色氨酸的营养研究及其在家禽生产中的应用

色氨酸作为肉鸡的第三限制性氨基酸,不仅参与体蛋白质合成,还是一种具有代谢活性的氨基酸,它是5-羟色胺、褪黑激素、烟酸等的重要前体物质,对节约蛋白质饲料资源、减少粪氮排泄量及控制环境污染具有重要意义。本文就日粮中色氨酸的营养代谢作用及在家禽生产中的应用效果进行了综述。     

Impact of nutrition on the innate immune response to infection in poultry

Viral and bacterial diseases remain a threat to the poultry industry and countermeasures to prevent and control them are needed due to production losses. With the continued threat of exotic and emerging diseases and concern over the use of antibiotics in animal production, there is a serious and urgent need to find safe and practical alternatives to prevent or control pathogens. Identification of new tools for the design of new immunological interventions or therapeutic antimicrobials to reduce microbial pathogens in poultry is now required more than ever. Immunological interventions to reduce microbial pathogens in poultry would be of great value to the poultry industry and to the consumer. We have been advocating boosting immunity and encouraging the host to utilize its innate immune system to control and clear infections. Our research has addressed the use of innate immune mechanisms and components to develop new immune modulators (prophylactic and therapeutic) and the characterization and production of antimicrobial peptides as potential immune modulators in poultry. Dietary bioactive food components that interact with the immune response have considerable potential to reduce susceptibility to infectious diseases. With this premise, this paper asks and answers a series of pertinent questions on the utilization of avian immunity for increasing resistance to a variety of potential pathogens problematic in today's commercial poultry industry. Using experimental data to provide answers to these questions, we hope to stimulate a dialog between avian immunologists and nutritionists that results in coordinating and integrating their expertise into specific practical solutions that will benefit the industry and improve the well-being of commercial poultry.     

饲粮中色氨酸对畜禽的免疫调节作用

色氨酸是一种具有调节机体免疫功能的必需氨基酸。色氨酸的代谢产物吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)、犬尿氨酸、喹啉酸和褪黑激素等,可通过抑制T淋巴细胞增殖、增加血液免疫球蛋白含量和促进组织的抗原递呈等,来提高机体免疫力、抗炎症反应和影响肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸。本文就色氨酸及其代谢产物对畜禽免疫功能的调控作用和机制进行简要叙述。     

Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition

Phosphorus (P) is primarily stored in the form of phytates in plant seeds, thus being poorly available for monogastric livestock, such as pigs and poultry. As phytate is a polyanionic molecule, it has the capacity to chelate positively charged cations, especially calcium, iron and zinc. Furthermore, it probably compromises the utilization of other dietary nutrients, including protein, starch and lipids. Reduced efficiency of utilization implies both higher levels of supplementation and increased discharge of the undigested nutrients to the environment. The enzyme phytase catalyses the stepwise hydrolysis of phytate. In respect to livestock nutrition, there are four possible sources of this enzyme available for the animals: endogenous mucosal phytase, gut microfloral phytase, plant phytase and exogenous microbial phytase. As the endogenous mucosal phytase in monogastric organisms appears incapable of hydrolysing sufficient amounts of phytate‐bound P, supplementation of exogenous microbial phytase in diets is a common method to increase mineral and nutrient absorption. Plant phytase activity varies greatly among species of plants, resulting in differing gastrointestinal phytate hydrolysis in monogastric animals. Besides the supplementation of microbial phytase, processing techniques are alternative approaches to reduce phytate contents. Thus, techniques such as germination, soaking and fermentation enable activation of naturally occurring plant phytase among others. However, further research is needed to tap the potential of these technologies. The main focus herein is to review the available literature on the role of phytate in pig and poultry nutrition, its degradation throughout the gut and opportunities to enhance the utilization of P as well as other minerals and nutrients which might be complexed by phytates.     

