Differences in adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative status in C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice fed high fat diet

Apolipoprotein E deficient (Apo E?/?) mice are more resistant to the development of obesity compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. They also hold a high basal oxidative status due to the loss of antioxidant action of apolipoprotein E. Since obesity is also an inducer of inflammation, we studied the effect of high‐fat diet on obesity and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 and Apo E?/? mice for 9 weeks. The results confirmed that Apo E?/? mice fed high‐fat diet are more resistant to the increase of both body weight and adiposity compared to C57BL/6 mice. Despite this, Apo E?/? mice presented a higher basal oxidative stress that was enhanced by high‐fat diet. Macrophage infiltration, macrophage forming crown‐like structures and proinflammatory adipokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were all higher in adipose tissue from Apo E?/? compared to C57BL/6 mice, regardless of diet type. In conclusion, although Apo E?/? mice are more resistant to becoming obese, they develop more severe adipose tissue inflammation companied by its consequences.     

日粮鱼油对高脂日粮饲喂小鼠发情周期和机体产热的影响

本研究旨在探讨鱼油对高脂日粮饲喂小鼠发情周期和机体代谢产热的影响。试验选用36只4周龄C57BL/6 J雌性小鼠,随机分成3组（n=12）：对照组、高脂组和高脂+鱼油组。对照组饲喂标准啮齿动物饲料（AIN-93G）,高脂组和高脂+鱼油组分别饲喂高脂日粮（脂肪提供60%能量）和添加5%鱼油（等能替代猪油）的高脂日粮。试验期间,对小鼠体组成（12周龄）、整体代谢（16周龄）、褐色脂肪温度（18周龄）、体核温度（直肠温度,18周龄）和发情周期（20周龄）等进行检测。试验结束后,眼球采血分离血清,检测促卵泡激素（follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH）和雌二醇（estradiol,E2）的水平。此外,采集皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪和肩胛间褐色脂肪,称重并使用Western blot检测脂肪组织中产热相关基因的蛋白表达（UCP1、Cyto C）,使用实时荧光定量PCR检测褐色脂肪组织中产热基因的mRNA表达（UCP1, PRDM16,PGC1α,Cidea,Elovl3）。结果显示,与对照组相比,高脂日粮显著增加了小鼠的体脂含量（12周龄）及皮下和腹部脂肪的沉积量（21周龄）（P<0.05）,而添加鱼油显著降低了高脂饮食引起的体脂含量增加（P<0.05）。另外,高脂日粮导致小鼠的发情周期紊乱,伴随着周期延长、发情期缩短,以及血清中FSH和E2的水平降低（P<0.05）,而添加鱼油可缓解高脂日粮导致的小鼠发情周期紊乱,提高血清中FSH和E2的水平（P<0.05）。同时,添加鱼油可增加高脂饲喂小鼠肩胛间褐色脂肪（interscapular brown adipose tissue,iBAT）和腹股沟白色脂肪（inguinal white adipose tissue,iWAT）中产热相关基因的表达（P<0.05）,进而促进iBAT激活/产热和iWAT褐色化。结果提示,日粮鱼油可缓解高脂日粮导致的发情周期紊乱,可能与BAT激活和WAT褐色化造成的机体代谢产热增强有关。     

Capsosiphon fulvescens extracts improve obesity‐associated metabolic disorders and hepatic steatosis in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice

Herbal dietary supplements have attracted more and more attention owing to their relative effectiveness in obesity ‐related metabolic disorders and diseases. This study investigated the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of Capsosiphon fulvescens (CF) extracts on obesity, their associated metabolic disorders and hepatic steatosis in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with normal, HFD/Vehicle and HFD/CF (orally 300 mg/kg/day for CF). After 12 weeks, CF blocked HFD‐induced body weight, food intake, liver weight, hepatic triglyceride (TG), fat mass (weight of abdominal subcutaneous fat and epididymal adipose tissue) and biochemical parameters (total cohlesterol, glucose, TG, creatinine, high‐density lipoproteins cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol) of serum. CF also had improved serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in HFD/CF mice. Moreover, CF ameliorated the hepatic steatosis‐reducing size of white adipose tissue. These results indicate that CF have anti‐obesity effects and are effective for reducing metabolic risk and hepatic steatosis.     

