激素及光照对甘薯茎尖分生组织培养的影响

根据不同基因型甘薯茎尖分生组织在不同激素水平的生长反应,将４个河南主栽甘薯品种分为３类;激素不敏感硬成苗型、激素敏感易成苗型和激素不敏感难成苗型。光照时数不是甘薯茎尖培养成苗的根制因素,以不低于１４ｈ／ｄ为好。     

Tentative Research About the Macroscopic Regulating to Blast

The paper analyzes the difference of the pathogenic varieties and the relationship of the variety composition,allording to the historic material to the varieties of the main hybid fece varieties in Southeast Sichuan during 1992 to 1998.It's the first time to advance to use the camparison on rate of pathogenic isolates between norm and refrieving to define the susceptible extent of the varity.It's an scientific base to adjust the structures of the vartieties,to reach the objective of the macroscopic regulating to rice blast.     

依靠自主创新加快福建粮食产业化发展的步伐

为了缓解福建省粮食供需矛盾,确保福建粮食安全,分析了福建省粮食生产供求现状和制约因素,揭示了粮食产业化经营的实质特征及福建省粮食产业化经营现状,根据自主创新的内涵提出依靠自主创新加快福建粮食产业化发展步伐的8项具体措施：科技创新,提高粮食单产,进一步增加粮食总量;机制创新,完善土地使用权流转机制,逐步推进粮田的适度规模经营;开发创新,发展粮食生产产业链;市场创新,建立科学的粮食购销体系;制度创新,落实粮食风险基金制度;服务创新,建立和健全农业社会化服务体系;强化培训,努力提高劳动力素质;观念创新,发展外向型粮食产业化经营模式。     

苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种安全性及叶绿素含量的影响

室内土壤滴浇法测定了苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种的安全性和叶绿素含量的变化,结果表明：两种药剂对不同小麦品种的安全性存在较大差异,且对根长的抑制作用明显大于株高;对叶绿素含量的影响与对株高的影响结果一致。苯磺隆对周麦13的根和芽敏感,使用不当易产生药害;对偃师4110根长最安全,株高最敏感。苄嘧磺隆对高优503根长最安全,株高最敏感;对周麦13株高最安全,根长最敏感。因此,小麦田化学除草应根据不同小麦品种来选择除草剂品种、有效用量和最佳施药方法。     

有机磷/拟除虫菊酯混剂筛选棉铃虫品系的交互抗性和生化机理

 用辛硫磷/氟氯氰菊酯(25：1, 有效成分)混剂对棉铃虫田间种群(HN)进行33代筛选获得抗性品系(HN-R)。筛选获得的HN R抗性品系对辛硫磷和氟氯氰菊酯的抗性分别达17.4倍和144.7倍。HN-R品系对两种拟除虫菊酯产生了高水平交互抗性(对氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯分别为86.2和23.4倍),对久效磷产生了中等水平交互抗性(5.2倍),对甲基对硫磷(1.6倍)、丙溴磷(1.8倍)和灭多威(2.4倍)产生了低水平交互抗性。酯酶抑制剂DEF能有效抑制HN-R品系对辛硫磷的抗性(增效比为15.3倍),而多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO则对辛硫磷没有任何增效作用;PBO则使HN-R品系对3种拟除虫菊酯的抗性显著降低(对氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的增效比分别为21.9、19.1和21.4倍)。DEF和PBO都能使HN-R对久效磷的抗性下降一半(增效比分别为2.2和2.5倍)。HN-R抗性品系多功能氧化酶活性(以pNA为底物)和酯酶活性(以a-NA为底物)分别为HN品系的6.5倍和1.6倍。因此,在HN-R抗性品系中至少存在2种代谢抗性机理,即增强的酯酶解毒代谢(对辛硫磷、久效磷)和多功能氧化酶介导的氧化解毒代谢(对3种拟除虫菊酯、久效磷)。本研究表明,在田间使用有机磷/拟除虫菊酯混剂可能同时选择出多种代谢抗性机理,从而导致广谱的交互抗性。     

Measurement of response to vernalization in Australian wheats with winter habit

Summary Development in wheat is strongly controlled by sensitivity to vernalization and photoperiod, and to a lesser degree by non-vernalizing temperature and intrinsic earliness. A method to measure effect of vernalization in wheats with winter habit is described. Twenty seven wheats with winter habit and eight with spring/facultative habit were studied, comprising breeding lines and cultivars with maturities suited to south-central New South Wales. Effect of vernalization on the development of these wheats was quantified by integrating responses to vernalizing treatments of differing duration. Intrinsic earliness was measured as time for vernalized seedlings to grow to ear emergece in an 18h photoperiod with day/night temperature of 21/16°C, and response to photoperiod as the difference in time to ear emergence between 9 and 18h daylengths. Integrated response to vernalization is sensitive to both cumulative and thresh-hold responses and is applicable to wheats of all habit type. Integrated response to vernalization and intrinsic earliness were positively associated within wheats with winter habit. Wheats were largely of restricted origin, so that there were few allelic differences at Vrn loci to disrupt this association, which suggests intrinsic earliness may modify response to vernalization. Though integrated response to vernalization was measured with artificial treatments, it was strongly associated with ear emergence for wheats with winter habit when grown at a site in New South Wales.     

