大豆食心虫成虫性比对寿命和生殖力的影响

为明确大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella(Mats)成虫在田间自然条件下雌雄比例及其动态,在大豆食心虫成虫发生期,采用田间随机网捕法系统调查其成虫性比。在室内测定雌雄比例变化对其繁殖及寿命的影响,系统观察记录成虫寿命及雌虫的产卵量,并对成虫性比与其寿命和生殖力的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大豆食心虫田间自然种群雌雄性比随成虫发生时期延续而逐渐增大,其动态规律符合指数函数模型y=0.032 1 exp(0.207 6 x),且雄虫羽化早于雌虫。室内试验结果显示:大豆食心虫性比的变化显著影响成虫寿命、产卵期、产卵前期及产卵量。大豆食心虫成虫性比为1∶1时成虫寿命最长,雌虫、雄虫寿命分别为15.6和15.7 d。成虫寿命随着性比的增加或减少呈显著缩短的趋势,表现出明显的性比失衡寿命消耗现象。性比为1∶1时产卵持续期最长为8.1 d,随着某性别所占比例的增加,其产卵期逐渐缩短。性比小于1时雌虫的产卵前期和产卵量均显著长于和高于性比大于等于1时,且当性比为1∶4时产卵量最高,为82.4粒。大豆食心虫雌雄比与雌虫产卵量之间关系符合指数函数模型y=101.740 7 e...     

稻纵卷叶螟对不同植物的产卵趋性与取食选择

【目的】稻纵卷叶螟是我国水稻上的一种重要害虫,在田间除水稻之外还可取食多种禾本科植物并完成生活史,但在大发生年份该虫几乎只在水稻上发生。本研究旨在明确该虫在水稻及其他寄主植物上的产卵选择及后代取食趋性的机制。【方法】采用室内笼罩选择实验比较了稻纵卷叶螟在水稻、玉米、稗草、狗尾草上的产卵与取食选择性以及取食经历对产卵、取食选择的影响。【结果】在笼罩条件下稻纵卷叶螟成虫在水稻叶片上的着卵量占总卵量的49.08%,显著高于其他三种植物;幼虫取食水稻后发育历期为17.29 d,显著短于取食玉米和狗尾草,同时取食水稻后蛹重最重;幼虫期分别取食水稻和玉米的稻纵卷叶螟成虫对四种植物的产卵选择无变化,仍显著偏好选择水稻产卵;低龄幼虫的取食选择性在几种植物之间无显著差异,低龄期取食水稻的幼虫发育到3龄、4龄后对寄主的取食选择顺序为狗尾草水稻、稗草玉米;低龄期取食玉米的幼虫发育到3龄、4龄后对寄主的取食选择为狗尾草玉米水稻、稗草。【结论】稻纵卷叶螟成虫显著偏好在水稻上产卵,产卵选择性不受幼虫取食经历影响,产卵选择性与幼虫的取食选择性并不一致。幼虫取食水稻的发育历期最短,蛹重最高。高龄幼虫显著偏好取食狗尾草,同时,低龄期的取食经历改变了高龄幼虫对水稻和玉米的取食偏好。     

虫粪提取物对甜菜夜蛾成虫产卵和幼虫取食的影响

为了明确甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua Hübner)幼虫虫粪对其成虫产卵及幼虫取食的影响,采用非选择实验的方法,选用丙酮、甲醇和正己烷3种溶剂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫虫粪中的物质进行提取,然后分别测定3种溶剂幼虫粪便提取物对成虫产卵及幼虫取食的影响。结果表明:丙酮和甲醇幼虫粪便提取物对甜菜夜蛾成虫产卵量有显著的抑制作用,产卵忌避率分别为45.68%和33.21%;而正己烷提取物对成虫产卵的抑制作用不显著。3种溶剂粪便提取物对1龄和4龄幼虫的取食量(面积)均没有显著影响,但显著影响2龄和3龄幼虫的取食行为,其对幼虫的取食抑制率依次为丙酮甲醇正己烷;另外,3种溶剂粪便提取物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的存活率无显著影响。可见,甜菜夜蛾幼虫粪便中存在对成虫产卵和幼虫取食具有抑制作用的活性物质。     