补充牛磺酸对高脂饮食C57BL/6J小鼠糖脂代谢的影响

【目的】通过建立高脂动物模型,探究牛磺酸对肥胖小鼠糖脂代谢的影响。【方法】将20只5周龄SPF级C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为4组：空白组、模型组、3%牛磺酸组和5%牛磺酸组,每组5只,试验期为15周。空白组小鼠饲喂对照饲粮,模型组饲喂高脂饲粮,其余两组在模型组饲粮的基础上分别添加3%、5%的牛磺酸。试验结束前2周分别进行口服葡萄糖耐受实验（OGTT）和胰岛素耐受实验（ITT）。试验结束后乙醚麻醉眼球取血,采用颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,采集肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、附睾脂肪组织并称重,计算脏器/脂肪系数。测定血清中各项生化指标及瘦素（LEP）、脂联素（ADPN）含量,以及肝脏中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）的含量,采用油红O染色和苏木精-伊红（HE）染色分别观察肝脏脂滴分布和脂肪组织形态变化。【结果】①与空白组相比,模型组小鼠体重极显著增加（P<0.01）,血糖（GLU）及血脂指标出现异常,葡萄糖耐受和胰岛素耐受的曲线下面积极显著升高（P<0.01）,符合肥胖模型的特征。②与模型组相比,添加牛磺酸后小鼠总增重、肝脏系数和脂肪系数均极显著降低（P<0.01）;血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）活性及低密度脂蛋白（LDL）含量极显著升高（P<0.01）,GLU含量显著下降（P<0.05）;肝脏中TG和TC含量极显著下降（P<0.01）,ADPN含量极显著升高（P<0.01）;葡萄糖耐受和胰岛素耐受的曲线下面积均极显著降低（P<0.01）;肝脏中的脂滴数量减少,脂肪细胞的细胞截面积极显著减小（P<0.01）,细胞数量极显著增多（P<0.01）,脂肪细胞分布较均匀。【结论】牛磺酸可通过调节高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠糖脂代谢水平,改善其肝脏及脂肪的组织病理形态,可能对肝脏具有保护作用。     

Obese mice on a high‐fat alternate‐day fasting regimen lose weight and improve glucose tolerance

Alternate‐day fasting (ADF) causes body weight (BW) loss in humans and rodents. However, it is not clear that ADF while maintaining a high‐fat (HF) diet results in weight loss and the accompanying improvement in control of circulating glucose. We tested the hypotheses that a high‐fat ADF protocol in obese mice would result in (i) BW loss, (ii) improved glucose control, (iii) fluctuating phenotypes on ‘fasted’ days when compared to ‘fed’ days and (iv) induction of torpor on ‘fasted days’. We evaluated the physiological effects of ADF in diet‐induced obese mice for BW, heart rate (HR), body temperature (T_b), glucose tolerance, insulin responsiveness, blood parameters (leptin, insulin, free fatty acids) and hepatic gene expression. Diet‐induced obese male C57BL/6J mice lost one‐third of their pre‐diet BW while on an ADF diet for 10 weeks consisting of HF food. The ADF protocol improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, although mice on a fast day were less glucose tolerant than the same mice on a fed day. ADF mice on a fast day had low circulating insulin, but had an enhanced response to an insulin‐assisted glucose tolerance test, suggesting the impaired glucose tolerance may be a result of insufficient insulin production. On fed days, ADF mice were the warmest, had a high HR and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of mice fed an ad lib HF diet. ADF mice never entered torpor as assessed by HR and T_b. However, on fast days, they were the coolest, had the slowest HR, and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of Chow‐Fed mice. Collectively, the ADF regimen with a HF diet in obese mice results in weight loss, improved blood glucose control, and daily fluctuations in selected physiological and biochemical parameters in the mouse.     

