Effects of Soybean Fortification on Protein Quality of Tortilla-Based Diets Produced from Regular and Quality Protein Maize

The physiological development of laboratory rats fed with a typical indigenous tortilla diet was studied for two generations. The experiment compared casein control diet and five different types of diets: (1) a diet of tortillas obtained from fresh masa (FM); (2) regular tortillas produced from enriched dry masa flour containing vitamins B₁, B₂, niacin, folic acid, and the microminerals iron and zinc (REDMF); (3) tortillas produced from enriched dry masa flour fortified with 6% defatted soybean meal (FEDMF); (4) tortillas produced from enriched quality protein maize flour (EQPM); and (5) and, tortillas produced from enriched quality protein maize flour fortified with 3% defatted soybean meal (FEQPM). The growth of rats fed FEDMF and FEQPM diets was significantly higher (P<0.05) in both generations than their counterparts fed EQPM, REDMF, or FM diet. Animals fed quality protein maize (QPM) tortilla had the highest protein digestibility, but the FEQPM and FEDMF diets had the highest biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU), and protein-digestibility-corrected EAA scores (PDCEAAS). The difference among treatments was more evident in the second-generation rats. The pregnancy rate, number of newborns/litter, litter weight, and newborn survival rate was also higher for rats fed FEDMF, EQPM, and FEQPM diets than their counterparts fed REDMF and FM.     

Grain and Tortilla Quality in Landraces and Improved Maize Grown in the Highlands of Mexico

The maize produced in the highlands of Mexico (>2,400 masl) is generally not accepted by the flour and masa and tortilla industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the grain quality and tortilla properties of maize landraces commonly grown in the highlands of Mexico and compare them with improved germplasm (hybrids). Germplasm analysis included 11 landraces, 32 white hybrids, and six yellow hybrids. Grain quality was analyzed for a range of physical and chemical factors, as well as for alkaline cooking quality. Landrace grains tended to be heterogeneous in terms of size, hardness and color. All landraces had soft-intermediate grains with an average flotation index (FI) of 61%. In contrast, hybrid grains were homogenous in size and color, and harder than landrace grains, with a FI of 38%. Protein, free sugars, oil and phenolic content in landraces were higher than in the hybrids. Significant correlations were found between phenolic content and tortilla color (r = −0.60; p < 0.001). Three landraces were identified as appropriate for the masa and tortilla industry, while all the hybrids evaluated fulfilled the requirements of this industry.     

糯玉米杂交种品质与产量综合评价的研究

先用综合评定方法对鲜食糯玉米品质进行了评定,再用其结果对产量与品质的综合比较优势指数进行测算,发现与用原始平均分排定的位次是不一致的,而且有较大的差距.研究认为用综合评定方法比用积分累加取平均值大小排序更为科学和合理。     

特用玉米营养品质与淀粉体和蛋白体发育关系的研究进展

特用玉米是营养保健食品的重要原料,其营养品质仍待提高。胚乳淀粉体和蛋白体的发育状况与子粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉及醇溶蛋白含量密切相关。本文主要综述胚乳淀粉体和蛋白体发育的时空特征与相关基因突变对特用玉米营养品质的影响,展望未来研究趋势。     

热带亚热带优质蛋白玉米自交系与温带普通玉米自交系产量配合力研究

采用NCⅡ设计对4个热带亚热带优质蛋白玉米(QPM)自交系和10个温带普通玉米优良自交系配制杂交组合,将组合在云南省3种不同生态环境下进行产量鉴定,以分析这些自交系的配合力,并研究热带亚热带QPM自交系与温带普通玉米自交系间的遗传关系。方差分析表明,地点和组合×地点方差达极显著水平,杂交组合、QPM自交系(P1)和普通玉米自交系(P2)的产量GCA方差以及P1×P2的产量SCA方差达极显著水平。配合力分析结果表明,多数自交系在昆明、保山、曲靖3种不同生态环境下产量GCA、SCA表现差异较大,表明产量GCA、SCA与环境存在互作。产量SCA效应值与产量简单相关分析表明,特殊配合力在产量形成中的作用较小。根据产量SCA相对值,结合自交系系谱来源,分析P1和P2之间遗传关系,结果表明,自交系LX9801、掖107与CML166遗传关系较近;K12、97P-69、97P-64与CML171和CML161遗传关系较近;陕五2134、H84-89-1、K22、云147、90211与CML194遗传关系较近。     

