Characterization of a tomato polyphenol oxidase and its role in browning and lycopene content

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from five Sicilian varieties of tomato fruit [Pizzutello, Naomi (Hazera), F1 PS212 (Peto seed), Rosa Maletto, and PO228] and assayed with a method using 3-methylbenzothyazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) as chromophore coupling agent. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was chosen for tomato PPO activity determination. The tomato PPO had maximum activity at pH 4.8. The pH of juice in ripe fruits is between 4.1 and 4.4, a range in which PPO relative activity is between 74 and 87%. The optimum temperature of activity for tomato PPO was 40 degrees C; the enzyme showed a good relative activity (55% of the maximum) at cold-storage temperature (4 degrees C). PPO retained 82% relative activity at an NaCl concentration of 0.1 M; at higher concentrations the PPO became gradually inactivated. The commercial variety Naomi is more susceptible to enzymatic browning than the local varieties Pizzutello, Rosa Maletto and PO228, due to higher PPO activity levels. This result confirms the suitability of these local tomato varieties to national markets. Results from storage tests seem to relate PPO activity with color changes associated with browning and lycopene degradation, because lycopene is an antioxidant agent that reconstitutes the polyphenols oxidized by the action of PPO.     

水浸泡玉米秸基质对番茄育苗效果的影响

草炭是一种广泛应用的优良作物栽培基质,过度开采会对环境造成危害,研究性能稳定能够替代草炭基质的材料一直受到国内外的重视。该文把单位体积的玉米秸基质加入2倍体积的水中浸泡不同时间,风干后与一定比例的蛭石混配作为育苗基质,以草炭基质为对照,进行番茄育苗试验。在育苗期间,定期观测幼苗地上部、地下部的相关形态指标及干物质积累指标,研究水浸泡时间对玉米秸基质育苗效果的影响,结果表明：水浸泡的玉米秸基质能促进番茄幼苗的生长,增加地上部、地下部及全株鲜质量和干质量,并且这种效果随播种后天数的延长表现的更为明显;不同浸泡时间对番茄幼苗生长的影响有差异,延长浸泡时间对番茄幼苗的生长和干物质积累有明显促进作用,但浸泡时间过长,这种效果有减弱趋势,以浸泡10 d的处理育苗效果最优。浸泡10 d的玉米秸基质可以替代草炭基质用于番茄育苗,水浸泡是改良玉米秸基质理化性状的有效措施。     

Free hydroxycinnamic acids, lycopene, and color parameters in tomato cultivars

Concentrations of antioxidant compounds (total phenolic compounds, free hydroxycinnamic acids, and lycopene) and color parameters ( a*, b*, and L*) were determined in 167 tomato samples belonging to five cultivars (Dorothy, Boludo, Dunkan, Dominique, and Thomas) produced on the island of Tenerife. Chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids were identified and quantified in the tomato samples. Chlorogenic acid had the highest mean concentration, whereas the p-coumaric was not detected in almost half of the tomato samples. The cultivar, cultivation method, and production region had little influence on the concentration of analyzed parameters. Considerable seasonal variations in the levels of these parameters were observed. Many correlations were observed between the antioxidant compounds and color parameters. The tomato samples tended to be differentiated according to the sampling period when discriminant analysis was applied.     

Alterations of vitamin C, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity as affected by processing tomatoes to different products

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant vitamin C, the polyphenol content, and the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of tomato juice, baked tomatoes, tomato sauce, and tomato soup. During the production of tomato juice and during the preparation of the other tomato products, samples were taken after different times, respectively, after each particular production step. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of vitamin C. The total phenolics content was analyzed spectrophotometrically by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The hydrophilic antioxidant capacity was measured by using three different methods: the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay, the ferric reducing antioxidant power test, and the photochemiluminescence assay. The vitamin C contents of the tomato products decreased during the thermal processing of tomatoes. In contrast, the total phenolics concentration and the water soluble antioxidant capacity increased.     

