缓释型引诱剂。该引诱剂引诱松褐天牛成虫的引诱活性与原型引诱剂基本一致,其林间有效作用半径和诱获率分别为70 m和43.8%。缓释型引诱剂可准确监测松褐天牛等松林蛀干害虫成虫种群数量动态,有效诱杀松材线虫病的媒介昆虫和多种蛀干害虫。     

FJ-MA-02引诱剂林间松墨天牛引诱效果及应用

研制开发的FJ-MA-02松墨天牛引诱剂在福建、广东等地的试验表明,低密度虫口的松阔混交林内,当年新诱捕点每个诱捕器平均引诱到119.3头松墨天牛,其中46.5%为雌成虫,平均每头雌虫怀卵量为37.8粒。在福建中部地区诱虫高峰时间为5~8月。在诱虫点周围翌年虫口数量可降低3倍。该引诱剂诱捕到的松墨天牛携带线虫率高,数量较多。目前FJ-MA-02引诱剂已在各地推广应用,从2002年开始,FJ-MA-02引诱剂已在重庆、广东、安徽、湖南、山东以及云南等省市推广应用于松材线虫病监测与防治。     

天牛害虫的寄主选择及有关防治问题

天牛类害虫在各分布地区所联系的寄主树种,随着生物群落组成的变化而转移。天牛成虫觅食和寻找产卵场所,通常是植物体内挥发物对其引诱作用所致,在生产中常用饵木(饵料)来引诱,非偏好树种也可用来阻隔或切断天牛成虫侵入林分的途径,以减少害虫侵入的数量。     

保松灵防治松墨天牛的林间试验

松材线虫病 [Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle]严重威胁我国的森林资源。浙江等地每年因该病造成大量松树枯死 ,防治松材线虫病刻不容缓。当前 ,我国防治该病主要措施是清理枯死松树 ,降低媒介昆虫松墨天牛 (Monochamus alternatus Hope)密度 ,减缓病害扩散蔓延。但在风景名胜区的松林和古树名木等 ,一旦发生该病 ,仅清理死树是不够的 ,必须采取保护性措施 ,防止因病害导致大量宝贵松树枯死。在日本 ,长期以来主要措施是在松树树冠进行空中或地面喷洒杀螟松、倍硫磷、西维因等农药 ,杀灭松墨天牛成虫 ,从而防治松…     

Within-tree distribution and attractant sampling of propagative pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: An early diagnosis approach

Early detection is of primary importance to enable rapid actions to prevent the spread and introduction of invasive species. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a serious invasive and destructive species, is listed as a quarantine pest in the legislation of more than 40 countries. However, Baermann funnel extractions of wood from discs cut from trees at breast-height often do not detect the presence of PWN in infested trees. A serious consequence of such false negatives is the loss of the best window for implementation of eradication or quarantine measures to prevent establishment of incipient PWN infestations. Here we document the within-tree horizontal and vertical distribution of PWN in infested stands in China, using a newly developed kairomonal trapping technique. Our results provide a simple, effective, rapid and non-destructive sampling method that takes into account the changes of PWN within-tree distribution in relation to pine wilt disease (PWD) symptom development. When 60–80% of the foliage has become pale green, PWN is recovered from larger diameter branches. As disease symptoms progress, PWN moves into and down the trunk. As the needles turn yellow, PWN was recovered from the trunk at 1–2 m above the ground. The correlation between the within-tree distribution of PWN and the expression of symptoms indicated a strong association between the distribution of PWN and physiological and pathological changes that develop in attacked pines through the interaction between PWN and tree. This systematic sampling technique takes into account the within-tree distribution of the nematode and should greatly enhance early detection of PWN in field surveys, monitoring and phytosanitary inspections.     

The population structure and sex ratios of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under a-pinene stress

Pine wood nematode(PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious pathogen of pines throughout the world. Previous work indicated that different concentrations of a-pinene could affect nematode reproduction,however the mechanism of that influence is not clear. In order to examine the reproductive strategies of PWN in response to the stress of the volatile material a-pinene, we investigated different aspects of population changes of B.xylophilus under two concentrations of a-pinene. The results show that a high concentration(214.5 mg ml-1)promoted population growth while a low concentration(56.33 mg ml-1) decreased the population. Population structure was analyzed and it was found that a high concentration of a-pinene decreased the percentage of adults but increased the percentages of larvae and eggs.Furthermore, from the results of an evaluation of sex ratios(female/male), it was determined that a high concentration could elevate sex ratios but a low concentration decreased ratios sharply. These results suggest that the PWN could regulate its population by changing sex ratios under stress of a-pinene. This study has provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode.     