色氨酸的生理功能及其在畜禽饲粮中的应用

色氨酸作为一种功能性必需氨基酸,可提高动物生长性能、调节采食与泌乳、增强机体抗氧化和免疫功能等。色氨酸作为饲料添加剂应用于低蛋白质饲粮中,在保证动物正常生产性能情况下,可减少蛋白质饲喂量,缓解蛋白质饲料原料紧缺问题,减轻养殖废弃物对环境造成的污染。本文从色氨酸在畜禽体内的代谢途径及其对畜禽的生理功能等方面进行综述,为色氨酸在畜牧生产中的科学合理应用提供参考。     

硒在养鸡生产中的研究进展

硒参与动物体内蛋白质、氨基酸、核酸、脂肪、碳水化合物和维生素以及微量元素等营养物质的代谢,在提高动物免疫力、生产性能及改善肉品质方面也有重要的作用。本文综述了硒在鸡营养中的作用效果及机理,为硒在养鸡生产中进一步应用提供参考。     

多胺在畜禽营养中的作用

本文就畜禽体内多胺的来源及代谢,多胺对畜禽小肠形态、功能以及畜禽生长性能的影响进行综述。     

微生态制剂在提高畜禽免疫力中的作用机制

作为一种替代抗生素的新型绿色添加剂,微生态制剂在畜禽养殖中主要用于维持畜禽健康、促进动物生长、提高饲料利用率.文章从调控动物胃肠道内微生物菌群、刺激动物免疫器官发育、分泌代谢产物激活动物自身免疫反应、改善养殖场环境进而改善动物健康状况等方面对现有的微生态制剂免疫机制进行综述.     

The relevance of glycine and serine in poultry nutrition: a review

ABSTRACT

1. Dietary glycine equivalents (Gly_equi) for glycine and serine represent the first-limiting non-essential amino acid in poultry diets. Targeted adjustment of essential amino acids and Gly_equi in diets can considerably decrease crude protein (CP) in poultry diets below the limit of CP reduction when only essential amino acids are adjusted.

2. The level to which CP can be reduced in diets adequate in Gly_equi depends on the objective; which includes reducing dietary CP without affecting performance and increasing nitrogen utilisation efficiency. Dietary CP can be reduced to ~15–16% in diets for up to 21 d old broiler chicken without affecting growth performance compared to responses to diets with currently common CP concentrations by considering Gly_equi in the diet formulation. Dietary CP can be further reduced to maximise nitrogen utilisation efficiency; however, this leads to reduced growth performance.

3. The dietary Gly_equi requirement of poultry varies depending on other dietary constituents. In broiler chickens up to 21 days of age, the dietary Gly_equi requirement is estimated to be between 11 and 20 g/kg. This estimate is influenced by the concentrations of Cys and the endogenous Gly_equi precursors, threonine and choline. Urinary nitrogen excretion seems to be a major determinant of the response to dietary Gly_equi, because it is needed for uric acid formation.

4. The variable requirement for dietary Gly_equi means that its static recommendation in poultry diets would lead to high safety margins in Gly_equi supply or the risk of Gly_equi deficiency. Variable recommendations for dietary Gly_equi concentrations would help to supply birds based on their specific requirements and could reduce nitrogen emissions originating from poultry farming.     

Heat stress management in poultry

High ambient temperature is one of the major causes of economic losses in the livestock industry. The poultry industry is an integral part of the livestock industry. It faces severe losses due to heat stress (HS). The adverse effects of HS can be seen on production performance, body temperature, intestinal health, appetite hormone regulation, immune responses and oxidative characteristics. It is important to monitor these parameters to identify the HS possessions during rearing so that timely action can be taken to minimize the adverse effects of high ambient temperature. Furthermore, the application of productive methods on farms is equally important. Several strategies have been suggested by researchers. Providing a suitable environment with selective rearing systems along with proper ventilation and hygiene is the basic requirement for all types of livestock reared for animal protein. Supplementation of appropriate feed additive could be useful for improving intestinal absorption and minimizing adverse effects of HS. Selection for breeding heat resistant birds also provide merits for improving the germplasm of the strains. Early age thermal conditioning also helps in developing resistance for HS. The most recent advancement is the supplementation of active substances during incubation. It is expected that these methods may have a potential impact on the poultry industry for creating thermotolerance in the newly hatched chicks. This review highlights the major issues concerning chicken health and suggests the measures to be adopted following the increase in environmental temperature.     