基于介电特性与IRIV-GWO-SVR算法的番茄叶片含水率检测

为了探究利用介电特性检测作物水分状况的可行性,研究了一种基于介电特性的有效、快速、精确检测番茄叶片含水率的方法。以300片不同含水率的番茄叶片为研究对象,通过LCR测量仪测定叶片在0.05~200 k Hz下的相对介电常数ε′和介质损耗因数ε″,并采用干燥法测量叶片含水率。利用迭代保留信息变量法(iteratively retains informative variables,IRIV)对介电参数进行特征变量选取,并与连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)进行比较,利用支持向量回归机(support vector regression,SVR)分别建立叶片全变量、2种特征变量与叶片含水率的关系模型。结果表明,基于迭代保留信息变量法选取特征变量的支持向量回归模型(IRIV-SVR)具有良好的预测能力,但预测精度仍需提高,故引入灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)优化模型的参数c(惩罚因子)和g(核函数参数)。最终,经GWO优化后的模型(IRIV-GWO-SVR)的预测集决定系数R2与均方根误差RMSE分别为0.963 8,0.020 7。因此,利用介电特性结合IRIV-GWO-SVR算法预测番茄叶片含水率是可行的,同时为其他叶片含水率检测提供了一种新的方法和思路。     

秋葵连作土壤浸提液对番茄生长的障碍研究

单一耕作制度和作物品种,使设施连作障碍日益加剧。番茄和秋葵都是重要的设施蔬菜类型,但种植发现秋葵对番茄存在生长障碍,研究秋葵对番茄的生长障碍发生的生理生态机制具有重要意义。本研究选取种植秋葵的1 a和10 a土壤浸提液（简称1 a浸提液和10 a浸提液）,以全素营养液为对照（简称CK）,探讨秋葵连作土壤浸提液对番茄萌发期种子和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：同一浓度土壤浸提液处理下,10 a浸提液的番茄萌芽期种子表现出主根畸形,侧根增多但细弱;番茄幼苗分根增多,根系活性低于1 a浸提液且都显著低于CK,顶部嫩叶失绿异常,活性氧代谢系统紊乱。同一年限不同秋葵土壤浸提液浓度处理下,番茄萌发期种子随浸提液浓度的升高表现出主根畸形,侧根增多且细弱,番茄幼苗分根增多,1 a和10 a浸提液的番茄根尖数、分根数分别最高达1 146、3 321和2 291、1 947,显著高于对照（1 071、385）;秋葵土壤浸提液浓度高于250 mg·mL^-1处理下番茄幼苗根系活性都显著低于CK,顶部嫩叶失绿异常,活性氧代谢系统紊乱。研究表明秋葵根系物及分泌物在土壤中残留,对后茬番茄的生长造成不良影响,这些物质随种植年限增加而富集,从而对番茄产生更严重的毒害。     

提高供磷可缓解砷对番茄的胁迫作用

环境和食品中砷标准提高后,砷污染及其有关的食品安全问题更加受到广泛的关注。磷对植物吸收和累积砷的影响及其作用机制仍有很大争论。本文利用水培试验,研究了0.025~1.0 mmol L-1范围内7个供磷水平下50μmol L-1AsO43-胁迫对微型番茄生长、砷和磷的吸收及两个磷酸盐转运体基因(LePT1和LePT2)表达的影响。在0.025~0.4 mmol L-1的缺磷条件下,砷对番茄的生长有明显抑制作用。在缺磷状态下,增加磷供应能显著减少番茄体内砷的浓度。约58%的砷累积在番茄根部,根部砷的浓度较地上部高10倍以上。砷抑制番茄对磷的吸收只出现在严重缺磷(0.025~0.05 mmol L-1)条件下。此外,外界砷的存在对LePT1、LePT2基因的表达影响不显著。从本文的结果来看,番茄吸收过程中的磷砷相互作用在缺磷条件下更明显,提高供磷水平可降低番茄体内砷含量,缓解砷对番茄的胁迫作用。     

Properties of tomato powders as additives for food fortification and stabilization