罗汉果皂苷对肥胖小鼠脂代谢的改善作用研究

【目的】 探讨罗汉果皂苷改善高脂喂养诱发肥胖的小鼠脂代谢异常的作用,并探讨其作用机制。【方法】 选取健康雄性昆明小鼠60只,以高脂饲料喂养4周后,随机分为6组：空白组、模型组、辛伐他汀组,以及罗汉果皂苷高（200 mg/（kg·d））、中（100 mg/（kg·d））、低（50 mg/（kg·d））剂量组,连续灌胃给药4周,同时维持高脂喂养。给药完成后,称量各组小鼠体重及脂肪组织重量,计算脂肪系数;检测小鼠血清和肝脏组织甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）的含量,以及血清载脂蛋白A1（ApoA1）和载脂蛋白B （ApoB）含量,并测定肝脏中脂蛋白脂肪酶（LPL）和肝酯酶（HL）的活性。【结果】 与空白组相比,模型组小鼠体重、脂肪重量及脂肪系数均极显著升高（P<0.01）。与模型组相比,罗汉果皂苷高、中剂量组小鼠的脂肪重量及脂肪系数均显著降低（P<0.05）;高剂量罗汉果皂苷显著或极显著降低了小鼠血清及肝脏TC、LDL-C含量（P<0.05;P<0.01）,极显著升高了血清HDL-C含量（P<0.01）;高、中剂量罗汉果皂苷极显著降低了血清ApoB含量（P<0.01）,极显著或显著升高了小鼠肝脏LPL和HL的活性（P<0.01;P<0.05）。【结论】 罗汉果皂苷能预防高脂饲料诱导的肥胖小鼠血脂、肝脂和体脂的增加,其可能的作用机制是通过影响ApoB的合成及HL、LPL的活性。研究结果为将罗汉果皂苷开发为新的减肥降脂产品提供了依据。     

Thioacetamide-induced Hepatocellular Necrosis Is Attenuated in Diet-induced Obese Mice

To assess modification of thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in mice fed a high-fat diet, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal rodent diet or a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then treated once intraperitoneally with thioacetamide at 50 mg/kg body weight. At 24 and 48 hours after administration, massive centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis was observed in mice fed the normal rodent diet, while the necrosis was less severe in mice fed the high-fat diet. In contrast, severe swelling of hepatocytes was observed in mice fed the high-fat diet. In addition, mice fed the high-fat diet displayed more than a 4-fold higher number of BrdU-positive hepatocytes compared with mice fed the normal rodent diet at 48 hours after thioacetamide treatment. To clarify the mechanisms by which the hepatic necrosis was attenuated, we investigated exposure to thioacetamide and one of its metabolites, the expression of CYP2E1, which converts thioacetamide to reactive metabolites, and the content of glutathione S-transferases in the liver. However, the reduced hepatocellular necrosis noted in mice fed the high-fat diet could not be explained by the differences in exposure to thioacetamide or thioacetamide sulfoxide or by differences in the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. On the other hand, at 8 hours after thioacetamide administration, hepatic total glutathione in mice fed the high-fat diet was significantly lower than that in mice fed the normal diet. Hence, decreased hepatic glutathione amount is a candidate for the mechanism of the attenuated necrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that thioacetamide-induced hepatic necrosis was attenuated in mice fed the high-fat diet.     