香精油在家禽营养中的主要影响和作用

<正>合理搭配家禽的日粮营养水平能够有效地促进生长、提高饲料消化率、降低死亡率具有至关重要的作用。近年来,芳香植物和它们的提取物(如香精油)更多的作为生产促进剂添加到饲料中。香精油(也称挥发油或脂肪油)能够增强消化液的分泌,刺激血液循环,增加抗氧化能力,降低致病菌水平和增强免疫能力。本文简要阐述了香精油在家禽营养上的作用和其作用机制。     

半定量RT-PCR检测猪延髓中色氨酸羟化酶2基因表达方法的建立

利用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术,测定仔猪延髓组织中色氨酸羟化酶2(TPH-2)基因mRNA表达水平,以β-actin为内标,分析相对表达量及其与驱赶应激的关系。通过探讨和优化PCR体系中退火温度、Mg2+浓度和循环次数等参数,建立了检测延髓组织中色氨酸羟化酶-2基因mRNA表达的半定量RT-PCR体系。通过分析色氨酸羟化酶-2 PCR产物与β-actin PCR产物电泳后的灰度比值,可知驱赶应激对TPH-2基因mRNA表达量的影响。     

氯的研究进展及其在家禽营养中的作用

<正>氯是动物体中重要的电解质之一,同钠、钾一起在维持体液渗透压,调节酸碱平衡,控制水代谢,保证营养素的适宜代谢环境方面发挥着重要的作用。由于氯在动物体内是产酸的,当动物摄入氯不足或过量时,就会导致动物体内的酸碱平衡发生异常,进而引起代谢性酸中毒或代谢性碱中毒。同时,由于动物体内的各种酶只有在所处体液微环境中特定的pH值下才能发挥催化作用,当酸碱平衡被破坏时会使体内的许多酶系的催化效率降低,从而引起代谢异常。本文主要对氯在动物体内的分布、代谢、功能、参与调节酸碱平衡的形式及在家禽生产中的作用作一简要综述。     

添喂色氨酸、过瘤胃色氨酸对奶牛泌乳性能、血浆指标和乳中褪黑素含量的影响

本研究旨在探究在饲粮中添喂色氨酸(Trp)、过瘤胃色氨酸(RPTrp)对奶牛泌乳性能、血浆指标和乳中褪黑素(MLT)含量的影响。选取30头3~5岁、2~3胎次、泌乳天数为(180±46)d的健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,每组10头。对照组饲喂全混合日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在对照组基础上分别添喂100 g/(d·头)色氨酸和220 g/(d·头)过瘤胃色氨酸(L-色氨酸含量≥45%)。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组产奶量相比于对照组分别提高了11.78%(P0.05)和17.19%(P0.01);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组乳糖产量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。2)试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在14:00和22:00血浆中生长激素(GH)含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01);14:00时,试验Ⅱ组血浆色氨酸含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),各组血浆褪黑素含量无显著差异(P0.05);22:00时试验Ⅱ组血浆色氨酸含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),试验Ⅱ组血浆褪黑素含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅰ组在14:00和22:00血浆色氨酸、5-羟色胺(5-HT)和褪黑素的含量与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)05:00时试验Ⅱ组乳中褪黑素含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01);18:00时各组乳中褪黑素含量无显著差异(P0.05)。4)试验Ⅰ组血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)极显著高于对照组(P0.01);试验Ⅱ组血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性极显著高于对照组(P0.01);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性极显著高于对照组(P0.01);试验Ⅱ组血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结果提示,添喂色氨酸[100 g/(d·头)]、过瘤胃色氨酸[220 g/(d·头)]能够提高泌乳期奶牛产奶量、血浆GH含量及抗氧化能力,其中以添喂过瘤胃色氨酸效果较好;添喂过瘤胃色氨酸[220 g/(d·头)]可提高血浆色氨酸含量及夜间血浆褪黑素含量,从而提高夜间奶牛乳中褪黑素含量。     

植物类化学物质对家禽氧化应激和免疫反应的潜在功能

植物化学物质存在于各种植物和真菌中,是一种非营养性化合物,对动物具有多种有益的生物活性。近年来,随着抗生素的限制,植物化学物质已被认为是家禽生产过程中应对挑战的首选。快速生长型肉用鸡品种在生长环境中受到应激时表现出较强的脆弱性,降低家禽生产性能的氧化还原平衡可能与免疫系统有关,因为氧化应激和炎症损伤是一个多阶段过程。本文首先讨论了氧化应激和炎症对家禽业的影响,其次综述了近年来植物化合物的抗氧化和免疫调节作用的研究进展。     