The antioxidant activities of two freeze-dried tomato powders as additives for food fortification and stabilization were studied. The two tomato powders were obtained from the whole fruit and from the pulp after "serum" separation, respectively. The antioxidant activity was studied by measuring (a) the inhibition of the singlet oxygen-catalyzed oxidation of alpha-linolenic acid, in the presence or absence of copper ions, as a model of the oxidative processes occurring in foods, and (b) the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XOD)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed reactions and copper-induced lipid peroxidation. The partial separation of "serum" decreased the freeze-drying time by 50%. The partially fractionated tomato powder had a 60% lower phenolic content and an 11-fold higher lycopene content than the whole tomato powder, on a dry weight basis. Ascorbic acid was almost completely removed by fractionation. Both the powder obtained from the whole tomato and that obtained from the partially fractionated tomato had antioxidant activity in all the model systems used. Based on these results, we conclude that tomato powders have multifunctional properties, which could address the prevention of oxidative degradations both in foods and in vivo. Therefore, tomato can be regarded as source of food additives for fortification and stabilization, even if it is submitted to technological processes that can cause the loss of the more labile hydrophilic antioxidants.     

BTH诱导番茄耐番茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)研究

番茄斑萎病毒(Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus,TSWV)是番茄生长过程中发生严重的病毒病之一,严重威胁世界各地番茄的安全生产。为了研究植物诱导抗性在番茄抗TSWV中的防御作用,本研究以矮番茄为研究对象,使用苯并噻二唑(BTH)前处理番茄植株,研究BTH诱导的TSWV抗性,并分析BTH处理番茄植株后的发病严重度、病毒含量、植株抗氧化能力、质膜稳定性、细胞的解离情况,以及SlMAPK1、SlMAPK2和SlMAPK3的表达量。结果表明,0.1 mmol·L^-1BTH前处理番茄植株能够诱导丝裂原活化蛋白激酶级联信号通路关键基因SlMAPK1、SlMAPK2和SlMAPK3的表达,提高细胞抗氧化酶活性及质膜稳定性,并减轻病毒对细胞的破坏,从而增强番茄植株对TSWV耐性,抑制TSWV在番茄植株中的复制,BTH前处理植株发病的严重度显著低于对照。本研究为诱导植物抗病毒研究奠定理论基础。     

猪血蛋白水解物对盆栽樱桃番茄生长和品质的影响

  【目的】  研究外源喷施不同浓度猪血蛋白水解物 (PP)对樱桃番茄植株生长和品质的影响,以期为高产优质樱桃番茄生产提供理论参考。  【方法】  以樱桃番茄品种“盆栽红”为试验材料,采用基质栽培,设置3个PP浓度:0 g/L (CK)、1 g/L (PP1)、2 g/L (PP2),在开花期进行叶面喷施,整个生育期共喷施6次。樱桃番茄在第三穗果实完全成熟后收获,分析外源PP对樱桃番茄植株生长、光合作用、养分吸收以及果实品质的影响。  【结果】  PP1和PP2处理不同程度地增加了番茄地上部、根部以及果实中氮、磷、钾含量,显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率 (Pn)、蒸腾速率 (Tr)和气孔导度 (Gs),植株地上部鲜重比CK处理分别增加了18.2%和40.6%,干重分别增加了42.3%和57.4%,且PP2处理的效果好于PP1处理。与CK处理相比,PP2处理番茄的产量、单果重、横径、纵径和硬度分别增加了37.4%、26.6%、16.3%、10.3%和30.8%,并有效改善了果实色泽,提高了樱桃番茄的外观品质。PP2处理有利于樱桃番茄果实中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的积累,较CK分别增加了24.2%、25.5%、96.6%和30.9%;番茄果实中的总酚、类黄酮和花色素苷含量分别增加18.7%、33.3%和56.2%,DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原抗氧化能力分别增加了27.7%和29.4%,显著提高了番茄果实的抗氧化活性。  【结论】  外源喷施2 g/L的猪血蛋白水解物能有效改善番茄植株的养分吸收和光合作用,促进植株生长和番茄品质的提升,是一种提高樱桃番茄产量、改善营养和功能性品质的高效有机措施。     