光质对夏玉米产量和子粒蛋白质含量的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,在夏玉米吐丝后5 d至吐丝后35 d,分别用白色、黑色、红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色的聚乙烯透明食品袋将雌穗完全套住,同时设置不套袋处理(CK),研究灌浆期雌穗照射不同颜色的光对夏玉米产量和子粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,套袋处理显著增加了穗粒数,红袋和蓝袋对穗粒数的增加作用更显著;黑袋抑制粒重的增加,白袋、黄袋、绿袋显著促进粒重的增加;不同颜色的光对穗部性状都有改善作用,绿袋、白袋、红袋、蓝袋分别对穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数的促进作用显著,白袋对子粒败育的抑制作用显著;红袋和蓝袋使子粒的体积分别增加18.8%、27.6%,其余处理抑制了子粒体积的增加;白袋、红袋、黄袋、绿袋、蓝袋增加了子粒的蛋白质含量,黑袋抑制子粒对氮素的吸收和蛋白质的合成。改变灌浆期照射雌穗的光质可以改善穗部性状,减少子粒败育,促进对子粒对氮素的吸收,从而实现产量的增加和品质的改善。     

Quality Protein Maize: Overcoming the Hurdles

SUMMARY

Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a nutritionally enhanced maize, was developed by researchers from CIMMYT using too genetic systems–opaque-2 and genetic modifiers. The use of these two genetic systems overcame the highly complex problems that were inherent in the original soft endosperm opaques. This review describes the ever-evolving breeding options and strategies for the development of QPM with examples from the CIMMYT maize program, where much of the research and practical breeding work has been done. The soft endosperm opaque-2 materials developed earlier had poor agronomic performances and lacked producer and consumer acceptance. To overcome these constraints, subsequent research explored various options, with and without high lysine mutants. Like other institutions, CIMMYT researchers tried and critically examined the merits and demerits of different strategies. Of all the strategies available, the selection for modified kernels in which CIMMYT scientists had gained information, experience, and confidence seemed viable. To implement this strategy, modified opaque-2 donor stocks were built and were subsequently used for expanding the QPM developmental efforts. A large volume of QPM germplasm was developed using different breeding options, which were later merged and reorganized into a fixed number of pools and populations to permit working in homozygous opaque-2 genetic backgrounds. The development of QPM hybrids was the next turning point in the mid-80s. During the QPM developmental process, serious problems inherent in the opaques were circumvented and since then, rapid progress has been made. There is a renewed interest in QPM and several countries have recently released QPM varieties and hybrids. To further accelerate the QPM developmental process, to enhance its popularity amongst nations and its farmers, and to meet future challenges, innovative ideas and the tools of biotechnology will be needed.     

优质蛋白玉米育种研究进展

普通玉米蛋白质品质差,以改良玉米蛋白质品质为目标的优质蛋白玉米(QPM)育种一直是玉米研究的重要课题。本文简要回顾了利用o2基因改善玉米蛋白质品质的育种历程,重点介绍了QPM的营养价值、遗传基础、种质选育和应用以及分子标记应用于QPM辅助育种,分析了目前QPM种质遗传基础狭窄、杂种优势研究滞后和QPM品种抗逆性差、适应性窄等问题,提出了针对这些问题的解决策略,并展望了QPM的重大应用前景。     

优质青贮玉米自交系筛选与评价

以448份玉米自交系为材料,对玉米全株的品质含量指标蛋白、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)进行评价,筛选高蛋白/淀粉、低纤维的青贮玉米自交系。结果表明,在所有供试材料中,蛋白含量变化不大,淀粉含量与纤维(NDF、ADF)含量极显著负相关。以淀粉、NDF和ADF品质含量为指标,通过聚类分析,筛选出7份高淀粉(47.50%~51.20%)、低纤维(ADF为9.08%~12.93%,NDF为26.67%~31.07%)含量的青贮玉米自交系,分别为P124-3、P125-12、P128-1、P132、13634-3、12099-2和12906-1。     