地菍粗多糖对高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠脂代谢的影响

[目的] 研究地菍粗多糖对高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠脂代谢的影响。[方法] 将小鼠随机分为6组：空白组、模型组、阳性组（0.025 mg/g奥利司他）及高、中、低剂量地菍粗多糖（1.2、0.6和0.3 mg/g）处理组,每组12只。空白组小鼠喂食普通维持饲料,其余各组小鼠喂食高脂饲料,空白组、模型组给予生理盐水,阳性组给予0.025 mg/g奥利司他,高、中、低剂量地菍粗多糖组分别给予1.2、0.6和0.3 mg/g地菍粗多糖,每天灌胃1次,连续给药30 d。给药结束,称量小鼠体重、附睾及肾脏周围脂肪和肝脏组织的重量;HE染色法观察脂肪和肝脏病理变化;生化法检测血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）含量及肝脏TC、TG含量;实时荧光定量PCR法测定肝脏中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1（ACC1）基因相对表达量。[结果] 与模型组相比,高、中剂量地菍粗多糖组小鼠体重、Lee's指数、摄食量、肝脏及附睾和肾脏周围脂肪的重量均显著降低（P<0.05）,低剂量地菍粗多糖组小鼠体重、脂肪重量均无显著变化（P>0.05）,阳性组小鼠摄食量、肝脏重量均无显著变化（P>0.05）;阳性组、高剂量地菍粗多糖组小鼠的脂肪指数均显著降低（P<0.05）;阳性组、高剂量地菍粗多糖组小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C及肝脏TC、TG含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,血清HDL-C含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;中剂量地菍粗多糖组小鼠血清TC、TG及肝脏TC含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。阳性组及高、中、低剂量地菍粗多糖组小鼠脂肪细胞均不同程度变小,肝细胞内脂滴小空泡明显减少,且ACC1基因的相对表达量均显著下调（P<0.05）,分别降低了20%、42%、15%和11%。[结论] 地菍粗多糖可通过调节高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的脂代谢水平,从而干预肥胖的发生。     

高脂高果糖饮食对老年小鼠视网膜形态结构的影响

【目的】探讨高脂高果糖饮食对老年小鼠视网膜形态结构改变的影响。【方法】将12只4周龄的SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠饲养至12月龄后分成普通饮食组（ND）和高脂高果糖饮食组（HFHFD），每组6只，普通饮食组饲喂普通饲料，高脂高果糖饮食组饲喂高脂高果糖饲料，18月龄取眼球，左眼球用眼球固定液固定，右眼球冻存备用；采用HE染色法观察小鼠视网膜组织结构改变情况，采用免疫组织化学法（IHC）检测小鼠视网膜组织中磷酸化乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（p-ACC）表达，采用免疫荧光（IF）法检测视网膜组织中固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1（SREBP1）的表达情况，采用Western bloting法检测p-ACC、p-AMPK、SREBP1蛋白的表达水平。【结果】HE染色结果显示，与普通饮食组相比，高脂高果糖饮食组视网膜组织出现视杆和视椎层厚度不均匀，局部增生，延伸入外颗粒层，细胞排列疏松等现象；免疫组化结果显示，与普通饮食组相比，高脂高果糖饮食组p-ACC表达水平显著下降（P＜0.05）；免疫荧光结果显示，与普通饮食组相比，高脂高果糖饮食组SREBP1蛋白表达显著增加（P＜0.05）；Western bloting结果显示，与普通饮食组相比，高脂高果糖饮食组p-AMPK和p-ACC蛋白表达水平均显著降低（P＜0.05），SREBP1蛋白表达水平显著升高（P＜0.05）。【结论】高脂高果糖饮食可诱导老年小鼠视网膜病变，抑制AMPK的活化，降低p-ACC的表达，升高SREBP1的表达，结果可为进一步探索高脂高果糖饮食影响视网膜结构改变的机制提供参考。     

