皇竹草替代部分精料饲喂育肥猪的效果试验

随机选择85日龄大长金育肥猪80头,按胎次、体重、体况均分为4组,采用适量青刈皇竹草（打浆）替代部分精饲料,进行饲养试验。结果表明,头均添饲皇竹草0.5 kg/d、1.0 kg/d和1.5 kg/d,直接拌和精料饲喂,经90 d饲养试验,以头均添饲皇竹草0.5 kg/d替代3%精饲料效果最佳,与对照组相比,头均日增重提高1.20%,料重比下降4.06%,经济效益提高5.22%。但是,随着添饲皇竹草替代精料量的增加,育肥猪的生长性能和养殖效益逐步下降。     

青贮青稞酒糟替代部分精料育肥肉牛效果

选用2岁左右安格斯种牛与青海黄牛的杂一代去势成年育肥牛60头,随机分为3组,每组20头。试验1组每头每天饲喂精料4kg、青贮青稞酒糟3.5kg;试验2组每头每天饲喂精料3.5kg、青贮青稞酒糟4.5kg;对照组每头每天饲喂精料5kg,不喂青贮青稞酒糟。经过90d的育肥试验,比较各试验组增重效果。结果表明,试1组、试2组比对照组日增重分别提高17.1%和31.5%,差异显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)。     

全株甘蔗与全株大麦混合青贮饲养肉牛效果观察

为研究不同青贮饲料饲养肉牛的效果,选择18月龄左右的健康西门塔尔杂交牛40头,随机分成2组,试验组饲喂全株甘蔗与全株大麦混合青贮＋精料,对照组饲喂全株玉米青贮＋精料,进行100d的饲养试验。结果发现：试验组肉牛平均日增重在前、中、后及全期分别为1050、1530、1470和1350g,对照组分别为980、1120、1070和1060g;试验组肉牛在消耗精料2274kg、青贮饲料21298kg的情况下增重1220kg,对照组肉牛在消耗精料2272kg、青贮饲料21326kg的情况下增重950kg;试验组肉牛每头盈利2499．9元,对照组肉牛每头盈利1554．1元。本试验表明,全株甘蔗与全株大麦混合青贮饲养肉牛效果较好,值得推广和应用。     

甜高粱青贮与玉米秸秆青贮喂奶牛对比试验

40头中国荷斯坦牛被分为2组,试验组饲喂甜高粱青贮料 配合精料,对照组饲喂玉米秸秆青贮料 配合精料,经80d饲喂,结果表明试验组头日均比对照组多产奶5.25kg,产奶量提高12.16%,头日均节省精饲料2kg,差异极显著(P<0.01),试验组头日均增收4.54元,经济效益明显。     

青贮玉米替代苜蓿干草饲喂断奶初期纯种黑安格斯肉牛试验初报

选用30头试验牛按体重大小,随机分成对照组、试验组Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组3个组。试验组用青贮玉米替代苜蓿干草,对照组全部饲喂苜蓿干草。结果表明:试验组Ⅰ组育肥牛的平均日增重1 006g,分别比对照组和试验组Ⅱ提高6.08%和12.24%。试验组Ⅰ组饲喂效果和经济效益都相当明显,其增重价值、育肥收入和日均收入都明显高于试验Ⅱ组和对照组,差异显著(P0.05),其中日均收入比对照组提高43.45%,差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。     

秸秆干草块饲养奶牛的效果

选择３０头１１～１２龄的后备牛、２４头一胎泌乳牛进行分组试验，把玉米秸干草块与当地秋白草、东北羊草以及玉米青贮的饲喂效果进行对比验，结果表明：对于后备牛，试验组（玉米秸干草块）比对照组玉米青贮和当地秋白草）日增重提高４４９克（Ｐ〈０．０１），体斜长增５．０厘米（Ｐ〈０．０１），每千克增重饲料成本减少２．７０元。对于泌乳牛，试验Ⅰ组（玉米秸干草块）比对照组（玉米青贮和东北羊草）头日产奶增加０．１９千     

