Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities

Sewage sludge is increasingly used as an organic amendment to soil, especially to soil containing little organic matter. However, little is known about utility of this organic amendment with N-enriched or adjusted C:N ratios in soil. We studied the effects of adding of different doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 t ha⁻¹) and C:N ratios (3:1, 6:1 and 9:1) of sewage sludge on enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease) in a clay loam soil at 25 °C and 60% soil water holding capacity. Nitrogen was added in the form of (NH₄)₂ SO₄ solution to the sludge to reduce the C:N ratio from 9:1 to 6:1 and 3:1. The addition of different doses and C:N ratios of the sludge caused a rapid and significant in the enzymatic activities in soils, this increase was specially noticeable in soil treated with high doses of the sludge. In general, enzymatic activities in sludge-amended soils tended to decrease with the incubation time. All activities reached peak values at 30 days incubation and then gradually decreased up to 90 days of incubation. Sewage sludges also the increased available metal (Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) contents in the soils. However, the presence of available soil metals due to the addition of the sludge at all doses and C:N ratios did negatively affect all enzymatic activities in the soils. This experiment indicated that all doses and C:N ratios of sewage sludge applied to soil would have harmful effects on enzymatic activity. Some heavy metals found in sewage sludge may negatively influence soil enzyme activities during the decomposition of the sludge.     

Toxic effect of cadmium and nickel on soil enzymes and the influence of adding sewage sludge

Sewage sludge is increasingly used as an organic amendment to soil, especially to soil containing little organic matter. However, little is known about the utility of this organic amendment in the reclamation of soil polluted with heavy metals. We studied the effects of adding sewage sludge on enzymatic activities of a semi-arid soil contaminated with Cd or Ni in the laboratory. The activities of urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase and protease-BAA were measured in soil containing concentrations of Cd or Ni in the range 0–8000 mg kg⁻¹ soil, and their inhibition was compared with those of the enzymatic activities in the same soil amended with sewage sludge and containing similar concentrations of the heavy metals. The inhibition was tested for three different incubation times to determine changes in the effect of the heavy metals on hydrolase activity with the time elapsed after contamination. Ecological dose (ED) values of Cd and Ni were calculated from three mathematical models which described the inhibition of the enzymatic activities with increasing concentrations of heavy metal in the soil. For urease and phosphatase activities, the ED values for Cd and Ni increased after application of sewage sludge to soil, indicating a decrease in Cd and Ni toxicity. The other two enzymes (β-glucosidase and protease-BAA) were less sensitive to Cd or Ni contamination, and it was more difficult to determine whether addition of sewage sludge had affected the inhibition of these enzymes by the heavy metals.     

Effect of different types of organic fertilizers on the chemical properties and enzymatic activities of an Oxisol under intensive cultivation of vegetables for 4 years

The effects of different types of organic fertilizers on the chemical and enzymatic properties of an Oxisol were studied after being fertilized for four consecutive years (26 crops) in a greenhouse under intensive cultivation of vegetables. Seven treatments, consisting of five types of organic fertilizer treatments, one "sequential application" (SA) treatment, and a chemical fertilizer treated plot were compared. The organic fertilizers used were dairy cattle dung compost (DCDC), hog dung compost (HDC), chicken dung compost (CDC), pea residue compost (PRC) and soybean meal (SBM). After 4 years of cultivation, the soils were analyzed for their chemical properties and enzymatic activities. The microbial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), basal respiration and nitrification rate were also measured. The results showed that the SBM significantly lowered the soil pH, and that the HDC and DCDC raised the soil pH. The SBM and CDC resulted in the lowest soil electrical conductivity. The SBM had no significant effect on soil organic C and total N contents when compared with the CF plot. However, the DCDC resulted in the highest contents of soil organic C and total N. The organic fertilizers applied did not significantly affect the soil available copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and nickel. The effects of the different organic fertilizers on soil enzymatic activities depended on the types of organic fertilizers applied. The SBM and CDC often resulted in a lower microbial C (or N) and respiration rate, while in contrast DCDC and PRC resulted in high measurements. Most of the measured soil enzymatic activities in the SBM treatment, except for acid phosphatase, were the lowest. Differing contents of different heavy metals in the organic fertilizers resulted in different Mehlich III extractable heavy metal contents in the soils. From the point of view of the soil chemical and enzymatic properties, SBM is not an appropriate organic fertilizer for continuous application to an Oxisol.     

藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物学特性的影响

土壤微生物对土壤重金属污染反应敏感,是探讨矿区土壤重金属污染生态效应的有效指标之一。通过野外调查与采样和室内分析,研究了藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性、微生物生物量C（MBC）、N（MBN）和P（MBP）、土壤基础呼吸、代谢商（qCO2）及可矿化N的影响。研究表明,矿区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd全量和有效含量均高于对照土壤;随着矿区土壤重金属含量增加,土壤酶活性、微生物量C、N和P、可矿化N均逐渐降低,土壤基础呼吸和qCO2则逐渐升高;土壤重金属与土壤蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、脱氢酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、MBC、MBN、土壤基础呼吸、qCO2及可矿化N具有显著的线性相关;脱氢酶活性对土壤重金属污染最为敏感,表明脱氢酶活性可作为藏中矿区土壤环境质量变化的有效指标。     

不同施肥条件下氯氰菊酯对土壤酶活性的影响及其降解差异

采用长期定位施肥试验土壤（轻壤质黄潮土），研究不同施肥条件下，氯氰菊酯降解变化和对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明，不同的施肥处理对土壤中氯氰菊酯的降解行为有显著影响，长期施用氮肥，土壤中速效氮含量升高，对氯氰菊酯降解有抑制作用；施用磷肥则促进降解；施用有机肥在提高土壤有机质含量的同时，虽加速了氯氰菊酯降解，但降解延滞期和残留期有所增加。氯氰菊酯在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程，降解半衰期为10．13d（PK）～14．58d（NK）。土壤中加入氯氰菊酯后，脱氢酶、脲酶活性有所升高，施肥处理不同，升高幅度也不一样．均达显著水平。磷酸酶活性变化在不同施肥处理中，表现不一样。培养26d左右，土壤酶活性大多都能恢复到初始水平。研究土壤中农药残留与施肥、土壤酶活性的关系，对于实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

纳米羟基磷灰石对重金属污染土壤Cu/Cd形态分布及土壤酶活性影响

通过室内培养实验,研究了纳米羟基磷灰石对重金属污染土壤Cu/Cd形态分布及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,施加纳米羟基磷灰石显著提高了土壤pH,其中3%和5%添加剂量处理60 d后使土壤pH分别提高了1.23个和1.35个单位;纳米羟基磷灰石显著减少了毒性较强的离子交换态Cu/Cd的含量,增加了毒性中等的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态及毒性最低的残留态Cu/Cd含量,使Cu/Cd由植物可利用态向潜在可利用态转变;纳米羟基磷灰石不同程度地提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。3种酶活性与Cu/Cd形态分布的相关性表明,过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶对土壤重金属Cu/Cd活性变化比较敏感,可以作为重金属Cu/Cd污染土壤的评价指标。     

Stability and mineralization of organic phosphorus incorporated into model humic polymers

The stability of the phosphate ester linkage in phosphoserine (PS) and phosphoethanolamine (PE) was evaluated after incorporation of these compounds into model humic polymers. Humic polymers prepared by oxidation of a mixture of substituted phenols in the presence of either PS or PE resulted in model humic materials containing from 0.25 to 0.94% P, values within the range found for organic P in natural soil humic materials. The organic P contained in model humic polymers was resistant to hydrolysis with 1 n HC1 and 1 n NaOH and resistance of the P ester to hydrolysis with 6 n HCl was increased through incorporation into model humic polymers. Organic P in model humic polymers was also stabilized towards hydrolysis with acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases. Less than 11% of the organic P in polymers containing PS and PE was hydrolyzed by acid or alkaline phosphatase. The incorporation of PE into a model humic polymer markedly reduced the amount of P mineralized during incubation in soil when compared to P mineralized in soils treated with PE. For all environmental conditions imposed during soil incubations (i.e. pH, aeration, temperature), only 20% of the P in model humic polymer containing PE was released during a 16-week period. In contrast, > 60% of the P in either PS and PE added individually to soils or PS and PE intimately mixed with preformed model humic polymer and then added to soils was released during the initial 7 days of soil incubation. The results suggest that a portion of the unidentified organic P in soils may arise from the incorporation of organic compounds containing both amine and phosphate ester functional groups into humic materials and that the organic P thus formed is resistant to both chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis.     

