1949—2006年间中国粮食生产的气候变化影响风险评价

收集整合了中国各省区1949—2006年粮食产量资料,采用减产率指标、减产率浮动性指标、高风险概率指标3个评价指标以及综合性指标进行了气象产量的气候变化减产风险评价,同时采用变异系数对我国各省产量波动状况进行了分析。结果表明:东北、华北、西北大部分省份面临严重的气象产量减产风险,且产量稳定性低。华东、华南、西南也存在不同程度的减产风险。由于中国农业的重心正在向北方转移,这些影响将严重影响未来中国粮食生产的稳定。     

2010年春季滨州海盐减产的气象原因分析

通过分析气象资料,得出2010年滨州海盐春季减产的根源主要是：①受连续多次强冷空气的影响,2009年冬天渤海近海海域出现40年来罕见的海冰灾害,影响卤水浓度;②2010年初春降大到暴雪,加之温度低,无法进行塑苫,使结晶池里原有的盐晶融化;③2010年春天（3～4月）又出现明显倒春寒天气,气温回升慢,阴天较多,风力小,蒸发少,结晶慢。     

濮阳玉米典型减产年与主要气象灾害分析

利用线性分析方法,对濮阳市历年玉米产量做了加权滑动平均处理,从中分离出趋势产量和气象产量,并用指标分析法和相关分析法,分析了玉米生育期的气象条件.结果表明,濮阳市玉米产量呈逐年上升趋势,目前已进入高产阶段;当地温度、日照条件优越,有利玉米高产;降水量时空分布不均,时有干旱、雨涝灾害发生,是玉米稳定增产的制约因素.采取相应措施,积极应对干旱、雨涝灾害,是实现玉米稳定增产的保障.     

气候变化条件下陕西省不同气候区灌溉对冬小麦减产风险影响评估

研究未来气候变化条件下灌溉对陕西省不同气候区冬小麦生长情况、减产风险及其对气候变化的响应机制,以期为决策者制定应对气候变化长期粮食战略,提供必要的参考依据.联合运用作物模型DSSAT4.6和天气发生器LarsWG5.5,模拟气候变化条件下陕西省不同气候区域、时期灌溉对冬小麦生长的影响.同时计算本研究提出的新概念——冬小...     

2010年澧阳平原棉花大幅度减产的气象成因分析

2010年澧阳平原棉花主要生长期天气复杂多变,先后经历了5段低温阴雨天气的影响,导致澧阳平原棉花出现大面积减产、棉花品质降低。对2010年澧阳平原棉花生长关键期的气象条件进行深入分析,重点剖析光温水汽条件异常变化给棉花生长造成的危害,以期对棉花生产趋利避害提出合理建议。     

阿鲁科尔沁旗主要气象灾害风险辨识

文章通过对阿鲁科尔沁旗的历史气象资料分析,结合当地农牧业生产实际,做出当地主要农牧业气象灾害的风险辨识,以供决策部门抗御自然灾害,降低经济损失等提供气象参考依据.     

气象对海盐生产的影响

海盐生产是依靠自然的日照与风力来蒸发浓缩海水进而析出海盐的,海盐生产过程受气象因素影响明显,气象条件制约海盐生产的产量与效率。本文就气候条件、气象因素对海盐生产的影响做一个简要的介绍。     

环境风险评价与安全风险评价相容性研究

目前一些环境风险评价和安全风险评价报告混淆严重,不利于风险评价水平的提高。通过对环境风险评价和安全评价的相关性和差异性进行分析,得出二者可以相容的结论。该研究成果,不但促进了风险评价的完整性和科学性,更可以作为风险评价的新思路,具有一定的现实意义。     