The distribution,in European winter wheats,of genes that influence ecoclimatic adaptability whilst determining photoperiodic insensitivity and plant height

Summary The adaptability of wheat varieties to precise environmental conditions is known to be influenced to a large extent by photoperiod sensitive genes determining ear emergence time and by the gibberelic acid insensitive dwarfing genes that are regularly used to reduce plant height. A range of European winter wheat varieties were examined to establish whether breeders in different countries have selected genotypes carrying allelic variants of photoperiodic and dwarfing genes that would be expected to provide the best levels of adaptability. In most areas modern cultivars were seen to carry the genotypes predicted to promote good levels of adaptability. Varieties cultivated in Germany however are still predominately of conventional height and late flowering lacking genes that would be expected to enhance adaptability and yield.     

Transnationalism through the life course: Hong Kong immigrants in Canada

Abstract: Transnationalism needs to be understood as a set of practices fashioned through the life course as well as in relation to contextual factors that include state policy and experiences of discrimination that affect entry to the labour force. The paradox of transnationalism is that families make strategic decisions to separate in order to maintain family unity and to advance the welfare of children. Emigrants from Hong Kong to Canada in the latter decades of the twentieth century were motivated by concern for family welfare and the quality of education in Canada. Yet economic livelihood prospects remained greater in Hong Kong than in Canada, prompting many families to become transnational ‘astronaut’ families with one or more members working in Hong Kong. Migration decisions tend to occur around key points of life‐course transition involving entry to and graduation from education, and entry to and exit from the labour force. Transnational practices are complex and multigenerational, involving different patterns for young adults, those in their middle years and the elderly.     

安徽省水稻区试品种稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性分析

旨在明确2017-2020年安徽省参试水稻品种对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗性情况.用人工喷雾接种和自然诱发相结合的方法测得品种对稻瘟病的抗性,用剪叶接菌方法测得品种对白叶枯病的抗性.结果 表明:659个水稻品种中,48.10％表现为中感稻瘟病,其次为中抗、感、高感,表现为抗病的品种仅占1.06％,没有高抗品种.51.59％表...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

构建主义学习理论与基于网络的包装材料学教学应用

构建主义学习理论强调学习的主动性,认为学习是学习者主动构建意义的过程。这一全新的学习理论对如何利用网络技术进行包装材料学的教学,对提高包装工程专业学生包装材料学课程的学习兴趣与其综合能力的提高有着重要的启示。     

Y形偏心支撑高强钢框架结构抗震性能

在Y形偏心支撑高强钢框架结构抗震性振动台试验的基础上,建立了试验试件的有限元模型,并验证了分析的正确性。设计了一个9层的Y形偏心支撑高强钢框架结构,以耗能梁段长度、耗能梁段腹板高厚比、高跨比为参数,对9层结构进行了非线性动力时程分析,研究了以上参数对结构抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明,改变耗能梁段长度、高跨比对结构层间侧移、耗能梁段性能、框架柱弯矩、耗能能力均有不同程度的影响,对框架柱轴力、基底剪力无显著影响;改变耗能梁段腹板高厚比对结构耗能能力有影响,对结构层间侧移、耗能梁段性能、框架柱受力、基底剪力无显著影响,并给出了相关设计建议。     

A trait-based characterization of cover plants to assess their potential to provide a set of ecological services in banana cropping systems

Cover plants are one of the means to increase the functional biodiversity of fields and to enhance the ecological functions of the communities. However, the design of cropping systems including cover plants relies largely on expert knowledge. There is a lack of methods to select the best suited cover plants according to their role in the agrosystem. We propose to use functional traits to select cover plants suited to sustain ecological services in the banana agrosystems of the French West Indies. Our objectives were (i) to characterize a collection of cover plants on a trait basis, according to their potential to provide the services expected in a banana agrosystem and (ii) to discuss the potential use of this characterization for the design of innovative multi-species banana cropping systems. In these systems, four main services are targeted, i.e. controlling weeds, controlling plant-parasitic nematodes, improving soil fertility and particularly N availability, and avoiding competition with banana for resource acquisition. Three experiments were conducted, under field and controlled conditions, to evaluate the potential of a collection of 28 tropical cover plants to achieve the functions related to these services. For each cover plant, a functional profile was constructed from a combination of plant traits that are easy to assess experimentally. It described plants’ potential to achieve the functions expected in a banana agrosystem. Functional profiles required for cover plant usages were also identified. The comparison of the plant functional profiles and the functional profiles required for their usages enabled us to select the best suited plants for each usage. However, these functional profiles rarely corresponded, meaning that a cover plant is rarely sufficient to achieve all the functions required for a usage. Functional complementarities obtained by the mixture of different species of cover plants are thus often required. Compared to classical approaches of innovative cropping system design based on the experimental testing of spatial and temporal plant combinations, such a trait-based approach saves time by focusing on a shortlist of cover plants best suited according to their functions in the agrosystem.     