BTH诱导番茄耐番茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)研究

番茄斑萎病毒(Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus,TSWV)是番茄生长过程中发生严重的病毒病之一,严重威胁世界各地番茄的安全生产。为了研究植物诱导抗性在番茄抗TSWV中的防御作用,本研究以矮番茄为研究对象,使用苯并噻二唑(BTH)前处理番茄植株,研究BTH诱导的TSWV抗性,并分析BTH处理番茄植株后的发病严重度、病毒含量、植株抗氧化能力、质膜稳定性、细胞的解离情况,以及SlMAPK1、SlMAPK2和SlMAPK3的表达量。结果表明,0.1 mmol·L^-1BTH前处理番茄植株能够诱导丝裂原活化蛋白激酶级联信号通路关键基因SlMAPK1、SlMAPK2和SlMAPK3的表达,提高细胞抗氧化酶活性及质膜稳定性,并减轻病毒对细胞的破坏,从而增强番茄植株对TSWV耐性,抑制TSWV在番茄植株中的复制,BTH前处理植株发病的严重度显著低于对照。本研究为诱导植物抗病毒研究奠定理论基础。     

基于U弦长曲率的番茄氮肥调控目标区间获取方法

针对中国现有设施番茄生产中氮肥施用量过高,利用率低,环境污染严重等问题,该研究面向设施番茄精量施肥需求,提出一种基于叶绿素荧光技术的设施番茄生长氮素浓度适宜区间获取方法。该研究利用不同氮浓度水培液进行番茄栽培,获取叶片荧光参数和干物质等生理指标,采用最大互信息系数值（Maximum Information Coefficient,MIC）筛选叶绿素荧光参数,确定最适的荧光参数进行水培液氮调控研究目的是区间确定。结果表明,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fo（光系统潜在活性）的整体表现效果较优。以Fv/Fo的响应曲线提出基于U弦长曲率特征点为分界点的适宜氮素浓度区间获取技术。采用此方法的番茄生长的适宜氮素浓度区间为7.2~9.8 mmol/L,同时干物质等生理指标都保持在较高水平,变异系数最小。与日本园试营养液对照组相比,番茄干质量平均提高33.8%,叶片磷浓度平均提高10.2%,叶片钾浓度平均提高11.3%,叶片氮浓度平均降低0.8%,而氮肥用量减少了51.4%。因此,基于U弦长曲率特征点的方法是确定番茄施氮目标区间调控有效的技术。     

Effectiveness of potassium in mitigating the salt-induced oxidative stress in contrasting tomato genotypes

To check the efficacy of potassium in alleviating oxidative stress under salt stress, salt-tolerant (Indent-1) and salt-sensitive (Red Ball) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were exposed to three levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 75, 150 mM) and two levels of potassium (4.5 and 9 mM) in solution and foliar form. Thirty days of treatments revealed that increasing NaCl stress increased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) and correspondingly the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and glutathione reductase GR) in both genotypes. However, higher potassium (K) level in solution or foliar spray during the salt-induced stress decreased MDA and antioxidant activity and increased the growth in salt-tolerant genotype than in the salt-sensitive genotype. Decrease in MDA concentration, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and increase in the growth of tomato plants by the application of potassium under salt stress suggest that potassium is an effective ameliorating agent against salt-induced oxidative damage.     