优质蛋白玉米的分子标记辅助选择

综述了应用于优质蛋白玉米种质辅助选择的分子标记,提出了优质蛋白玉米的分子标记辅助选择策略;通过对回交家系赖氨酸分析和SSR分子标记检测结果,对该技术的可靠性进行了验证;考虑到成本核算和可操作性,认为该分子标记辅助选择技术,应用于育种实践是非常经济有效的。     

C型不育玉米品种授高油花粉后的子粒品质变化

通过对利用高油玉米花粉给C型胞质不育玉米单交种授粉得到的子粒与高油玉米子粒进行品质分析,发现前者除淀粉与含油量、蛋白质间呈负相关(r=0.36,r=-0.76)、含油量与赖氨酸、能量密度之间呈正相关(r=0.47,r=0.88)、赖氨酸与能量密度呈正相关(r=0.35)外,含油量与蛋白质间,淀粉、蛋白质与赖氨酸、能量密度之间相关系数未达到5%显著水平,含油量(3.96%～8.47%)每提高1%,淀粉含量减少0.57%,赖氨酸增加0.008%,能量密度每100g增加27.42 kj;而后者除淀粉与能量密度相关不显著外,其它营养成分之间相关关系均达到极显著水平,其中含油量与蛋白质、赖氨酸、能量密度呈正相关(r=0.83,r=0.95,r=0.70),淀粉与含油量、蛋白质和赖氨酸呈负相关(r=0.87,r=0.78,r=0.84),赖氨酸和蛋白质、能量密度呈正相关(r=0.85,r=0.66).含油量(7.18%～14.09%)每提高1%,淀粉含量减少1.74%,蛋白质含量增加0.36%,赖氨酸含量增加0.0164%,能量密度100g增加16.83 kJ.高油玉米(含油量7.1%～16.09%)给常规玉米(含油量3.71%～4.26%)授粉,含油量、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和赖氨酸含量的花粉直感效应值分别为0.37、-0.27、0.27和0.24.     

小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进展

为促进我国面条工业生产并为面条专用小麦良种的选育提供科学依据,对近年来小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进行了综述。总体来看,蛋白质含量和质量从各个方面影响面条品质。蛋白质含量与面条白度、表观状态呈负相关,与面条质构特性,尤其是煮熟面条的硬度、弹性呈正相关。较高的麦谷蛋白含量可以提高面条的硬度、咀嚼性、粘合性和抗拉伸能力。在一定范围内,蛋白质质量（面筋含量和质量、沉降值、流变学特性）的提高有助于面条蒸煮品质的改善和感官评分的提高,但蛋白质质量过高（湿面筋含量〉35%,沉降值〉60mL,稳定时间〉16min）会导致面条外观品质变劣,评分下降;高分子量谷蛋白亚基5＋10可能与较好的面条品质有关。一般认为,优质面条小麦的蛋白质品质指标为：蛋白质含量12%～14%;湿面筋含量28%～34%,沉淀值40～45mL,稳定时间5～15min。     

种植密度对不同夏玉米品种饲用和青贮品质的影响

以登海605(DH605)、京农科728(JNK728)和山农饲玉2号(SY2)为试验材料,设置3个种植密度60 000株/hm²、75 000株/hm²和90 000株/hm²(记作D6、D7.5和D9),研究种植密度对不同夏玉米品种不同收获期及不同器官饲用和青贮品质的影响。研究结果表明,随着种植密度增加,DH605的鲜物质和干物质产量显著提高,D9密度下的鲜物质和干物质较D6分别增加17.32%和23.19%,较D7.5分别增加6.26%和7.13%;JNK728和SY2的鲜物质和干物质产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。蜡熟期进行收获和青贮,玉米的饲用价值最高,以D7.5密度为例,DH605蜡熟期玉米粗饲料分级指数分别较乳熟期和完熟期增加8.31%和27.80%,JNK728分别增加12.55%和75.52%,SY2分别增加7.13%和58.10%;同时瘤胃降解率最高,各品种趋势一致。果穗青贮的饲用品质较秸秆青贮显著提高。本试验研究结果,DH605的最佳种植密度为90 000株/hm²,JNK728和...     