气候变化对中国冬小麦生产的影响

气候变化会对中国冬小麦生产带来深远的影响。CO_2浓度升高和气候变暖有利于冬小麦种植区向春麦区扩展,主要表现在辽宁、河北、陕西、内蒙古等种植边界的显著北移和青海、甘肃种植边界的显著西扩;CO_2浓度升高还会促进小麦根、茎、叶的生长,提高叶片光合速率和氮素的吸收与利用,有利于产量提高。但气候变化在中国还表现为太阳辐射的下降,冬小麦主产区黄淮海麦区和长江中下游麦区下降更为显著,试验研究表明,长期弱光小麦产量降幅可达6.4%～25.8%。温度升高对小麦产量的影响目前尚无明确定论;不同生育期降雨量变化对小麦产量的影响不同,生育前期降水量增加有利于小麦产量的提高,而后期则会导致一定的减产。然而,最值得关注和警惕的是高温与低温以及降水时空分布不均导致的干旱和渍水等极端气象灾害事件,随着全球气候变化发生频率显著增加,严重影响了小麦的生产,尤其是生育中后期的逆境将导致小麦结实粒、千粒重显著下降,造成产量锐减。此外,气候变化导致的病虫草害加剧不仅导致减产,还将显著增加生产成本,不利于小麦生产。     

Climate Change, Risk and Grain Yields in China

Adopting Just and Pope (1978, 1979) style yield functions, this paper proposes a method to analyze the impacts of regional climate change on grain production in China. We find that changes in climate will affect grain production in North and South China differently. Specifically, it emerges that a 1℃ increase in annual average temperature could reduce national grain output by 1.45% (1.74% reduction in North China and 1.19% reduction in South China), while an increase in total annual precipitation of around 100 mm could increase national grain output by 1.31% (3.0% increase in North China and 0.59% reduction in South China).     

Climate Change Impact and Its Contribution Share to Paddy Rice Production in Jiangxi,China

In the study, an improved approach was proposed to identify the contribution shares of three group factors that are climate, technology and input, social economic factors by which the grain production is shaped. In order to calibrate the method, Jiangxi Province, one of the main paddy rice producers in China was taken as an example. Based on 50 years （1961-2010） meteorological and statistic data, using GIS and statistical analysis tools, the three group factors that in certain extent impact China＇s paddy rice production have been analyzed quantitatively. The individual and interactive contribution shares of each factor group have been identiifed via eta square （η2）. In the paper, two group ordinary leasr square （OLS） models, paddy models and climate models, have been constructed for further analysis. Each model group consists of seven models, one full model and six partial models. The results of paddy models show that climate factors individually and interactively contribute 11.42-15.25%explanatory power to the variation of paddy rice production in the studied province. Technology and input factors contribute 16.17%individually and another 8.46%interactively together with climate factors, totally contributing about 25%. Social economic factors contribute about 7%of which 4.65%is individual contribution and 2.49%is interactive contribution together with climate factors. The three factor groups individually contribute about 23%and interactively contribute additional 41%to paddy rice production. In addition every two of the three factor groups also function interactively and contribute about 22%. Among the three factor groups, technology and input are the most important factors to paddy rice production. The results of climate models support the results of paddy models, and display that solar radiation （indicated by sunshine hour variable） is the dominate climate factor for paddy rice production.     

Climate Change Impact and Its Contribution Share to Paddy Rice Production in Jiangxi,China

In the study, an improved approach was proposed to identify the contribution shares of three group factors that are climate, technology and input, social economic factors by which the grain production is shaped. In order to calibrate the method, Jiangxi Province, one of the main paddy rice producers in China was taken as an example. Based on 50 years (1961–2010) meteorological and statistic data, using GIS and statistical analysis tools, the three group factors that in certain extent impact China's paddy rice production have been analyzed quantitatively. The individual and interactive contribution shares of each factor group have been identified via eta square (η²). In the paper, two group ordinary leasr square (OLS) models, paddy models and climate models, have been constructed for further analysis. Each model group consists of seven models, one full model and six partial models. The results of paddy models show that climate factors individually and interactively contribute 11.42–15.25% explanatory power to the variation of paddy rice production in the studied province. Technology and input factors contribute 16.17% individually and another 8.46% interactively together with climate factors, totally contributing about 25%. Social economic factors contribute about 7% of which 4.65% is individual contribution and 2.49% is interactive contribution together with climate factors. The three factor groups individually contribute about 23% and interactively contribute additional 41% to paddy rice production. In addition every two of the three factor groups also function interactively and contribute about 22%. Among the three factor groups, technology and input are the most important factors to paddy rice production. The results of climate models support the results of paddy models, and display that solar radiation (indicated by sunshine hour variable) is the dominate climate factor for paddy rice production.     