取食不同施氮量棉花对棉铃虫发育与繁殖的影响

在可控光（Ｌ１４∶Ｄ１０）、温（２７±１℃）、湿（６０％～８０％ＲＨ）环境的模拟箱内，研究了取食低、中、高三种不同施氮量的棉花繁殖器官对棉铃虫发育与繁殖的影响，并通过对不同施氮量棉花繁殖器官的化学成分分析，探讨了造成这些影响的原因。结果表明，随着施氮量的增加，棉花繁殖器官的含糖量逐渐降低，蛋白质含量逐渐增加，氨基酸含量也逐渐增加，从而导致Ｃ／Ｎ比随着施氮量的增加而降低。取食不同施氮量棉花对棉铃虫发育、存活的影响主要在幼虫期。随着施氮量的增加，低龄幼虫（１～３龄）发育历期缩短，存活率提高；高龄幼虫（４～５龄）发育历期延长；蛹的存活率逐渐提高，成虫产卵量逐渐上升。比较而言，中等施氮水平的棉花其Ｃ／Ｎ更有利于棉铃虫的繁殖及种群数的增加，棉花的Ｃ／Ｎ比太高太低均不太有利。不同施氮量对棉铃虫发育及繁殖的影响主要是由于植株体内碳水化合物、蛋白质的含量及两者之间的比率的不同所致     

温度对短额负蝗生长发育及种群趋势的影响

为明确温度对短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis（I.Bolivar）种群生长发育、生殖力及种群趋势的影响。本试 验设置16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃等5个恒温梯度,在实验室条件下（H:D = 16:8,RH 70%±5%）,以大豆叶片为食 物饲养,系统观测短额负蝗实验种群各虫态发育历期、发育速率及繁殖等情况,测算其发育起点温度和有效积温, 并利用生命表技术分析各温度条件下的种群趋势。结果表明,短额负蝗各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩 短,其发育速率与温度呈显著正相关。短额负蝗卵、若虫和成虫的发育起点温度分别为9.58℃、10.55℃、11.40℃,有 效积温依次为449.80、540.03、430.94日·度。在试验条件下,短额负蝗单雌产卵量28℃时最高,为66.12粒,24℃时次 之,为 60.30粒,16℃时最低,为 28粒;各试验温度条件下实验种群趋势指数均>1,其中 24℃时最大,为 18.97。该结 果为短额负蝗的田间预测及综合防控提供了科学依据。      

不同营养条件对橘小实蝇实验种群生殖力及生命表的影响

蛋白质和糖是实蝇生长发育过程中2个重要的营养源,研究不同营养条件对实蝇实验种群的生殖力及生命表的影响。生殖力的研究结果表明：不同营养条件下,种群产卵量差异显著（p<0.05）,当蛋白质 ∶ 糖为1 ∶ 3时,种群产卵量大,10 d的产卵总量为1.61 mL。种群生命表的研究结果表明：22日龄前,取食蛋白饵剂的实验种群前期的存活数量和生命期望高于取食糖的种群,但在产卵后15 d,种群死亡速度迅速增加,25~28日龄间死亡数量高达76头;相反,虽然取食糖的种群的前期死亡数量较多,但死亡过程总体上较为平缓。两组同生群的存活曲线均呈凸型,在22日龄前相对平坦,22~40日龄间迅速下降,40日龄后减缓,两组种群中个体的最长存活时间分别为49和52 d。此结果为探讨蛋白饵剂的作用机理提供理论指导。     

烯效唑对稻飞虱取食和产卵行为的影响

烯效唑对稻飞虱取食和产卵行为的影响刘光杰,赵伟春（中国水稻研究所,杭州３１０００６;浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）关键词：烯效唑;白背飞虱;褐飞虱;取食产卵;抗虫性ＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓｏｆＵｎｉｃｏｎａｚｏｌｅｏｎｔｈｅＦｅｅｄｉｎｇａｎｄＯｖｉｐ...     