施肥对春青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的影响

为研究施肥对青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的调节作用,以‘藏青27’、‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’为试验材料,比较分析不同施肥处理下干物质积累、分配及产量的变化规律。结果表明：增加施肥量促进青稞分蘖期—成熟期的干物质积累及开花期和成熟期干物质向营养器官和籽粒的分配,提高了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量及对籽粒贡献率,降低了花后同化物输入籽粒量对籽粒贡献率。‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’在F₂条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量最大,产量也最大。‘藏青27’在F₃条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量和对籽粒贡献率最大,产量也最大。说明合理施肥有利于青稞干物质积累分配及产量提高。     

当前中国农民增收困难的分析与探讨

当前中国农民增收困难的根源除了农业生产的自身特点和中国人均耕地资源不足外，最主要的是长期以来政策上的重工轻农。因此，加强对农业的政策扶持，推进农村城镇化进程，全面减轻农民的税费负担，是解决农民增收的关键。     

利用叶斑病菌粗毒素离体筛选太子参抗叶斑病突变体

为培育太子参抗叶斑病新品种,运用组织培养技术以太子参叶斑病粗毒素为选择压力进行胁迫培养,采用逐步正筛选法离体筛选太子参叶斑病突变体。结果表明,太子参叶斑病粗毒素对愈伤组织的诱导、增殖、不定芽分化有明显的抑制作用,逐步提高毒素浓度能够在一定程度上提高愈伤组织对毒素的抗性。25 mL/L的毒素可以作为愈伤组织突变体的筛选压力,愈伤组织存活率达15.5%;将粗毒素浓度适当降低至10~20 mL/L有利于不定芽的分化,分化率达54%~40%;60~70 mL/L的毒素可以作为苗期抗毒素突变体的筛选压力,小苗存活率为8.3%。获得了46株高抗性植株,其对毒素的抗性显著高于对照。     

Countermeasure in Consultation for Project Prospecting and Designing after the Access of China to WTO

The consultation in project prospecting and designing plays a very important role in the project construction and it is facing a great challenge after the access of China to WTO. In this paper, the countermeasure in consultation of project prospecting and designing is put forward as follows: change the idea; cultivate and develop a perfect market system; to build a market operating system in keeping with the requirement of international practice and market; to reform and perfect the trade management system; to enhance the level of the project prospecting and designing unit; to change the government's function; to strengthen the quality control to ensure the quality of the project; to form a perfect law and regulation system; to encourage and strengthen the technology reform to set a fine base for the sustainable development and to adjust and work out the encouraging policy to help the trade development.     

黄土高原小杂粮生产可持续发展技术体系构建

针对黄土高原生态环境脆弱的现实情况,立足于小杂粮的资源特点和生产现状,构建的小杂粮生产可持续发展技术体系注重建设基本农田,改善耕地质量;强调保护性耕作和种植,加快小杂粮优良品种选育、繁殖和推广进程,辅以合理的轮作倒茬技术。同时应突出绿色产品产出,持续提高降水利用效率,促进加工增值增效,从而确保小杂粮生产实现高产、优质、高效,最大限度地降低对资源环境的负面影响,实现小杂粮生产的可持续发展。     

不同遮光胁迫对大豆生长发育进程及形态性状的影响

通过遮光处理,研究不同遮光强度及持续时间对大豆的生育进程和形态性状的影响,结果表明,大豆播种后遮光20%~50%,时间持续到V3期以后,大豆各生育阶段所需生育日数减少,生育期缩短。遮光20%时间持续到V3以后,遮光30%时间持续到R1以后,遮光50%时间持续到R5以后,大豆生育期显著或极显著缩短。同一遮光持续时间,遮光强度的加强会导致R5-R8生育日数增加,使大豆生育期(VE-R8)延长。遮光强度及遮光持续时间对大豆株高、子叶节高度、茎粗和主茎节数影响显著。遮光50%持续到R5期以后,植株形态由直立变成蔓生型。     

Fijian adolescents’ understanding and evaluation of climate change: Implications for enabling effective future adaptation

Pacific Island countries are particularly vulnerable to future manifestations of climate change due to high coastline‐to‐land‐area ratios, and high dependence of inhabitants on natural ecosystems. While everyone in the Pacific Islands should participate in climate change adaptation activities, it is the young people, given they are the generation likely to not only bear the burden of climate change, but to lead and live effective climate change adaptation activities and strategies specific to their region, the involvement of youth is critical. Pacific Island youths are often marginalised within traditional decision‐making hierarchies, therefore they are typically excluded from participating in meaningful discussions at community and government levels. Discussions were held with 30 adolescents aged 14–18 years in Fiji to explore knowledge and experiences regarding climate change. Participants revealed their dismay at their inability to talk to family – who they consider are not doing enough – about what they consider as appropriate responses to climate change, recommending the help of an authoritative outsider who could speak to their community leaders and family. Discussions also revealed that Fijian youth could not distinguish between changes in the climate and normal weather events, attesting to the importance of climate‐change education and awareness‐raising efforts within the Pacific Islands more generally.