我国玉米品质现状、问题及发展优质食用玉米对策

本文依据我国玉米生产的发展和市场需求的变化提出了我国玉米生产已进入了一个新的阶段,即提高单产改善品质的阶段.对我国玉米品质现状进行了分析,介绍了食用玉米研究进展、发展趋势及发展优质食用玉米的对策.     

Nutritional Properties of Quality Protein Maize and Chickpea Extruded Based Weaning Food

Malnutrition is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among young children in most of the developing countries. To minimize the adversities of malnutrition, low-cost infant supplementary foods have been developed and are being supplied to the needy through state-sponsored nutrition intervention programmers. The present study had two objectives: to determine the best combination of nixtamalized extruded quality protein maize (NEMF) and extruded chickpea (ECF) flours for producing a weaning food, and to evaluate the nutritional properties of the optimized NEMF/ECF mixture and the weaning food. The NEMF and ECF were produced applying combinations of extrusion temperature/screw speed of 79.4°C/73.5 rpm, and 150.5°C/190.5 rpm, respectively. Response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimum combination NEMF/ECF; the experimental design generated 11 assays. Mixtures from each assay were evaluated for true protein (TP) and available lysine (AL). Each one of 11 mixtures were used for preparing 11 weaning foods which were sensory evaluated for acceptability (A). The best combination of NEMF/ECF for producing a weaning food was NEMF = 21.2%/ ECF = 78.8 %. This mixture had a global desirability (D) of 0.93; it contained 20.07% proteins (DM), 5.70% lipids (DM), and 71.14% carbohydrates (DM); its essential amino acids (EAA) profile satisfactorily covered the EAA requirements for children 2–5 years old, except for Trp. The weaning food prepared with the optimized mixture had high protein quality and digestibility and could be used to support the growth of infants.     

稻米蛋白质组分及总蛋白质含量与淀粉RVA谱特征值的关系

 利用低谷蛋白含量（low glutelin content, LGC）粳稻品种W1721与大面积应用的杂交粳稻恢复系轮回422构建了重组自交系群体。根据种子总蛋白质的SDS PAGE带型,推断各单株LGC位点的基因型。在排除脂肪的影响下,比较了基因型LGCLGC（谷蛋白含量较醇溶蛋白低）与基因型lgclgc（谷蛋白含量较醇溶蛋白高）在RVA谱特征值上的差异,以及同一基因型内总蛋白质含量与淀粉RVA谱特征值的关系。结果表明基因型LGCLGC的崩解值和回复值的平均值分别显著和极显著大于基因型lgclgc;LGC对崩解值和回复值的相对加性效应分别为3.91%和4.45%,贡献率分别为4.81%和12.81%。LGCLGC型的稻米,总蛋白质含量与崩解值和消减值分别存在显著的负线性回归和正线性回归关系,贡献率分别为9.86%和11.48%;lgclgc型的稻米,总蛋白质含量与消减值和回复值都存在极显著的负线性回归关系,贡献率分别为1341%和27.88%。结合前人研究认为,稻米食味品质受谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量以及总蛋白质含量的影响;而总蛋白质含量对食味品质的影响因谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量的不同而异。因此,育种工作中应当把谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量以及总蛋白质含量同时作为选择指标。     

不同氮肥模式对夏玉米产量、蛋白质品质和氮素利用特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958和先玉335为供试材料,在大田生产条件下设置4个施氮水平,研究不同氮肥模式对两个高产玉米品种子粒产量、蛋白质产量及氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明,两个玉米品种子粒产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,均以240 kg/hm~2处理最高,先玉335子粒产量显著高于郑单958;两个玉米品种子粒蛋白质含量及其产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,先玉335的蛋白质含量及其产量均高于郑单958;两个玉米品种氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率随施氮量的增加而显著降低,均以180 kg/hm2处理最高,先玉335的氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率均高于郑单958。综合分析认为,两个玉米品种均以240 kg/hm~2处理可以同步协调实现较高的子粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮素利用效率,获得产量、品质和高氮素利用效率的协调统一。     