不同因素对北苍术种子育苗的影响

目的对我国不同产地北苍术种子净度、生活力、千粒重、含水量及发芽率五个方面进行测定,并筛选出发芽率较优种子进行种子出苗影响因素研究,旨在为不同地区北苍术种苗繁育及药材规范化生产提供参考。方法根据《农作物种子检验规程》(GB/T3543)对种子进行测定,并通过土壤基质类型、基质含水量、播种深度对北苍术种子出苗影响进行研究。结果北苍术最佳出苗方案为农田土∶植物腐殖土或动物腐殖土∶蛭石=3∶3∶1、基质含水量为40%、播种深度为1 cm。结论探寻影响北苍术出苗的关键环境因素,初步建立北苍术种苗质量标准技术体系。     

不同时期套袋对菠萝果实发育和品质的影响

以菠萝品种‘无刺卡因’为试材,分析了不同套袋时间对果实发育和品质的影响。结果表明,套袋可以防止日灼的发生,提高果实的外观质量。但是,套袋处理会降低果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、类黄酮含量,导致果实风味品质下降。套袋过早,平均单果重明显减少,而较晚时期的套袋会提高维生素C和总酚的含量,最适宜的套袋时期为谢花后40～60 d。     

中华稻蝗对植物挥发性化学物质的触角电生理和行为反应

采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪测定了中华稻蝗6龄若虫和成虫对9种植物挥发性化学物质的嗅觉和行为反应.EAG反应结果表明,中华稻蝗成虫对9种植物挥发性化学物质的反应值均低于6龄若虫,其中对顺-3-己烯-1-醇的EAG反应值6龄若虫显著高于成虫,对香叶醇的EAG反应6龄雌性若虫显著高于成虫及雄性若虫.1-戊醇可引发中华稻蝗雌、雄6龄若虫间显著的EAG反应差异,雌、雄成虫对9种挥发性化合物的EAG反应表现一致.行为测定结果表明,除6龄雄虫外,中华稻蝗其他各虫态对反-2-己烯醛和乙酸顺-3-己烯酯2种化合物均表现出显著的行为趋性.中华稻蝗对香叶醇的EAG反应和行为反应相一致.对水稻、稗草和马唐3种寄主植物的行为反应测定结果表明,中华稻蝗雌性成虫和雌性6龄若虫对马唐存在显著的行为趋向性,而所有试虫对水稻和稗草却表现出随机选择效应.因此,香叶醇很有可能会在中华稻蝗对寄主植物的定向行为中发挥重要作用,而对寄主植物的选择性可能会影响中华稻蝗雌虫的生长发育及产卵行为.     

不同椰子品种对椰心叶甲生长发育和繁殖力的影响

研究椰心叶甲在海南高种椰子(Hainan Tall)、黄矮椰子(Yellow Dwarf)、红矮椰子(Red Dwarf)、78F1椰子(78F1)、香水椰子(Ammatica Green Dwarf)和马哇椰子(Mawa)6个椰子品种未展开心叶上的发育、存活和繁殖情况.结果表明,在取食不同椰子品种的情况下,椰心叶甲完成1个世代所需的时间差异显著,其中取食红矮椰子所需的时间最长,为(79.06±3.65)d,取食海南高种椰子所需的时间最短,为(7206±1.14)d;取食海南高种椰子的椰心叶甲平均产卵量最高,为(25075±3.57)粒,而取食马哇椰子的最少,为(144.42±1.14)粒;取食78F1椰子的椰心叶甲成虫寿命最长,为(235.84±2.62)d.取食香水椰子的最短,为(142.15±8.25)d.椰心叶甲在6个椰子品种上的实验种群趋势指数从高到低为78F1椰子96.07、海南高种椰子82.34、黄矮椰子73.93、马哇椰子60.16、红矮椰子60.07和香水椰子55.26.     

