汉阳地区湖泊摇蚊幼虫群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解武汉市汉阳地区湖泊摇蚊幼虫群落结构和多样性及其与湖泊富营养化的关系,2011-2012年对后官湖、三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖等5个湖泊的摇蚊幼虫群落及环境因子进行了季节性调查。在汉阳5个湖泊共采集摇蚊科幼虫6属6种。中国长足摇蚊是这些湖泊摇蚊幼虫群落的共同优势种,优势度变化范围为26.8%~86.4%。摇蚊幼虫年平均密度为(748±162)ind./m~2,年平均生物量为(2.77±0.98)g/m~2,后官湖摇蚊幼虫密度和生物量最低[(171±32)ind./m~2,(0.32±0.12)g/m~2],龙阳湖最高[(1 066±468)ind./m~2,(5.37±2.48)g/m~2])。摇蚊幼虫密度和生物量最高值出现在1月份。摇蚊幼虫Margalef指数(dM)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H')平均值分别为0.38±0.05和0.72±0.12,后官湖摇蚊幼虫多样性指数最高(dM=0.58±0.12,H'=1.03±0.19),南太子湖最低(dM=0.28±0.14,H'=0.38±0.13)。相关分析表明,汉阳地区湖泊摇蚊幼虫密度和生物量与水体总氮、氨氮、总磷和叶绿素a呈显著正相关。冗余分析(RDA)表明,透明度和总氮是影响摇蚊幼虫群落组成的关键因子。研究结果表明汉阳湖泊摇蚊幼虫优势种、密度、生物量和多样性指数对湖泊水质有较好的指示作用。     

摇蚊幼虫人工培育试验

摇蚊是双翅目、摇蚊科昆虫的泛称,其幼虫统称为摇蚊幼虫,俗称血虫。摇蚊幼虫在各类水体中都有广泛的分布,其生物量常占水域底栖动物总量的50%~90%。摇蚊     

三角帆蚌稚蚌培育阶段摇蚊幼虫的药物杀灭试验

为杀灭三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)稚蚌培育池中的摇蚊幼虫,以吡喹酮、伊维菌素、阿维菌素、氰戊菊酯等8种常用水产杀虫药,进行稚蚌培育池中摇蚊幼虫杀灭效果试验,再对筛选出的药物进行急性毒性试验,并据此进行稚蚌培育池中杀灭摇蚊幼虫的药物应用试验.结果显示:溴氰菊酯是稚蚌培育池杀灭摇蚊幼虫的理想药物;在平均...     

猎食性摇蚊幼虫对培育鱼苗的危害及防治方法

摇蚊幼虫是多种经济鱼类的优良饵料，浮游阶段时，不少幼鱼可摄取，转入底栖时则是底层鱼类，鲤、鲫、青鱼等的佳饵。目前尚未见其影响或危害鱼类的报道。笔者在1983年5月上旬，发现本场203号池岳鲤。苗(体长13毫米-20毫米)死亡甚多，经检查试验证明是气泡病及猎食性摇蚊幼虫(以下简称幼虫)综合引起的结果。因此，我们进行了幼虫对培育鱼苗的影响及防治方法的试验，现报告如下。     

滇池摇蚊科幼虫和水丝蚓属的生物学特性分析

报道厂昆明滇池摇蚊科幼虫Chironomidae．、水丝蚓属Limnodrilus的分类特征、生态学特点，分析了滇池摇蚊科幼虫、水丝蚓属优势种的变化及与滇池水质的关系；首次对其食性进行了分析并对其摄食量进行了估算，研究结果表明：1kg摇蚊幼虫每天可消耗鲜藻0．094kg；1kg水蚯蚓每天可消耗鲜藻0．089kg；讨论了摇蚊幼虫、水丝蚓在昆明滇池综合治理中起到的控藻作用，为滇池的综合治理提供了基础资料。     

摇蚊幼虫的人工培育

摇蚊幼虫又名血虫，在各类水体中都有广泛的分布，其生物量常占水域底栖动物总量的50％～90％，是多种经济水生动物如鲤、鲫、棱、爵、青鱼、黄鳝、泥鳅、河蟹、鳖、龟等的优良天然饵料。特别是很多经济水生动物的幼体阶段，更以摇蚊幼虫为其主要天然饵料。因此，大量培养摇蚊幼虫来培育经济水生动物的幼体具有重要意义。摇蚊幼虫生存能力强、生长快、繁殖快，对水体环境没有特别要求。人工培育摇蚊幼虫不需任何特殊设备，方法也非常简单。一、培育池培育摇蚊幼虫池子的大小、深浅、结构等都没有特别的要求；但为了便于管理和收获，最好选择…     