1～21日龄雌性肉仔鸡表观回肠可消化色氨酸需要量评定

本试验旨在研究1～21日龄雌性肉仔鸡表观回肠可消化色氨酸需要量及饲粮色氨酸水平对肉仔鸡肉品质、抗氧化指标和免疫指标的影响。试验选取480只1日龄雌性商品代肉雏鸡,随机分成5个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复12只鸡。采用含0.170%色氨酸的玉米-豆粕-玉米蛋白粉型基础饲粮,分别在其中添加0、0.021%、0.042%、0.063%和0.084%晶体L-色氨酸,使饲粮色氨酸水平分别为0.170%、0.191%、0.213%、0.234%和0.248%。测定1～21日龄肉仔鸡生产性能、胸肌品质、抗氧化指标、免疫指标和21～25日龄肉仔鸡氨基酸表观消化率和表观回肠消化率。结果表明:饲粮色氨酸水平显著影响1～21日龄肉仔鸡采食量及增重(P<0.05),采食量及增重与饲粮表观回肠可消化色氨酸水平呈现二次曲线关系(P<0.05)。1～21日龄肉仔鸡获得最大增重的饲粮表观回肠可消化色氨酸水平为0.176%,表观回肠可消化色氨酸摄入量为68.15 mg/d。与饲粮色氨酸水平0.170%相比,饲粮色氨酸水平0.213%及0.248%可显著降低肉仔鸡胸肌丙二醛含量、肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶活性和血清谷丙转氨酶活性(P<0.05),饲粮色氨酸水平0.248%可显著提高肉仔鸡屠宰后45 min胸肌pH、肠道总分泌型免疫球蛋白A浓度及血清总免疫球蛋白A浓度(P<0.05)。由此可知,1～21日龄雌性肉仔鸡获得最大增重的表观回肠可消化色氨酸需要量为0.176%(68.15 mg/d)。提高饲粮色氨酸水平可减轻肉仔鸡组织细胞脂质过氧化损伤,降低屠宰后肉仔鸡胸肌酸度,改善肉仔鸡肠道黏膜免疫和体液免疫能力。     

Effects of excessive selenium supplementation to diet contaminated with deoxynivalenol on blood phagocytic activity and antioxidative status of broilers

This study examined the effects of excessive dietary supplementation with organic selenium on phagocytic activity and antioxidative status of chickens for fattening fed diet contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Sixty chickens of Ross 308 hybrids were at day of hatching divided into four groups with 15 birds in each. The background DON dietary levels in both negative and positive control groups were 0.2 mg/kg. The complete feed for positive control group was supplemented with Se dose 1 mg/kg in the form of Se-yeast. Group 3 was fed diet with DON level 3 mg/kg while diet for group 4 combined DON level 3 mg/kg with a excessive supplement of Se-yeast (Se dose 1 mg/kg). After 6 weeks of dietary intake, six randomly-chosen chickens from each group were sampled. Feeding of contaminated diet resulted in significantly reduced blood phagocytic activity (19.5 ± 1.1% in the negative control vs. 12.8 ± 0.8% in the DON-treated group, p < 0.05). Se-yeast supplemented to the DON contaminated diet prevented suppression of phagocytic activity. Dietary intake of DON at levels 3 mg/kg did not influence the plasma α-tocopherol level while excessive dietary Se dose reduced it in both Se supplemented groups. Neither the birds of DON-treated group nor the birds from group 4 with DON and Se-yeast showed any response in plasma γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Subtoxic dietary level of DON significantly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the duodenal mucosa, while additional Se supplementation prevented such a response to mycotoxin. On the other hand, both Se supplemented groups showed significantly elevated GPx activities in blood, liver and kidney, (p < 0.05). The results suggest a potential ability of excessive supplementation of organic selenium to prevent the blood phagocytic activity suppression and changes in GPx activity in duodenal tissue induced in broilers by subtoxic dietary levels of DON.