Developmental Biology and Effects of Adult Diet on Consumption,Longevity, and Fecundity of Colaspis crinicornis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The chrysomelid beetle Colaspis crinicornis Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) occurs primarily in the Great Plains region of the United States. Little is known about the biology and ecology of this species, but over the last decade, it has become increasingly common in the corn, Zea mays L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, agroecosystem of southeastern Nebraska. As part of a larger comprehensive project to understand the natural history and pest potential of this species, laboratory experiments were conducted to study the developmental biology, morphological characters of immature stages, and the effect of adult diet on consumption, longevity, and fecundity. Females readily deposited egg clusters in the soil, and percentage egg hatch was high under laboratory conditions. Larvae and pupae were confirmed to be soil-dwelling stages. C. crinicornis has relatively short egg, pupal, and adult stages with the majority of its life cycle spent in the larval stage. Results of choice and no-choice adult feeding experiments indicate that diets of corn or soybean leaves did not significantly affect consumption, longevity, or fecundity of adult C. crinicornis, suggesting that corn and soybean leaves are similarly suitable food sources for adults. The ability to effectively utilize tissues from very different plant families as adult food sources suggests that C. crinicornis is polyphagous in the field.     

Host Plant-Based Artificial Diets Enhance Development,Survival and Fecundity of the Edible Long-Horned Grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Wild swarms of the long-horned grasshoppers Ruspolia differens (Serville) which are widely harvested for consumption and sale in Africa are seasonal and unsustainable, hence the need for innovative ways of artificially producing the insects. We investigated the development, survival, and reproduction of R. differens in the laboratory on diets mixed with host plants [Digitaria gayana Kunth, Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Megathyrsus maximus Jacq (Poales: Poaceae); Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asterales: Asteraceae)] identified from guts of their wild conspecifics with a view to developing a suitable diet for artificial mass rearing of the edible insect. A standard diet comprising ground black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Startiomyidae) larvae, soybean flour, maize flour, vitamin premix, and ground bones was tested for rearing R. differens as a control against the same ingredients incorporated with individual powders of the different host plants. Whereas R. differens developed more slowly in the diet mixed with D. gayana than in the control diet; its development was faster in the diet mixed with C. dactylon. Mortalities of R. differens in host plant-based diets were 42.5–52.5%, far lower than in the control diet with 71% mortality. The insects raised on the diet mixed with M. maximus laid approximately twice more eggs compared to R. differens fecundities from the rest of the diets. However, inclusion of host plants in the diets had no detectable influence on R. differens adult weight and longevity. These findings support inclusion of specific host plants in artificial diets used for mass rearing of R. differens to enhance its survival, development, and fecundity.     

热胁迫对椰甲截脉姬小蜂生长发育和繁殖的影响

研究了30、33、36、39和42℃条件下椰甲截脉姬小蜂生长发育和繁殖的情况,结果表明:(1)椰甲截脉姬小蜂卵、幼虫和蛹在33～42℃范围内处理8h后,发育历期延长,羽化率下降,每寄主出蜂数减少,雌蜂比例增加;(2)椰甲截脉姬小蜂成虫在30～42℃范围内处理2h,随着温度的升高,寄生率逐渐下降,每寄主出蜂数减少,发育历期延长,羽化率下降,且在39～42℃的范围内,与对照相比,雌蜂比例显著下降;(3)不同发育阶段椰甲截脉姬小蜂对高温的耐热性存在显著差异,依次为:蛹幼虫卵。     

温度及补充营养对黄野螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

黄野螟（Heortia vitessoides Moore）是白木香的重要害虫。本文研究了温度和补充营养对该虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在15、19、23、27、31 ℃ 5个恒温条件下,黄野螟各虫态及世代的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;该虫在11、35 ℃条件下均不能完成一个世代的发育。该虫卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为8.26、8.79、11.97、11.49、5.62、9.22 ℃;有效积温分别为150.73、291.45、37.23、138.66、93.83、718.10 d? ℃。该虫在云南西双版纳州年发生代数为6代。10%蔗糖水为该虫最佳补充营养。研究结果可为该虫的室内饲养、预测预报及田间防控提供科学依据。     