Can endophytic Arthrobotrys oligospora modulate accumulation of defence related biomolecules and induced systemic resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) against root knot disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition; however, it has not been studied in details. Arthrobotrys oligospora, a model predacious fungus for nematode trapping, beside biocontrol potential may modulate plant health and increase natural antioxidants in tomato fruit directly or indirectly. In the present study we have investigated the effects of nematode trapping fungus A. oligospora on induction and bioaccumulation of natural antioxidant and defence related biomolecules in tomato plants when challenged with Meloidogyne incognita causing root knot. Endophytic and rhizospheric isolates of A. oligospora were isolated from different parts of India and characterized under controlled laboratory conditions. The study describes the multifarious effects of endophytic and rhizospheric isolates of A. oligospora in green house and field conditions in tomato plants when inoculated individually or in combination. It was found that A. oligospora EAO-147 and RST-101 when applied individually or in combination significantly increased various attributes in plants. Among both the isolates, endophytic A. oligospora EAO-147 was found to be more potential in enhancing the defence related biomolecules, enzymes and exhibited biocontrol potentials against M. incognita. With application of A. oligospora, increase in nutritional quality of ripe tomato fruits (mineral nutrients and natural antioxidant properties) was also demonstrated first time. Results suggest that application of A. oligospora, particularly endophytic, not only helps in control of nematodes but also increase plant growth as well as enhances the nutritional value of tomato fruits. Thus, it proves to be an excellent biocontrol as well as plant growth promoting agent.     

基于数字图像分析监测不同氮肥处理下加工番茄生长状况的初步研究

利用数字相机获取田间加工番茄冠层影像,通过图像处理软件准确识别冠层和背景像素,分析了加工番茄不同施氮量下提取的地面覆盖度与生物学参数间的相关关系,其相关系数都达到0.96以上的极显著相关;分析了光谱参数--绿色深度指数（DGCI）与叶片叶绿素含量相关关系,二者表现出r=0.74以上的极显著直线相关。结果表明,利用地面覆盖度可在生长前期监控加工番茄生长量,预测生物学产量和叶面积系数;在果实膨大期预测吸氮量和经济产量。利用光谱参数DGCI可监测加工番茄叶片叶绿素含量。本结果可快速准确监测加工番茄生长发育,为加工番茄生产提供科学依据。     

番茄果实串采摘点位置信息获取与试验

针对番茄收获机器人在采摘过程中果实串采摘点位置难以确定的问题,提出了基于果梗骨架角点计算方法,并利用该算法对番茄果实串果梗采摘点进行位置信息获取:首先采用最大类间方差分割法进行目标果实串分割,通过形态学方法和阈值法去除干扰,提取出目标果实串分割图像;根据果实串的质心和果串的轮廓边界确定果梗的感兴趣区域,采用快速并行细化算法提取果梗的骨架,利用Harris算法检测得到果实串第一个果实分叉点与植株主干之间果梗骨架角点,通过计算获得采摘点位置信息。然后进行验证试验,利用双目视觉图像采集系统采集了60组果实串图像并获取果梗采摘点位置信息,结果表明,采摘点位置成功率为90%,为采摘机器人提供准确的采摘位置信息。     

氮钾化肥配合追施对日光温室番茄越冬长季节栽培产量与品质的影响

采用有机基质进行番茄越冬长季节栽培试验,研究尿素和硫酸钾不同追施比例对番茄产量与品质的影响。结果表明,氮钾肥合理配施可维持番茄植株营养生长与生殖生长的平衡,促进植株生长;氮钾肥适宜配比可增加番茄座果数与单果重,提高番茄产量;并增加番茄果实中Vc、还原糖与有机酸的含量,改善果实品质。整体而言,番茄越冬长季节栽培过程中,氮钾(N∶K2O)的追施比例以1∶1.2～1.3为宜;但不同生长时期番茄对氮钾养分的需求比例不同。因此,番茄越冬长季节栽培的生长期肥料供给应采用分段式管理,前期营养生长与生殖生长均旺盛,氮钾(N∶K2O)适宜追施比例为1∶1左右;中期大量钾素随果实采收而移走,应增加钾肥施用量,氮钾(N∶K2O)追施比例宜为1∶1.2～1∶1.4;后期番茄植株营养生长下降,应重视氮钾肥平衡施用,氮钾(N∶K2O)追施比例应为1∶1.2左右。     