饲料中不同脂肪含量对浏阳黑山羊肝功能的影响

目的旨在探索饲料中不同脂肪含量对本地浏阳黑山羊肝功能相关生化指标的影响。方法选取健康的浏阳黑山羊15只,分为对照组、高脂组Ⅰ和高脂组Ⅱ。根据国际标准方法检测饲料中的脂肪含量,并配制不同脂肪含量的饲料饲喂浏阳黑山羊,其中,对照组饲料中脂肪含量为3.8%,高脂组Ⅰ饲料中脂肪含量为15.2%,高脂组Ⅱ饲料中脂肪含量为7.6%。分别于饲喂后的第0天、第15天、第30天采集血液样本,并检测血清中丙氨酸转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血清总蛋白（TP）、甘油三酯（TG）和胆固醇（TC）含量。结果在饲喂不同脂肪含量饲料30 d后,高脂组Ⅰ与高脂组Ⅱ山羊体重均显著升高（P<0.05）,而试验前后对照组山羊体重无显著差异（P>0.05）。血清生化检测结果显示,与对照组比较,高脂组Ⅰ浏阳黑山羊血清中AST、ALP、TP含量显著升高（P<0.05）,而ALT、TC及TG含量无显著差异（P>0.05)。高脂组Ⅱ浏阳黑山羊血清中ALT、AST、ALP、TC含量显著升高（P<0.05）,TP含量无显著差异（P>0.05),而TG含量显著（P<0.05）下降。结论饲料中添加脂肪可促进山羊增重,但添加过多会引起山羊肝功能相关生化指标异常。该试验可为确定饲料中脂肪含量的合理配比提供参考。     

Perinatal maternal feeding with an energy dense diet and/or micronutrient mixture drives offspring fat distribution depending on the sex and growth stage

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation influences offspring development and health. Novel studies have described the effects on next generation obesity‐related features depending on maternal macro‐ and micro‐nutrient perinatal feeding. We hypothesized that the maternal obesogenic diet during pregnancy and lactation programs an obese phenotype, while maternal micronutrient supplementation at these stages could partially prevent these features. Thus, the aim was to assess the influence of a perinatal maternal feeding with an obesogenic diet enriched in fat and sucrose and a micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on offspring growth and obese phenotypical features during life course. Female Wistar rats were assigned to four dietary groups during pregnancy and lactation: control, control supplemented with micronutrients (choline, betaine, folic acid and vitamin B₁₂), high‐fat sucrose (HFS) and HFS supplemented. At weaning, the offspring were transferred to a chow diet, and weight and fat mass were measured at weeks 3, 12 and 20. At birth, both male and female offspring from mothers fed the obesogenic diet showed lower body weight (?5 and ?6%, respectively), while only female offspring weight decreased by maternal micronutrient supplementation (?5%). During lactation, maternal HFS diet was associated with increased body weight, while micronutrient supplementation protected against body weight gain. Whole body fat mass content increased at weeks 3, 12 and 20 (from 16 to 65%) due to maternal HFS diet. Maternal micronutrient supplementation decreased offspring fat mass content at week 3 (?8%). Male offspring showed higher adiposity than females at weeks 12 and 20. In conclusion, maternal HFS feeding during pregnancy and lactation was associated with a low offspring weight at birth and obese phenotypical features during adult life in a sex‐ and time‐dependent manner. Furthermore, maternal methyl donor supplementation protected against body weight gain in male offspring during lactation and in female offspring also during juvenile period.     

Hypoglycemic Effect of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors on Diabetic Mice

In order to study the hypoglycemic effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (sEHI) on diabetic mice,the diabetic mice model were successfully induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ). The diabetic mice (C57BL/6J) were randomly divided into three groups,including normal control group,diabetic control group and sEHI group,the mice in three groups were fed high-fat diet+1 mg/kg sEHI (t-AUCB),high-fat diet+same volume normal saline,normal diet+same volume normal saline,respectively,and intervention last for 4 weeks. During the experiment,the body weight,blood glucose were recorded,and performed oral glucose tolerance test was conducted. After the experiment,indicators of serum lipids,liver peroxidation and pathological analysis of pancreatic tissue were measured. The results showed that compared with diabetic control group,the fasting blood glucose of mice in sEHI group was significantly reduced (P<0.05),and their glucose tolerance was improved. And the TC (P<0.05),TG (P<0.05) and LDL (P>0.05) in sEHI group were decreased,while the LDL/TC was significantly increased (P<0.05).The SOD and CAT activity in liver of diabetic mice treated with sEHI were significantly increased (P<0.05) and MDA activity was significantly decreased (P<0.05).Based on mouse pancreatic tissue sections,we speculated that sEHI had ability to repair activity on damaged islet tissue. In conclusion,the sEHI could reduce the blood glucose level and the free radical damage,inhibit lipid peroxidation,repair of damaged islet tissue in mice.     