Cd Pb污染土壤中蛋白酶酸性磷酸酶脱氢酶活性的变化

通过现场采样及室内分析方法,研究了Cd、Pb严重污染的土壤中蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的变化及其与土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量和土壤基本性质之间的关系。通径分析表明,影响蛋白酶活性主要直接因素为土壤有效Cd、土壤有效Zn、砂粒和黏粒,其中土壤有效Zn刺激了酶活性而土壤有效Cd抑制了酶活性;影响酸性磷酸酶活性主要直接因素为碱解氮、速效磷、pH值,土壤有效Cu、土壤有效Cd、土壤有效Pb、土壤有效Zn对酸性磷酸酶的直接影响较小;影响脱氢酶活性主要直接因素为土壤有效Cd、土壤有效Zn、土壤速效钾,其中土壤有效Cd抑制了酶活性而土壤有效Zn刺激了酶活性。总体而言,4种重金属有效态对酶活性毒性大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn。综合简单相关分析结果可知,总体上Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染刺激了蛋白酶活性,抑制了脱氢酶活性,对酸性磷酸酶活性影响不大,脱氢酶可作为上述土壤重金属复合污染的指标。3种土壤酶活性变化是重金属与土壤理化性质综合作用的结果。     

超积累植物东南景天根际土壤酶活性研究

通过野外调查和盆栽试验研究了超积累植物东南景天根际土壤酶活性变化及其与重金属有效态的关系。研究结果表明,在矿山土壤、重度污染土壤和轻度污染土壤上,种植超积累生态型东南景天后,根际土壤有效态Zn分别比非根际减少了14.3%,7.9%和47.4%,有效态Cd分别比非根际减少25.1%,21.9%和20%。在铅锌矿区,东南景天生长地段土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性高于其它植物生长地段。在矿山土壤和重度污染土壤中,超积累生态型东南景天根际土壤酶活性明显高于非根际土壤,同时也高于非超积累生态型根际土壤。Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu4种重金属对东南景天根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶活性均有抑制作用,而Pb对磷酸酶有一定的刺激作用。东南景天根际土壤脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与重金属有效态含量呈极显著相关。     

南京栖霞重金属污染区植物富集重金属效应及其根际微生物特性分析

以南京栖霞重金属污染区5种植物及其根际土壤为研究对象,对植物富集重金属特征以及重金属含量与根际土壤细菌数量、土壤酶活性等的相关性进行了调查分析。结果发现,植物根际重金属污染物以Zn和Cd为主;重金属污染地区的植物有较强的吸收重金属能力,龙葵和茼草具备了超积累植物的基本特征;植物根际细菌和Pb抗性细菌的数量达到了107CFU g-1土;根际土壤酶活性未受到重金属的毒害或受到的毒害很小;植物体中重金属含量与土壤重金属含量及其存在状态、土壤酶、土壤重金属抗性细菌有显著的正相关性。根际土壤细菌尤其是具有重金属抗性的活性细菌可能会促进土壤重金属的活化,由此促进植物体对重金属的吸收和转运。     