Geographic Variation of Rice Yield Response to Past Climate Change in China

Previous studies demonstrated climate change had reduced rice yield in China, but the magnitude of the reduction and the spatial variations of the impact have remained in controversy to date. Based on a gridded daily weather dataset, we found there were obvious changes in temperatures, diurnal temperature range, and radiation during the rice-growing season from 1961 to 2010 in China. These changes resulted in a signiifcant decline of simulated national rice yield （simulated with CERES-Rice）, with a magnitude of 11.5%. However, changes in growing-season radiation and diurnal temperature range, not growing-season temperatures, contributed most to the simulated yield reduction, which conifrmed previous estimates by empirical studies. Yield responses to changes of the climatic variables varied across different rice production areas. In rice production areas with the mean growing-season temperature at 12-14＆#176;C and above 20＆#176;C, a 1＆#176;C growing-season warming decreased rice yield by roughly 4%. This decrease was partly attributed to increased heat stresses and shorter growth period under the warmer climate. In some rice areas of the southern China and the Yangtze River Basin where the rice growing-season temperature was greater than 20＆#176;C, decrease in the growing-season radiation partly interpreted the widespread yield decline of the simulation, suggesting the signiifcant negative contribution of recent global dimming on rice production in China＇s main rice areas. Whereas in the northern rice production areas with relatively low growing-season temperature, decrease of the diurnal temperature range was identiifed as the main climatic contributor for the decline of simulated rice yield, with larger decreasing magnitude under cooler areas.     

Climate Change Modelling and Its Roles to Chinese Crops Yield

Climate has been changing in the last fifty years in China and will continue to change regardless any efforts for mitigation.Agriculture is a climate-dependent activity and highly sensitive to climate changes and climate variability.Understanding the interactions between climate change and agricultural production is essential for society stable development of China.The first mission is to fully understand how to predict future climate and link it with agriculture production system.In this paper,recent studies both domestic and international are reviewed in order to provide an overall image of the progress in climate change researches.The methods for climate change scenarios construction are introduced.The pivotal techniques linking crop model and climate models are systematically assessed and climate change impacts on Chinese crops yield among model results are summarized.The study found that simulated productions of grain crop inherit uncertainty from using different climate models,emission scenarios and the crops simulation models.Moreover,studies have different spatial resolutions,and methods for general circulation model(GCM) downscaling which increase the uncertainty for regional impacts assessment.However,the magnitude of change in crop production due to climate change(at 700 ppm CO2 eq correct) appears within ±10% for China in these assessments.In most literatures,the three cereal crop yields showed decline under climate change scenarios and only wheat in some region showed increase.Finally,the paper points out several gaps in current researches which need more studies to shorten the distance for objective recognizing the impacts of climate change on crops.The uncertainty for crop yield projection is associated with climate change scenarios,CO2 fertilization effects and adaptation options.Therefore,more studies on the fields such as free air CO 2 enrichment experiment and practical adaptations implemented need to be carried out.     

Managing Climate Change Risk in China's Agricultural Sector: The Potential for an Integrated Risk Management Framework

Climate change poses a serious threat to the future food security of China, which is among the most disaster-prone countries in the world. This paper discusses the implications of climate change for China's agricultural sector. Its main objectives are to identify the agricultural risks associated with climate change, to introduce a conceptual framework for agricultural climate risk management and to enumerate key adaptation strategies, challenges, and recommendations.     