可溶性环氧化物水解酶抑制剂的降血糖功效研究

为探究可溶性环氧化物水解酶抑制剂（soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors,sEHI）的降血糖功效,试验以高脂饲料与链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）联合诱导的Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠为研究对象,将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为：正常对照组、糖尿病模型组和sEHI组,sEHI组饲喂高脂饲料,每日灌胃sEHI （t-AUCB）1 mg/kg,连续灌胃4周;糖尿病模型组饲喂高脂饲料,每日灌胃同等计量的生理盐水;正常对照组饲喂普通饲料,每日灌胃同等体积的生理盐水。期间各组小鼠均自由采食及饮水,记录小鼠体重、血糖并进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。试验结束后,测定血清血脂指标、肝脏过氧化指标并对小鼠胰岛组织进行病理学分析。结果显示,与糖尿病模型组相比,采用sEHI干预后糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖显著降低（P<0.05）,而葡萄糖耐量水平升高;小鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平明显降低,其中TC、TG水平与糖尿病模型组相比差异显著（P<0.05）,而高密度脂蛋白与胆固醇比值（HDL/TC）水平则显著升高（P<0.05）;与糖尿病模型组相比,sEHI干预组小鼠肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著提高（P<0.05）,丙二醛（MDA）活性显著降低（P<0.05）;小鼠的胰岛组织切片分析结果表明,sEHI对小鼠胰岛组织有明显的修复作用。综上所述,sEHI具有降血糖、减轻自由基损伤、抑制脂质过氧化、修复受损胰岛组织的作用。     

Effects of feeding pattern and dietary regimen on growth and adipose tissue cellularity in polygenic obese mice

The effect of varying feed intake and feeding pattern during the early postweaning period on growth, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity was studied in polygenic obese and control normal mice. Male mice were assigned to the following dietary treatments at 4.5 wk of age: stock diet fed ad libitum(AL), four palatable foods cafeteria-fed(CF), stock diet fed every 2 h by automatic feeders adjusted for maximum intake(MI), fed same procedure as MI but restricted to produce 70% of the gain of mice fed ad libitum(RE), and stock diet fed one meal/d the same amount fed RE mice(PM). Mice were killed after 5 wk on treatment. Cafeteria-fed control mice were heavier (P less than .05) than RE control mice, but they were not different (P greater than .05) from AL, MI and PM control mice, while CF obese mice were heavier and RE obese mice were smaller than AL, MI and PM obese mice (P less than .05). Cafeteria-fed mice were fatter than mice from all other treatments in both the obese and control lines. Maximum intake, PM and RE mice were fatter than AL mice but this effect was only significant in the obese line. Alterations in feeding pattern can affect body composition even though body weight may not show a correlated response. Cafeteria-fed obese mice had larger fat pads and more small (less than 40 micron) and large (greater than 110 micron) adipocytes than other obese mice. Results indicate that the difference in the development of obesity on cafeteria diet was due primarily to genetic effects while the increase in percentage fat after restriction on MI, PM and RE treatments was due mainly to the acute change of feeding pattern.     