养殖废水灌溉下施用生物质炭和果胶对土壤养分和重金属迁移的影响

【目的】 养殖废水中含有丰富的养分,但也含有一定的重金属。本文研究了生物质炭和果胶对养殖废水灌溉下的土壤–植物系统养分和重金属迁移规律的影响,以利用养殖废水中的养分,并对其重金属进行调控。 【方法】 选取新乡市郊区农田土壤为供试土壤,采用根箱试验方法种植玉米。设置根箱土壤中添加1%的生物质炭和果胶,分别灌溉蒸馏水和养殖废水发酵产生的沼液。测定了土壤中养分和重金属的含量,探讨了其在土壤–植物系统的迁移规律。 【结果】 沼液灌溉的植株地上部生长与蒸馏水灌溉无显著差异。果胶相比于生物质炭可以促进植株生长。沼液灌溉时,果胶处理的根系和地上部生物量分别比对照增加了25.38%和31.21%。沼液灌溉普遍降低了根际和非根际土壤的pH,生物质炭处理和果胶处理与对照根际和非根际土壤的pH均无显著差异。沼液灌溉增加了非根际土壤的电导,生物质炭相比于果胶增加了土壤的电导。沼液灌溉增加了土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量。果胶根际土壤的全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、有效Fe、有效Mn均高于生物质炭处理,生物质炭处理根际和非根际土壤的全钾和速效钾含量均高于果胶处理。沼液灌溉相比于蒸馏水灌溉,增加了植株根、茎中N含量和Ca含量。生物质炭处理植株根茎叶N含量、根茎P含量、茎K含量、根茎叶Ca含量、根茎Mg含量高于果胶处理,但果胶处理养分的转运系数较高。养殖废水灌溉增加了根际和非根际土壤中有效Cu和Zn尤其是Zn的含量。与对照相比,生物质炭降低了根际土壤Cu、Pb、Ni的含量,而果胶增加了它们的含量。沼液灌溉增加了植株根茎叶中Cu、Zn、Pb含量,果胶处理植株根系Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni含量最高,但向地上部转运较少。 【结论】 在北方碱性土壤灌溉养殖废水发酵产生的沼液时,施用生物质炭和果胶可以提高土壤肥力和植株养分含量,生物质炭通过减少土壤中有效态重金属含量以减少重金属在植物体内累积,果胶虽然增加土壤有效态重金属含量,但可以降低其向地上部的转运,避免了重金属在植物体内的累积。      

植被恢复模式对土壤重金属质量分数和土壤酶活性的影响——以山东省淄博市四宝山破坏山体为例

矿产资源开采造成了严重的重金属污染,为选择合理植被恢复模式以修复土壤重金属污染,以淄博市四宝山破坏山体不同植被恢复模式为对象,测定土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾质量分数,pH值等主要化学性质,土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶活性和Cu、Zn、Cd等7种重金属质量分数,分析不同植被恢复模式对土壤重金属质量分数及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:1)实验区土壤中重金属Zn轻度污染,Cu和Cd重度污染,其他重金属均不构成污染;2)各人工植被恢复模式土壤重金属质量分数均低于灌草丛的,其中黑松林对土壤Cu、Cd的修复效果最好,侧柏林对土壤Zn的修复效果最好;3)土壤重金属全量在垂直分布上规律复杂,有效量均表现为下层高于上层,土壤有效Cu、有效Zn、有效Cd下层比上层依次高9.24％～18.94％、0.97％～20.09％和5.48％～35.51％;4)在影响土壤酶活性的各种因素中,破坏山体土壤重金属有效量与土壤化学性质的影响最为明显,处于同等重要的地位.本研究发现,Cu、Zn、Cd均对4种土壤酶活性表现出了抑制作用,建议用土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性作为破坏山体土壤重金属Cu污染的评价指标.     

Long‐lasting impact of biowaste‐compost application in agriculture on soil‐quality parameters in three different crop‐rotation systems

Soil‐quality parameters, such as soil organic matter (SOM) and plant‐available nutrient contents, microbial properties, aggregate stability, and the amounts of heavy metals were carried out in arable soils of different rotation schedules applied with a total of 50 Mg dry mass ha^–1 biowaste compost relative to an untreated control. This was investigated during a 10 y period from 1994 to 2004. Overall, soil‐quality parameters studied appeared to be promoted by biowaste‐compost application. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase of SOM and total N content of ≈ 15%–20% relative to the control. Subsequently, amounts of soil microbial biomass and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased as well. In addition, biowaste‐compost application revealed an increase of plant‐available P and K contents and aggregate stability in soil. There was, however, no treatment effect for net N‐mineralization rates. Moreover, in soils of maize and sugar beet rotation schedule a slight decrease was found. Heavy‐metal contents of Pb and Zn were significantly increased in all compost‐treated soils, whereas no significant increase of Cd and Cu contents was measured. However, the investigated amounts were far below of the limits of the German Biowaste Ordinance. It is finally recommended, that biowaste compost may sustain and improve soil quality in agriculture when N nutrition will be considered.     