水稻籽粒蛋白质含量选择对杂种早代蒸煮食味品质的影响

选用品质和产量性状不同的4个粳稻品种配制2个杂交组合,研究籽粒蛋白质含量选择对水稻杂种早代蒸煮食味品质的影响。各品质性状变异系数的变化范围在9.73%~94.99%;直链淀粉含量与蛋白质含量间存在明显的动态关系;稻米味度值先是随着蛋白质含量的下降而增加,当蛋白质含量下降到某一临界值后,随蛋白质含量下降而下降,蛋白质与直链淀粉含量适中的后代株系味度值较高;在蛋白质含量水平较高时,稻米RVA谱特性随着蛋白质含量的下降有所改善,但蛋白质含量下降到一定程度后则又会导致RVA谱特性变劣;蛋白质含量过高或过低都会导致稻米蒸煮食味品质变劣,协调蛋白质与直链淀粉含量的平衡关系是提高稻米蒸煮食味品质的关键。     

Nixtamalized Flour From Quality Protein Maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L). Optimization of Alkaline Processing

Quality of maize proteins is poor, they are deficient in the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. Recently, in México were successfully developed nutritionally improved 26 new hybrids and cultivars called quality protein maize (QPM) which contain greater amounts of lysine and tryptophan. Alkaline cooking of maize with lime (nixtamalization) is the first step for producing several maize products (masa, tortillas, flours, snacks). Processors adjust nixtamalization variables based on experience. The objective of this work was to determine the best combination of nixtamalization process variables for producing nixtamalized maize flour (NMF) from QPM V-537 variety. Nixtamalization conditions were selected from factorial combinations of process variables: nixtamalization time (NT, 20–85 min), lime concentration (LC, 3.3–6.7 g Ca(OH)₂/l, in distilled water), and steep time (ST, 8–16 hours). Nixtamalization temperature and ratio of grain to cooking medium were 85 °C and 1:3 (w/v), respectively. At the end of each cooking treatment the steeping started for the required time. Steeping was finished by draining the cooking liquor (nejayote). Nixtamal (alkaline-cooked maize kernels) was washed with running tap water. Wet nixtamal was dried (24 hours, 55 °C) and milled to pass through 80-US mesh screen to obtain NMF. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied as optimization technique, over four response variables: {In vitro} protein digestibility (PD), total color difference ( E), water absorption index (WAI), and pH. Predictive models for response variables were developed as a function of process variables. Conventional graphical method was applied to obtain maximum PD, WAI and minimum E, pH. Contour plots of each of the response variables were utilized applying superposition surface methodology, to obtain three contour plots for observation and selection of best combination of NT (31 min), LC (5.4 g Ca(OH)₂/l), and ST (8.1 hours) for producing optimized NMF from QPM.     

几个黑小麦品种(系)蛋白质品质特性及其与面条蒸煮品质的关系

为给黑小麦加工品质评价及相关加工企业的原料选择与质量控制提供参考依据,选用国内推广的10个黑小麦品种为原料,对其蛋白质品质、粉质参数、面条蒸煮品质及其关系进行了分析.结果表明,黑小麦的蛋白质含量、谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)、谷蛋白溶涨指数(SIG)及蛋白组分中的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均低于对照小偃6号;湿面筋含量、面筋指数、沉淀值及粉质参数均优于小偃6号.黑小麦的沉淀值、SIG值和GMP含量、评价值与面条蒸煮干物质失落率呈极显著或显著负相关,逐步回归分析表明,SIG值和GMP与面条蒸煮干物质失落率的关系最为密切,是黑小麦面条品质评价的有效预测指标.黑小麦76、黑宝石、黑小麦、ZL97(6)和贞选1号具有较好的面条加工适用性.