Effect of fat supplementation on leptin, insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone, and insulin in cattle

We investigated the effect of fat supplementation on plasma levels of hormones related to metabolism, with special attention to leptin, in cows in early lactation and in feedlot steers. In experiment 1, 34 lactating cows received no fat or else 0.5 or 1.0 kg of partially hydrogenated oil per day in addition to their basal diet from day 20 before the expected calving date to day 70 postpartum. In experiment 2, part of the corn in the basal concentrate was replaced with 0.7 kg of the same oil such that the diets were isocaloric; 18 cows received the fat-substituted diet and 18 a control diet from day 20 before the expected calving date to day 75 postpartum. In experiment 3, calcium salts of fatty acids were added to the basal diet of 14 feedlot steers for 80 d; another 14 steers received a control diet. The basal plasma levels of leptin were higher in the cows than in the steers. Dietary fat supplementation did not affect the leptin levels in the lactating cows but lowered the levels in the feedlot steers despite greater energy intake and body fatness (body weight) in the steers receiving the supplement than in those receiving the control diet. The levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin were decreased with dietary fat supplementation in the lactating cows but were unaffected in the steers, suggesting that responses to fat ingestion depend on the physiological state of the animal, including age and sex. Finally, no effects of supplementary fat on the level of growth hormone were demonstrated in any of the models.     

The Effect of Lecithin Supplementation on the Biochemical Profile and Morphological Changes in the Liver of Rats Fed Different Animal Fats

Sixty-four Wistar rats were divided into 8 equal groups and kept for 36 days in individual boxes. Three of the groups were given full synthetic diets containing various animal fats: beef tallow, pork fat or fish oil. A control group was fed the diets without the fat. The other four groups were fed the same diets with lecithin supplementation. At the end of experiment, sections taken from the liver were stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Sudan III to indicate fat infiltration. Liver enzyme levels, total bilirubin, albumin and two products of lipd metabolism were measured in serum from all the animals. The addition of lecithin to the diets did not influence the level of enzymes in the serum except in rats fed the diet containing beef tallow. A relationship between the type of diet, lecithin supplementation and the total cholesterol concentration in serum was observed. The concentration of HDL-cholesterol was only influenced by lecithin supplementation and that of triglycerides by the type of fat in the diet. The addition of lecithin to the diet was associated with proliferation of Kupffer cells, and an increased number of binuclear cells. Fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was less pronounced in all groups following lecithin supplementation. Lecithin supplementation of the diet did not elicit any pathological lesions and may be considered as a hepatocyte protector. This favourable effect of lecithin was most marked in the group of rats fed the fish oil.     

Effects of saturated and unsaturated fats with vitamin E supplementation on the antioxidant status of broiler chicken tissues

The influence of fish oil (highly unsaturated) and beef tallow (highly saturated) with vitamin E (100 IU/kg) supplementation on the antioxidant status of broiler chicken cockerels was investigated. Chicks were fed a control diet with no added fat, 40 g/kg each of fish oil and beef tallow diets, respectively, from 11 to 42 days of age. Tocopherol concentration and the rate of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in liver, fatty acid composition of the liver lipids, blood serum total antioxidant status (TAS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were determined. Vitamin E supplementation of the diet increased liver alpha-tocopherol content in chicks regardless of the type of dietary fat. Fish oil diet resulted in higher liver TBARS value while beef tallow diet showed lower values compared to the control diet. Vitamin E supplementation reduced liver TBARS as well as serum GSH, and raised serum TAS for all diets. Serum GSH was the same for vitamin E supplemented diets regardless of the fat supplement. Fish oil diets resulted in a significant increase in hepatic lipid n-3 PUFA content. A significant positive correlation was found between liver TBARS and n-3 PUFA content. No relationships were established, however, between liver TBARS and n-6 PUFA or saturated fatty acids. The results suggest that feeding oils rich in n-3 PUFA increases tissue concentration of these fatty acids, consequently increasing tissue lipid peroxidation and reducing the antioxidative status of broiler chickens. Supplementing high levels of vitamin E with such oils may increase tissue oxidative stability. Serum TAS or GSH may be used as a measure of antioxidative status in chickens.     