不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属活性的影响

为了解施用不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属行为的影响,布设了田间小区试验,观察研究施用6种不同类型有机物对土壤水溶性重金属和农作物对重金属吸收等的影响。试验设7个处理,分别为对照(不施有机肥)、施新鲜水稻秸秆、新鲜鸡粪、鸡粪堆肥、新鲜猪粪、猪粪堆肥和商品有机肥,动态检测土壤中水溶性重金属含量、田面水中重金属浓度及收获水稻籽粒中重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与不施有机物的对照处理比较,施用各类有机物在试验前期均可明显提高土壤中水溶性重金属和田面水中重金属的含量,总体上以施用新鲜猪粪的最高,其次为新鲜鸡粪,施用商品有机肥的最低。土壤中水溶性重金属含量随试验时间增长逐渐下降。施用各类有机物对水稻籽粒中重金属的积累影响不明显。土壤中水溶性重金属及田面水中重金属含量均与相应的水溶性碳(DOC)浓度呈显著相关性,表明因有机物施用增加土壤中DOC浓度可能是土壤中水溶性重金属含量增加的主要原因;而不同有机物对土壤重金属活性影响的差异可能与有机物本身的分解程度及可释放DOC大小有关。但施用有机物引起的农田土壤水溶性重金属含量的增加是暂时的,对水稻生长后期籽粒中重金属积累的影响不明显。     

Decomposition of carbon-14-labelled wheat straw in repeatedly fumigated and non-fumigated soils with different levels of heavy metal contamination

We analysed the decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled straw at five different levels of heavy metal contamination (100-20,000 µg total Zn g^-1 soil) in non-fumigated and repeatedly fumigated soils. The soils were not spiked with Zn, but were taken from sites containing different heavy metal concentrations. Zn was only used as a reference and the effects observed are most likely due to this metal. Microbial biomass decreased with increasing heavy metal content of soils, paralleled generally by the decreasing amount of wheat straw ¹⁴C incorporated into the microbial biomass. In addition, the newly synthesised microbial biomass declined more rapidly as the incubation proceeded. In the repeatedly fumigated soils, microbial biomass ¹⁴C corresponded to roughly 50% of the maximum ¹⁴C incorporation of the non-fumigated soil. The relative decline during incubation was similar to that of the non-fumigated soil at the respective contamination level. These results reveal clearly that heavy metal effects on straw decomposition do not depend on the ratio of substrate C to microbial biomass C. In contrast to microbial biomass C, the mineralisation of the wheat straw was not seriously affected by heavy metal contamination. The same was true for all of the repeatedly fumigated treatments, where a much smaller microbial biomass mineralised nearly the same amount of straw as in the non-fumigated soils. However, repeated fumigation caused a strong reduction in the decomposition of soil organic matter. The ratio of CO₂-¹⁴C to microbial biomass ¹⁴C after 60 days was linearly related to the Zn concentration in both non-fumigated and repeatedly fumigated samples, clearly indicating that an additional energy cost is required by soil microorganisms with increasing heavy metal concentrations.     

Changes in organic matter and enzymatic activity of an agricultural soil amended with metal‐contaminated sewage sludge compost

Abstract

The effect of organic amendment with sewage sludge composts of varying heavy metal content on the organic matter content and enzymatic activity of an agricultural soil supporting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crops was studied. The organic amendments did not improved lettuce growth, the contaminated composts having a negative effect on yield. However, all organic amendments improved barley straw yields although they did not affect grain yields. The addition of the organic materials increased the total carbohydrate content of the soil although this content decreased with cultivation. There was a clearly observed effect of crop type and the degree of heavy metal contamination of the amendment on the most labile carbon (C) fractions (water‐soluble C, carbohydrates, and polyphenolics). In general, soil enzymatic activities were stimulated by addition of sewage sludge compost with low heavy metal content. The compost containing high level of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) inhibited protease‐BAA activity with respect to the other composts. After cultivation, urease activity increased in soil amended with the high dose of composts, regardless their degree of metallic contamination. Both crop type and metallic contamination contained in the organic materials added influenced phosphatase and ß‐glucosidase activity.     