东北地区主要粮食作物对气候变化的响应及其产量效应

综述了在全球气候变暖背景下,东北地区农业气候资源、农业气象灾害的变化特征以及主要农作物对气候变化的响应。结果表明,气候变暖给东北地区农业带来的影响利弊共存,主要表现为东北地区主要农作物生长季节温度升高、热量资源增加,适宜农作物生长的时期延长、适种区域扩大,为作物的光温生产潜力以及产量的提高提供了潜在的可能。但由于光照及水资源的限制以及CO₂浓度的增加而引发的温室效应,对农作物的产量和品质也产生了负面影响。极端天气事件增加,农作物生态环境恶化,干旱、洪涝、盐碱化速度加快,尤其是近几年受全球变暖的影响,东北地区主要农作物受干旱灾害的影响最为明显。降水总量减少和降水分布不均匀,使东北地区成为受气候变化影响最敏感和脆弱地区之一。     

连云港市气候变化对水稻产量的影响

利用江苏省连云港市近年的气象资料分析出气候变化趋势,并对应水稻(Orvza sativa L.)气象产量的变化,分析在当今气候变暖的背景下气象因子对水稻产量的影响。结果表明,在水稻全生育期,最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、降水都呈逐年上升趋势,日照时间和温差呈逐年下降的趋势,各气象因子在不同地区也呈现相同的变化趋势,但变化程度不相同。在水稻的6个生育期阶段,气象因子的变化趋势与全生育期基本相同,但在各地区各生育阶段也存在着不同的变化趋势。在水稻全生育期,通过特征分析表明,降水量与水稻产量的相关性最高,由降水在水稻全生育期的变化趋势可以看出,降水量的变化使得水稻产量增加。水稻在移栽返青期的温差与抽穗开花期和灌浆成熟期的最高气温、温差、日照时间对水稻产量的影响最为明显。最高气温在近年呈上升趋势,将有利于水稻产量的增加,而温差与日照时间呈减小趋势,将会对水稻造成减产。     

The Effects of Climate Change on the Planting Boundary and Potential Yield for Different Rice Cropping Systems in Southern China

Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated a signiifcant northward shift and westward expansion of northern boundaries for rice planting in the southern China. Compared with the period of 1951-1980, the average temperature during rice growing season in the period of 1981-2010 increased by 0.4＆#176;C, and the northern planting boundaries for single rice cropping system （SRCS）, early triple cropping rice system （ETCRS）, medium triple cropping rice system （MTCRS）, and late triple cropping rice system （LTCRS） moved northward by 10, 30, 52 and 66 km, respectively. In addition, compared with the period of 1951-1980, the suitable planting area for SRCS was reduced by 11%during the period of 1981-2010. However, the suitable planting areas for other rice cropping systems increased, with the increasing amplitude of 3, 8, and 10%for ETCRS, MTCRS and LTCRS, respectively. In general, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice decreased by 2.5%. Without considering the change of rice cultivars, the northern planting boundaries for different rice cropping systems showed a northward shift tendency. Climate change resulted in decrease of per unit area yield for SRCS and the annual average yields of ETCRS and LTCRS. Nevertheless, the overall rice production in the entire research area showed a decreasing trend even with the increasing trend of annual average yield for MTCRS.     

1977—2007年门源地区气候变化及气象灾害特征分析

通过对青海省门源地区1977—2007年30余年的气温及降水、冻土和气象灾害资料的分析,对门源地区气候变化特征和主要的气象灾害进行了初步研究。结果表明:门源地区年平均气温呈明显上升趋势,最大冻土深度逐年减小,气候逐年变暖。气象灾害中,春旱及冰雹是门源地区危害较大的气象灾害。