Effect of Copper Deficient Diet on Gut Microbiota in Mice

Copper is an essencial metal for animals to maintain fat metabolism and other important reactions.In order to study the effect of copper deficient diets on composition of intestinal microbiota and their metabolic pathways, 20 health C57BL/6 adult mice with similar body weight were chosen and fed chow diet for 7 d,and then divided into 2 groups.The mice in control group fed with copper deficient diet and 25 mg/L copper water while the experimental group mice were fed copper deficient diet and copper free water for one month.At the end of the test,the blood samples were collected to determine the ceruloplasmin content,and the caecum content were used to analyze the 16S rRNA genome by high throughput sequencing. The results showed that compared with control group,the ceruloplasmin content in experimental group was extremely significantly decreased (P < 0.001).And there were 5 siginificant differences microorganism in phylum level and 43 in genus level (P<0.05). There were 19 significant different pathways in the second grade of KEGG (P<0.05),in which metabolic-related functions were lipid metabolism, glycine biosynthesis and metabolism,metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides,biosynthesis of other secondary metabolisms and amino acid metabolism,indicating that the absence of copper in diets could alter the structure of some microbial flora and the changes of the relevant functions. It provided an important idea for studying the function of copper in the structure and metabolism of intestinal colonies in mice.     

无铜饲料对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

铜是动物机体必需的金属元素,参与重要的代谢反应。本试验旨在研究无铜饲料对小鼠肠道微生物菌落组成和相关代谢通路的影响,选择健康、体重相近、遗传背景为野生型C57BL/6J的成年公鼠20只,随机分为2组,试验组和对照组各10只。待小鼠适应性饲养1周后用无铜饲料饲喂,对照组饲喂25 mg/L含铜水,试验组饲喂无铜水,试验期30 d。试验期结束时,尾静脉采血进行铜蓝蛋白含量的测定,并采集小鼠新鲜盲肠内容物利用高通量测序技术对小鼠的盲肠内容物16S rRNA基因组进行分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,无铜组小鼠血清铜蓝蛋白含量极显著降低（P < 0.001）。无铜组小鼠盲肠微生物菌群在门、属水平分别与对照组有5和43个差异显著菌群（P < 0.05）;通过差异菌群功能预测分析发现,两组共有19种KEGG二级代谢通路差异显著（P<0.05）,其中与代谢相关的功能是脂代谢、甘氨酸生物合成与代谢、多酮类化合物和萜类化合物代谢、其他次生代谢产物的生物合成和氨基酸代谢,说明饲料中铜的缺失可以改变少数肠道菌群的组成及其功能,本试验为研究铜在小鼠肠道菌群结构及代谢中的功能提供了重要思路。     

Interactions between dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation when rye‐based diets are fed to broiler chickens 2. Performance,nutrient digestibility and the fat‐soluble vitamin status of livers

1. The interactions between dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation of rye‐based diets were investigated using a 2×2 factorial design in which a rye‐based diet (610 g rye/kg) was combined with 100 g/kg of soya oil or beef tallow, with or without xylanase supplementation at 3000 IU/kg, and fed to 1‐d‐old male broilers for 35 d. Growth, nutrient digestibility and AMEn values were determined and the vitamin status of livers assessed at various ages.

2. There were significant interactions between crude fat and xylanase supplementation on the faecal digestibility of crude fat and crude protein. Fat digestibility was improved by xylanase in both fat type groups but to a greater extent for the tallow diets. However, the effects were found to be significant only for oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Similarly, protein digestibility and AMEn values were significantly improved by xylanase, but only for the tallow diet.

3. Heal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids also were affected by enzyme for both fat type diets, the effect generally being more pronounced for the tallow diet.

4. The deposition of the fat soluble vitamins A and E in livers was significantly increased by xylanase supplementation and was also better for soya oil than for tallow.

5. Xylanase supplementation increased the digestibility of insoluble pentosans whereas for the soluble pentosans the opposite effect was noted.

6. Without xylanase supplementation the tallow‐based diet caused high mortality. Liveweight gain and the efficiency of food utilisation were greatest in the soya oil‐based, xylanase‐supplemented diet, followed by the unsupplemented soya oil‐, supplemented tallow‐ and unsupplemented tallow‐based diets.