基于叶片SPAD估算不同水氮处理下温室番茄氮营养指数

为了探讨临界氮稀释曲线模型在西北地区温室番茄不同水分处理下的适用性以及采用SPAD仪快速准确诊断氮营养状况,该研究以"丽娜"番茄为材料,2013-2015年在陕西省杨凌区温室内进行水分和氮素处理试验,水分处理设置4个水平,分别为全生育期充分灌水处理、仅苗期亏水50%、苗期开花期连续亏水50%和全生育期亏水50%;氮素处理设置3个水平,施氮量分别为0、150和300 kg/hm2,通过2013-2015年试验数据对临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型进行率定和验证,并将该模型参数与番茄全生育期平均日耗水量建立相关关系,提高了临界氮浓度稀释模型在不同水分条件下的适用性。结果表明通过番茄全生育期平均日耗水量和临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型估算得到的临界氮浓度估算值和实际计算值有较好的一致性,其绝对误差为0.13~0.34 g/(100 g),标准误差为0.14~0.39 g/(100 g),决定系数为0.94~0.99,因此采用该方法可以对西北地区温室番茄不同水分处理下临界氮浓度稀释进行准确估算。通过2013-2015年试验数据分析番茄不同叶位叶片SPAD值和氮营养指数(nitrogen nutrition index,NNI)之间相关性,结果表明番茄中位叶片SPAD值与氮营养指数(NNI)有良好的线性相关性(决定系数为0.77~0.98),且该相关系数值与番茄日耗水量呈极显著相关关系,因此通过番茄日耗水量可以估算出NNI与中位叶片SPAD值之间的线性关系,估算出NNI=1时的中位叶片SPAD值,并以此SPAD值进行氮营养诊断。该研究可为西北地区温室番茄实时氮营养诊断和优化氮素管理提供了较好的理论参考。     

Nitrogen and water uptake patterns and growth of plants at various minimum solution nitrate concentrations

Increasing fertilizer and energy costs, as well as awareness of environmental quality, require greater fertilizer use efficiency. Providing plant nutrients in the quantity and at the time needed, possibly through fertigation, should lead to more efficient fertilizer use. Knowledge on crop nutrient requirements and minimum nutrient concentrations in the root zone at different stages of growth is important. Hydroponic greenhouse experiments were conducted using tomato and lettuce plants to determine minimum solution nitrogen concentrations which would allow maximum plant growth for a system of frequent nitrogen application and to quantitatively measure nitrogen uptake rates as a function of time. Minimum N levels for the tomato experiment were 2, 10, and 20 mg/1. Solutions were analyzed three times a week to determine N uptake and sufficient KNO₃ was added each time to supply the plant N demand so that the targeted minimum N concentration would be achieved at the next sampling time. The minimum N concentrations in the lettuce trial were 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/1. A control consisting of 105 mg/1 N was used for both crops. There was no significant effect of N concentration on N uptake throughout the experiment for lettuce and during the early stages of tomato growth. Higher N uptake during the latter stages of tomato growth occurred for the control as compared to the other treatments. The latter observation was probably caused by N diffusion gradient development because of the dense root system and inadequate solution stirring. Plant growth results were comparable to N uptake results. The ratio of N to water uptake was fairly constant throughout the growth period with a trend toward decrease in the ratio with time for tomatoes. Low N concentrations can occur at the root surface without limiting plant growth.     

基于温室环境和作物生长的番茄基质栽培灌溉模型

为解决涵盖土壤蒸发和作物冠层蒸腾的土培作物蒸散模型不能直接应用于稻壳炭基质栽培番茄灌溉的问题,该研究首先通过修改Penman-Monteith模型的原始表达式来去除土壤蒸发部分,并引入TOMGRO模型来模拟番茄冠层生长,给出了阻抗参数的修正计算,得到了新的番茄基质栽培蒸腾模型。考虑到蒸腾模型中净辐射项削弱了室外太阳辐射对冠层及以下部整株植株的耗水影响,进而将新的蒸腾模型与太阳辐射线性比例供水模型结合建立蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型。结果表明,蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型对上海崇明A8温室番茄灌溉量的模拟结果与实际结果之间的相关系数高于0.95,平均相对误差小于20%。这说明蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型能够较好地估算温室稻壳炭基质栽培番茄的灌溉需水量,对深入研究温室灌溉实施具有参考价值。