牧草盲蝽雌成虫内生殖系统结构及卵巢发育动态

通过解剖和显微观察研究了牧草盲蝽雌成虫的内生殖系统结构及其发育情况，并对处于不同发育阶段卵巢进行了分级。结果显示，牧草盲蝽雌成虫有1对卵巢，每个卵巢由7根卵巢管组成。初羽化的雌性牧草盲蝽卵巢为透明状，随着日龄的增加，卵巢逐渐发育，体积增大；卵巢管内总的卵子数目随着日龄的增长呈现先升后降的趋势；在羽化后第4天可观测到成熟的卵，而在羽化后第15天卵子数目达到最高值。依据卵巢发育中卵巢管内卵母细胞体积变化、成熟卵数目，将牧草盲蝽卵巢分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ级，包括Ⅰ级（未发育期）、Ⅱ级（卵黄沉积期）、Ⅲ级（成熟待产期）、Ⅳ级（产卵盛期）和Ⅴ级（产卵末期）。这些结果对于牧草盲蝽生殖生理学的认识、生理适应性的机制、害虫种群动态监测等都具有重要意义。     

牧草盲蝽雌成虫内生殖系统结构及卵巢发育动态

通过解剖和显微观察研究了牧草盲蝽雌成虫的内生殖系统结构及其发育情况,并对处于不同发育阶段卵巢进行了分级。结果显示,牧草盲蝽雌成虫有1对卵巢,每个卵巢由7根卵巢管组成。初羽化的雌性牧草盲蝽卵巢为透明状,随着日龄的增加,卵巢逐渐发育,体积增大;卵巢管内总的卵子数目随着日龄的增长呈现先升后降的趋势;在羽化后第4天可观测到成熟的卵,而在羽化后第15天卵子数目达到最高值。依据卵巢发育中卵巢管内卵母细胞体积变化、成熟卵数目,将牧草盲蝽卵巢分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ级,包括Ⅰ级（未发育期）、Ⅱ级（卵黄沉积期）、Ⅲ级（成熟待产期）、Ⅳ级（产卵盛期）和Ⅴ级（产卵末期）。这些结果对于牧草盲蝽生殖生理学的认识、生理适应性的机制、害虫种群动态监测等都具有重要意义。     

褐飞虱成虫存活与产卵的模拟

 用Weibull函数为骨架,组建了褐飞虱成虫的具有年龄特征的存活率和生殖率模型。经检验,适合性显著。褐飞虱的雌成虫存活率随温度的升高而降低,期望寿命缩短,但在水稻不同生育期间的差异不大。生殖量在26℃左右时及抽穗期较大。尽管在温度较高时存活率低,产卵量小,但由于生殖高峰提前出现,就使得实际种群增长率仍较高。从而认为加入各种参数的年龄特征,比只考虑其总量特征,在组建害虫种群预测和管理系统模型时,更具有积极意义。     

Fecundity of First-Generation Captively Reared Heterelmis comalensis (Coleoptera: Elmidae)

The Comal Springs riffle beetle Heterelmis comalensis Bosse, Tuff, and Brown is listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Rearing this species in captivity is important to maintaining a refuge which is a goal of the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan. Although captive larval production has been observed for years, the production of larvae per female has been relatively unknown. Production chambers were constructed from PVC to house one female and male and the production of larvae was monitored ca. monthly until the female died. Females were found to be iteroparous and produced 29.3 ± 37.1 larvae. The number of larvae produced was found to be a function of female longevity rather than size. Other aspects of captive production and observations from the study are discussed.     

Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco-Related Products on the Feeding Behavior of the German Cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae)

Animals use olfaction to detect developmentally significant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their local environment. As part of a wider study aiming to demonstrate that the olfactory responses of animals to VOCs can be modified through the creation of a drug-addicted status and association with a selected VOC, we investigated nicotine and tobacco smoke particulate (TSP) extract as possible addictive compounds for male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). In feeding experiments using an artificial food stimulus, food treated with TSP extract was preferred over untreated food. Surprisingly, nicotine, which was expected to be the most important addictive tobacco component, did not induce noticeable effects on cockroach behavior. Both TSP extract and nicotine were shown to be phagostimulants. Olfactometry assays that measured odor-mediated insect behavior demonstrated that male B. germanica did not choose TSP-extract-treated food even when attempts were made specifically to train them via this modality. These results support a hypothesis that B. germanica needs to consume TSP-containing food to show a clear preference for this stimulus and that gustatory mechanisms are involved due to compounds present in the TSP extract.