鱼鸭混养塘底栖动物群落结构和动态的研究

我们在巩县康店乡赵沟渔场，选取2#鱼鸭混养塘底栖生物长期监测，以期探讨鱼鸭混养塘底栖动物的种群变动规律，并对该池底栖摇蚊幼虫的分布规律和细长摇蚊幼虫的生产量等进行了探讨。     

剑湖摇蚊幼虫的空间分布与水质评价

通过研究云南剑湖摇蚊幼虫的种类组成和空间分布,结合水质生物学评价指数,分析其群落结构特征并评价水质现状,旨在为该湖泊水生态系统健康评价和发展渔业生产提供基础数据。于2011年1月、4月、6月和10月分冬、春、夏、秋4个季节在剑湖设定11个采样点,进行摇蚊幼虫群落调查。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫共检出13种,隶属3亚科、6属,优势种为中华摇蚊(Chironomus sinicus)、溪流摇蚊(Chironomus riparius)、花纹前突摇蚊(Procladius choreus)和多足摇蚊(Polypedilum spp.);其中中华摇蚊为全湖性分布,其分布平均水深为162 cm,前突摇蚊属种类分布的平均水深最大,其它种类为局部性分布。摇蚊幼虫的平均密度冬季最高,为858.091个/m~2,夏季最低,为154.182个/m~2;冬季生物量最高,为15.741 g/m~2,其它3季均处在较低水平,其中秋季最低,仅1.245 g/m~2。根据水质生物学评价指数,目前剑湖的水质等级为中-重污染,已达富营养化水平;同时给出了剑湖水环境治理和控制建议。     

不同开口饵料对黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响

在水温11～12℃下,将孵出15 d、体质量(0.0206±0.004)g、能平游的黑斑原(鱼兆)Glyptosternum maculatum仔鱼饲养在用网一分为三的平列槽中,投喂微粒子饲料(Ⅰ组)、冰冻摇蚊幼虫(Ⅱ组)、搅碎猪肝(Ⅲ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻Spirulina(9∶1)(Ⅳ组)、摇蚊幼虫+螺旋藻(9∶1)(Ⅴ组)、猪肝+螺旋藻(9∶1)(Ⅵ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+摇蚊幼虫(4∶1∶5)(Ⅶ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+猪肝(4∶1∶5)(Ⅷ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+轮虫(4∶1∶5)(Ⅸ组)、微粒子饲料+苍蝇幼虫(1∶1)(Ⅹ组)和人工配合饲料(Ⅺ组)等开口饵料42 d,统计仔鱼生长、存活和消化酶活性,研究不同开口饵料对黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,投喂单一饵料摇蚊幼虫组仔鱼死亡率最低,与组合饵料(摇蚊幼虫+螺旋藻)差异不显著(P0.05),但显著低于其他各组(P0.05);猪肝组死亡率最高,显著高于其他各组(P0.05);微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+摇蚊幼虫组合饵料组仔鱼体质量和全长增长最快,与摇蚊幼虫组、摇蚊幼虫+螺旋藻组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于其他各组(P0.05);不同开口饵料对黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶变化均具有一定影响。结合死亡率、生长和消化酶变化总体分析,建议在标准化黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼苗饲养中,采用微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+摇蚊幼虫组合作开口饵料效果较好。     

四种消毒剂对摇蚊幼虫杀菌效果研究

为筛选四种鱼用消毒剂对摇蚊幼虫(Chironomid larvae)最适消毒条件,在单因素试验基础上,以消毒剂对摇蚊幼虫携带细菌相对灭菌率为考察指标进行正交试验;以消毒后摇蚊幼虫相对存活率、稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)对摇蚊幼虫平均摄食时间、消毒后未杀灭细菌种类为指标,综合评价消毒虫体质量。结果显示:浓度因子对聚维酮碘、新洁尔灭、高锰酸钾的相对灭菌率有极显著影响;时间因子对聚维酮碘的相对灭菌率影响极显著;温度因子对聚维酮碘的相对灭菌率影响极显著,对新洁尔灭影响显著;浓度、时间和温度因子均对戊二醛的相对灭菌率无显著影响;在实验室条件下,根据消毒剂对相对灭菌率的各影响因子主次顺序得到了四种消毒剂消毒摇蚊幼虫的最佳因子参数,其中高锰酸钾:消毒剂浓度60 mg/L,消毒温度28℃,消毒时间1.5 h;聚维酮碘:消毒温度24℃,消毒剂浓度150 mg/L,消毒时间1 h;新洁尔灭:消毒剂浓度3 200 mg/L,消毒温度24℃,消毒时间1 h;戊二醛:消毒温度28℃,消毒时间1.5 h,消毒剂浓度20 000 mg/L。四种消毒剂最佳消毒条件对摇蚊幼虫相对存活率及对稀有鮈鲫摄食效果影响不大;消毒后从不同来源的四份虫体样品共分离出未杀灭的细菌16种,主要隶属于气单胞菌属和不动杆菌属。     