Abundance-dependent transmission of the pinewood nematode, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), to the Japanese pine sawyer, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus alternatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), adult in its pupal chamber

The transmission ratio of the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to the emerging adult Japanese pine sawyer (JPS), Monochamus alternatus, in its pupal chamber is a determinant of the number of the nematodes carried by JPS beetles. To investigate the factors affecting the transmission ratio, we counted the number of the nematodes carried by 36 newly emerged JPS beetles and the number remaining in and around their pupal chambers, and then estimated the transmission ratio (the number of nematodes carried by a JPS adult as a percentage of the total number of nematodes aggregating in and around its pupal chamber). The total number of nematodes aggregating in and around a pupal chamber ranged from 0 to 19,041, and the number of nematodes carried by a beetle ranged from 0 to 18,920. The transmission ratio correlated with neither the water content of the wood around the pupal chamber nor the degree of wood discoloration caused by blue-stain fungus. The transmission ratio varied with the abundance of the nematodes aggregating in and around the pupal chamber. In pupal chambers with more than 1,000 nematodes, almost all the nematodes were transmitted to the beetle. However, in pupal chambers with fewer than 1,000 nematodes, the transmission ratio varied greatly, from 0 to 100%. These results suggest that aggregation of many PWNs in the pupal chamber might stimulate transmission of the PWNs to the JPS adult and that this abundance-related transmission might contribute to the large variation in the number of PWNs carried by the JPS beetle.     

用于筛选植物PGIP的酵母双杂交PGase诱饵载体

对真菌抗性较强的植物能利用自身的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(po lyga lacturonase-inh ib iting prote in,PG IP)来抑制真菌分泌的、降解植物细胞壁的主要物质——多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(po lyga lacturonase,PG ase)的活性.目前,快速、有效的获取植物PG IP的方法是通过酵母双杂交技术来进行的,而这首先要获得真菌PG ase的酵母诱饵载体.以真菌——互格链格孢PG ase的cDNA的为基础,将其克隆到M ATCHM AKER L exA Tw o-Hybrid System的诱饵载体中,并将诱饵载体(pL exA-PG ase)成功转化酵母菌株EGY 478[p8op-lacZ],经检测无自激活作用,可直接用于快速、大量地筛选植物PG IP.     

筛胸梳爪叩甲监测技术及应用

正害虫预测预报是进行害虫风险评估及制定防治决策的基础,使用有效的监测技术能准确地预测林间害虫发生的时间、种群动态等重要参数,可为害虫防治指标的确定和综合防治措施的实施提供参考依据。当前,我国已有近百种重要害虫建立了系统的监测技术[1]。金针虫是鞘翅目(Coleoptera)叩甲科(Elateridae)昆虫幼虫的通称,广布于世界各地,是一种极为重要的地下害虫[2-3]。金针虫隐蔽性强,且能随环境变化改变活动及危害深度,其虫口密度     

处理松材线虫病病死松树伐桩木腐菌的筛选

测试了木腐菌对松材线虫繁殖的影响以及对马尾松木块和松材线虫病病死树伐桩的分解能力,结果表明,供试菌株除裂褶菌菌株外,其他菌株都能抑制松材线虫的繁殖,其中松材线虫在松生拟层孔菌菌株W10、W11,硫磺菌菌株5452、6600,粗皮侧耳菌株6221,虎掌菌菌株6320,茯苓菌株6284,灵芝菌株6501菌落上完全不能存活.对马尾松木块的分解试验结果表明,松生拟层孔菌菌株W10、W11、硫磺菌菌株6600、杂色云芝菌株6923、茯苓菌株6284对马尾松木块具有较强的分解能力.田间接种硫磺菌菌株6600、杂色云芝菌株6923、松生拟层孔菌菌株W11、茯苓菌株6284和粗皮侧耳菌株6221处理松材线虫病病死树伐桩70 d后,硫磺菌菌株6600和杂色云芝菌株6923表现出对松材线虫病病死树伐桩较强的分解能力,这2个菌株可作为今后利用木腐菌处理松材线虫病病死树伐桩的潜力菌株.     

A method for trapping hylobius abietis (L.) with a standardized bait and its potential for forecasting seedling damage

A method for trapping walking Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was developed and evaluated. Synergism between α‐pinene and ethanol in attracting H. abietis was confirmed. The effects of varying release rates of these substances and of adding other host terpenes were studied. A simple bait was developed containing α‐pinene and ethanol released from separate vials. The correlation between trap catch and seedling damage was estimated during May, June, and August on 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year‐old clear‐cuttings. In May and June, population levels were relatively high on all clear‐cuttings and no significant correlations were found. The August experiment showed a strong positive correlation between catch and damage. The percentage damaged seedlings per captured weevil was considerably higher in August than in May or June. Possibilities for developing a system for forecasting seedling damage using this trapping method are discussed.     

松材线虫病的潜伏侵染及松墨天牛传播新途径

在南京用松材线虫接种 7种松树 ,于第 2a在无任何症状的松树的接种点上方 10cm处取样 ,分离线虫。结果表明松材线虫病的潜伏侵染现象比较普遍。在不同的松树品种上潜伏侵染现象有所差异。感病黑松和赤松很快死亡 ,只有在接种量小的情况下才有潜伏侵染现象发生。抗病性强的火炬松和湿地松感病后潜伏侵染现象比较普遍 ,并且样品中的线虫量也较高。而抗病性中等的马尾松和刚松感病后潜伏侵染现象的普遍性及样品中的线虫量均处于中等。短针松接种松材线虫后既不枯死 ,也无潜伏侵染现象。松墨天牛传播松材线虫的试验结果表明 ,未携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫在松材线虫病松枝上取食后 ,再到健康松枝上取食 ,有传播松材线虫的可能。这些结果表明在松材线虫病新病区清理病死木时 ,应采取早期诊断技术 ,把未表现症状的松树一起清除 ,以达到防治目的。