发酵酒糟饲喂水平对西杂牛生长性能、血液生化指标和肌肉氨基酸组成的影响

试验旨在探究发酵酒糟饲喂水平对西杂牛生长性能、生化指标、牛肉氨基酸组成及经济效益的影响。选取18头体重为（315±15）kg、2周岁左右的西杂牛（西门塔尔牛♂×关岭黄牛♀），随机分为3组，每组6头牛。对照组饲喂40%精料+60%皇竹草鲜草（DM）,15%发酵酒糟组饲喂25%精料+15%发酵酒糟+60%皇竹草鲜草（DM）,30%发酵酒糟组饲喂10%精料+30%发酵酒糟+60%皇竹草鲜草（DM）。试验预试期15 d，正试期60 d。结果表明：与对照组相比，30%发酵酒糟组的干物质采食量和平均日增重均增加（P<0.05），血清中β-羟基丁酸含量均减少（P<0.05）、免疫球蛋白A含量增加（P<0.05）；与对照组相比，15%发酵酒糟组牛肉中丝氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸均增加（P<0.05）,30%发酵酒糟组牛肉中天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸及氨基酸总量均增加（P<0.05）；与对照组相比，15%发酵酒糟组、30%发酵酒糟组每头牛每日利润分别提高11.43、15.54元。在本试验条件下，采用30%发酵酒糟替代常规精料可增加西杂牛（西门塔尔×关岭...     

青贮皇竹草饲喂奶牛效果分析

本试验选取体重、胎次、泌乳阶段、产奶量基本相近的健康中国荷斯坦产奶牛26头,配对分成两组,即对照组和试验组,进行青贮皇竹草替代青贮玉米秸的饲喂试验。对照组按原日粮不变,试验组用5 kg青贮皇竹草替代10 kg青贮玉米秸。预试期7 d,正试期21 d。结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,日均产奶量相对提高0.73 kg,差异显著(P<0.05);乳蛋白相对提高0.05个百分点,乳脂率相对提高0.03个百分点,总固体物相对提高0.06个百分点,差异均不显著(P>0.05);从经济效益比较,试验组每头牛日均收益相对提高2.21元。     

饲料中添加小苏打对甘南地区荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响

[目的]为研究饲料中添加小苏打对甘南地区荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响。[方法]选用27头健康、年龄、泌乳期一致的荷斯坦牛27头,随机分为3组,每组9头,设为对照组、试验A组、试验B组。分别饲喂8 kg青干草1、kg马铃薯;配合精料（见表2）;配合精料（见表2）＋150 g小苏打。[结果]试验A、B组比对照组日均多产奶3.75 kg和4.3 kg,分别提高了28%和32.1%（P〈0.05）,差异显著,试验B组较A组提高了0.55 kg（P〉0.05）,差异不显著。试验A、B组比对照组日均毛收入提高了7.53和9.65元,试验B组较A组日均毛收入提高了2.12元。[结论]在荷斯坦牛饲料中添加150 g小苏打能有效提高产奶量。     

鲜象草、苜蓿干草和玉米秸秆青贮料对奶水牛种公牛精液品质的影响研究

为了比较青绿饲料(鲜象草)、苜蓿干草和玉米秸秆青贮料对奶水牛种公牛精液品质的影响效果,以期找出一种能显著提高奶水牛种公牛精液品质的、比较理想的粗料搭配方法,笔者设计了3个不同的试验。所有试验中的对照组基础日粮一致,均为配合精料+3个鸡蛋+混合干草。试验一中试验组B在对照组A的基础上添加了多汁青绿饲料——鲜象草;试验二中试验组C在对照组的基础上添加苜蓿干草;试验三设计有2个试验组:试验组Ⅰ在对照组的基础上添加5kg玉米秸秆青贮料;试验组Ⅱ添加10kg玉米秸秆青贮料。结果表明:添加青绿多汁饲料——鲜象草或苜蓿干草可显著提高奶水牛种公牛的精液品质;添加玉米秸秆青贮饲料降低了奶水牛种公牛的精液品质,且饲喂量越大,精液品质越差。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.