北京密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其时空变化

为了研究南水北调中线调水工程运行对密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其生物多样性的影响,2014-2016年在密云水库设置了7个采样点每月采样1次(冰封期除外),进行底栖动物调查,分析了底栖动物群落结构、密度、生物量、优势种及其生物指数变化。结果显示,调查期间共检出底栖动物17种,其中摇蚊幼虫12种,环节动物5种。底栖动物平均密度为455.0个/m~2,平均生物量为2.70g/m~2,其中优势种为红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)和克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedianus)。底栖动物群落呈现出明显的时空变化,11月密度和生物量达最大值,分别为808.9个/m~2、6.94g/m~2;8月出现最小值,分别为180.4个/m~2、0.72g/m~2。水平分布上,水库中心底栖动物密度和生物量达最大值,分别为916.7个/m~2、6.08g/m~2;白河坝为最小值,分别为307.1个/m~2、0.70g/m~2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均在4月达最大值,分别为1.43、1.13、1.14;9月出现最小值,分别为0.38、0.27、0.31;3项指数在潮河口达最大值,分别为1.08、0.64、1.01,在潮河坝、白河坝指数相对较低。同时分析了随着密云水库水深增加,底栖动物群落的结构变化。研究表明,受调水的影响,目前密云水库底栖动物群落结构不稳定,处于重构期。     

Fish fauna in a Protected Greek lake: biodiversity, introduced fish species over a 80-year period and their impacts on the ecosystem

Abstract –  Lake Pamvotis is a tertiary natural shallow lake located in the NW of Greece. For biogeographical reasons, it historically contained only four fish species: two endemics ( Phoxinellus epiroticus , Squalius pamvoticus ), one native to the West Greece ( Barbus albanicus ) and the ubiquitous Anguilla anguilla . These species were almost exclusively present in the lake before 1920, forming remarkable commercially exploited populations. From the 1930s through the 1990s, 20 species were introduced into the lake for purposes of eutrophication control or to enhance the fishery. These introductions, some of them accidental have led to the apparent decline, even loss, of the native species. During the last three decades the fish fauna of the lake has shifted from the native, clear-water species to a predominance of introduced species, mainly those adapted for turbid eutrophic water ( Rutilus panosi , Cyprinus carpio and Carassius gibelio , and several Asian cyprinids). The current fish assemblage in the lake is dominated by introduced species particularly the Mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ) and the Lourogobios ( Economidichthys pygmaeus ) in the littoral zone, the benthopelagic allogynogenetic Prussian carp ( C. gibelio) , and the opportunistic Trichonis roach ( R. panosi ), in the pelagic zone.     

Non-native marine species in British waters: effects and controls

1. The occurrence of non-native marine macro fauna and flora, which have become established in the wild British waters, are summarized. The effects of these non-natives on the native fauna and flora and on commercial and recreational interests are reviewed. 2. Sixteen species of marine algae (11 rhodophytes, three chromophytes and two chlorophytes), five diatoms, one angiosperm and 31 invertebrates were identified as non-native. The majority of these species are red algae, polychaete worms, crustaceans and molluscs. 3. Species were introduced directly from primary sources within their natural range, or from secondary sources to which they had previously been introduced. They have only become established where introduced from similar latitudes of both hemispheres. 4. More than half the total number of species are considered to have been introduced to Britain in association with shipping, whilst half of the non-native marine algae are believed to have been introduced in association with deliberate introductions for mariculture. 5. Of the species that had spread, the marine plants did so fairly rapidly, while the invertebrates tended to spread more slowly. The methods of spread were often the same as their method of introduction for both flora and fauna. 6. The direct effects of non-native species on the marine environment in British waters are not as detrimental as those reported from elsewhere in the world. Some commercially important species have been introduced, but some associated pests and parasites have accompanied them. 7. Control methods, where applied to populations of nuisance species, are fairly ineffective and no non-native marine species have been deliberately eradicated from British waters. Ways of avoiding introduction of further non-natives by mandatory and voluntary means are discussed. ©1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太湖首次发现楣螺和尖膀胱螺

在太湖湖洲和五里湖水域分别首次发现了2种可能是入侵的螺类楯螺(Ferrissia wautieri MIROLLI 1960)和尖膀胱螺(Physa acuta DRAPARNAUD 1805)。它们均属肺螺亚纲,基眼目。文章对其形态、生物学特征进行了描述,对其可能的入侵途径等进行了讨论。     

Stable isotope evaluation of population‐ and individual‐level diet variability in a large,oligotrophic lake with non‐native lake trout