不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤的微生物活性影响

通过外加醋酸镉和氯化镉的室内培养试验研究了相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明 ,在相同镉浓度下相伴OAc- 对镉污染红壤的微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸和代谢商以及脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的抑制作用大于相伴Cl- ,统计分析显示 ,镉相伴OAc- 与Cl- 除对红黄泥的代谢商未达明显影响外 ,对供试红壤的其它微生物活性指标均达到显著差异 (p <0 0 5 )。用醋酸镉处理的土壤有效态镉含量明显高于氯化镉处理。钾盐试验结果表明 ,相伴OAc- 与Cl- 对土壤微生物活性没有产生明显抑制作用 ,OAc- 甚至还存在一定的刺激效应。可见 ,相伴OAc- 对镉污染红壤的微生物毒害作用大于相伴Cl- ,其直接原因可能是用醋酸镉处理的生物有效性镉明显高于氯化镉处理所致。     

采煤沉陷区土壤重金属含量对土壤酶活性的影响

为探明煤矿沉陷区土壤受重金属污染情况,探讨重金属含量对酶活性的影响,以焦作韩王煤矿沉陷区为例,通过野外调查与采样和室内分析,研究煤矿沉陷区土壤中重金属累积特性与土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:研究区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Hg、Pb、Cd等含量均高于对照小区的含量,且有明显的空间异质性;沉陷区各种酶活性大都低于对照点,其在空间分布上受重金属的影响,重金属Co、Ni对大多数酶有促进作用,As、Mo则对酶活性有抑制作用,重金属对酶活性的影响取决于重金属的类型与含量;在研究区,蔗糖酶对重金属污染较为敏感,表明蔗糖酶可作为评估煤矿沉陷区土壤环境质量变化的有效指标。     

水稻子实对不同形态重金属的累积差异及其影响因素分析

在分析成都平原核心区土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn)全量、各形态含量及相应点位种植的水稻子实重金属含量的基础上,通过统计分析、空间插值及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn全量的空间分布状况、各形态重金属含量统计特征,以及水稻子实对重金属各形态的累积差异及其影响因素。结果表明,成都平原水稻土重金属污染较轻,除Cd外,均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准。土壤中重金属的可交换态含量均较低,Cd主要以铁锰氧化态存在,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb主要以残渣态存在。水稻子实对5种重金属的累积效应顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr。与水稻重金属累积关系密切的重金属活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)主要有:Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cr的可交换态、Pb的有机物结合态和Cu的碳酸盐结合态含量;Zn各活性形态对水稻子实含量的影响不明显。土壤理化性质对不同活性形态重金属元素的影响效应各不相同。活性态Cd主要受有机质、pH和容重的影响;活性态Cr与pH、有机质、CEC和容重密切相关;活性态Pb与有机质、容重、中细粉粒、砂粒等均有密切的关系;Cu的活性主要受粘粒、有机质含量的影响;Zn的有效性主要受pH、有机质、砂粒、容重的影响。总的看来,对土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn各活性形态含量影响效应较强的是有机质、pH、容重,而与土壤吸附性能密切相关的颗粒组成、CEC的影响不甚明显。     

大宝山矿区农田土壤重金属污染及其植物累积特征

对金属矿山选冶活动影响的农田土壤,不同灌溉水源会影响重金属的分布累积特征。根据实际情况将大宝山矿区农田土壤分为污水灌溉区、清水灌溉区、自然修复区和对照区,并进行土壤和植物样品采集,调查研究了土壤的基本理化性质,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn 5种重金属的含量和化学形态分布,以及不同区域植物中重金属的含量。结果表明:污灌区Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量最高,是自然修复区和清水灌溉区的1.75倍~10.51倍,对照区最低;Mn在各采样点的含量无显著差别。土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量两两之间显著正相关,Mn与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb呈负相关关系;土壤pH与重金属环境有效态关系密切。残渣态是5种重金属的主要存在形态,有机态含量也较高;Cd的环境有效态含量占总量的比例是其他4种重金属的2倍左右。稻米中5种重金属在清水灌溉区的含量均比污水灌溉区低,其中Cu和Zn的含量在两区域均未超标(NY861-2004),而Pb和Cd的含量严重超标。重金属在自然修复区和清水灌溉区呈现较低的土壤污染和人体健康风险,该研究数据可为金属矿区土壤污染控制提供科学的依据。