Non‐native piscivores can alter food web dynamics; therefore, evaluating interspecific relationships is vital for conservation and management of ecosystems with introduced fishes. Priest Lake, Idaho, supports a number of introduced species, including lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, brook trout S. fontinalis and opossum shrimp Mysis diluviana. In this study, we used stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) to describe the food web structure of Priest Lake and to test hypotheses about apparent patterns in lake trout growth. We found that isotopic niches of species using pelagic‐origin carbon did not overlap with those using more littoral‐origin carbon. Species using more littoral‐origin carbon, such as brook trout and westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, exhibited a high degree of isotopic niche overlap and high intrapopulation variability in resource use. Although we hypothesised that lake trout would experience an ontogenetic diet shift, no such patterns were apparent in isotopic signatures. Lake trout growth rates were not associated with patterns in δ¹⁵N, indicating that variation in adult body composition may not be related to adult diet. Understanding trophic relationships at both the individual and species levels provides a more complete understanding of food webs altered by non‐native species.     

Ecological significances of ontogenetic shifts in the stream-dwelling catfish, Hatcheria macraei (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), in a Patagonian river

Abstract –  The relationship between ontogenetic changes and both feeding and habitat preferences was studied in a stream catfish population of Argentine Patagonia. Fish capture, as well as habitat data recording, was performed during a 1-year long period. Larvae–juvenile transition was determined between 22.4 and 29.4 mm standard length (SL), on the basis of the relative growth changes and morphogenesis, and juvenile–adult shift was established between 61 and 65 mm SL using a macroscopic criterion of gonadal development and gonadosomatic index. Spawning period was estimated to be in the summer season, from December to February. Larvae preferred shallow marginal pools and fed mainly on small Chironomidae larvae, while juveniles and adults inhabited riffles and preyed on Ephemeroptera nymphs and Chironomid larvae. Morphological constraints during the larval period were related to habitat and feeding preferences. A complete development of fins allowed juveniles to colonise faster water habitats while a bigger mouth gape permitted them to prey on new items and on a larger size prey range.     

A survey of the Fish Fauna of Sudanese Irrigation Systems with Reference to the Use of Fishes in the Management of Ecological Problems (the Control of Aquatic Weeds, Malaria and Infective Schistosomiasis)

This paper reports on a fundamental study of the fish fauna already present within the irrigation canals. The fauna was investigated with a view to determining its use in the control of nuisance biota. Twenty-seven species of fish were collected, comprising 22 genera and 12 families. This fauna is closely allied to the fauna of the source water, the Blue Nile. Several Blue Nile species are absent and some of those collected are new recordings for the area. Each species of fish collected had neither a suitable feeding habit nor a wide enough distribution to have any significant effect on the levels of nuisance biota. This includes the mosquito fish. Gambusia affinis, which was specifically introduced for mosquito control. Improvement in the ecological conditions within the canals involves both the management of the already-existing fish stocks and the introduction and management of additional species. A reduction in the levels of aquatic weeds using phytophagous fishes should be a high priority with malacopliagous and larvivorous species also being introduced and their stocks managed. Species suitable for introduction, which are generally endemic to the Nile system, are suggested. The fish species diversity falls as the canals become smaller and the water within them subject to much greater variations in flow and quality. The lowest order canals (field canals) are probably unsuitable for permanent fish stocks. The nuisance biota within field canals can be controlled by simple improvements in crop-watering procedures. The widely distributed and diverse fauna found within minor canals suggests that problems due to fish-kills brought about by heavy pesticide and herbicide usage are not so severe as previously thought. The management of the ecological problems is a complex task due to the interrelationships of many factors.     

A simple model for predicting ecological impacts of introduced aquatic organisms: a case study of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in the Sepik-Ramu River Basin, Papua New Guinea

Abstract Practical models for predicting the impacts of introduced biota are urgently required to assess the benefits and risks of introductions. The simple method described predicts the ecological consequences of an introduction through potential competition between species based on elementary niche classifications. The model's predictions are tested against field data for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., which escaped from fish farms during a study of the feasibility of fish stock enhancement in a large river basin. Recorded effects of carp are based on pre- and post-carp gillnet catches, observations of local villagers, socio-economic censuses and other sources of data. The predicted ecological interactions of common carp are in broad agreement with those recorded. The method can assist pre-introduction assessments and is particularly useful where limited data exist. In this particular study, common carp have contributed significantly to an improved capture fishery by fortuitous accident; production from aquaculture was negligible. High niche overlap between carp and certain resident fish species is predicted and this may be of more consequence in highland than lowland regions. Organisms introduced/transferred for aquaculture should be assessed within a much wider forum. The intended impacts of an introduction/ transfer, which in the case study were entirely erroneous, is an area in need of considerable attention.