Eggshell 49对蛋鸡蛋壳质量的影响

将 4 0 0羽 5 9周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分成实验组和对照组 ,每组 2 0 0羽 .实验组在千克基础日粮中添加Eggshell 4 91g,试验持续 70 d.结果表明 :实验组的不合格蛋率比对照组下降 1.3% ;实验组的蛋质量 (蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、哈氏单位、蛋密度 )、血 Zn、血 Mn和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于对照组 (p <0 .0 5 ) ;蛋的受精率、孵化率及血 Ca、血 P、蛋壳成分 (Ca、P、Zn、Mn)及蛋重 ,两组无显著差异 (p>0 .0 5 ) ;蛋壳结构电镜观察表明实验组蛋壳乳突较小、大小一致 ,乳突与壳膜连结紧密 ,壳膜纤维交织密度高 ,而对照组蛋壳乳突较大、大小不一致 ,乳突与壳膜连接不紧密 ,壳膜纤维交织密度稀 .可见 ,在产蛋后期日粮中添加具有生物活性的 Zn、Mn可显著提高蛋壳的质量     

旧院黑鸡蓝壳蛋的品质研究

旧院黑鸡蓝壳蛋的比重（４．９９），胆固醇含量（６．３３ｍｇ／ｍｌ）均极显著高于伊莎褐蛋，蛋重（５２．４ｇ）极显著小于伊莎鸡蛋，哈夫单位（８８．１８）显著高于伊鸡蛋，蛋形指数（１．３７）和蛋壳厚度（０．３１７６ｍｍ）与伊莎鸡蛋无显差异。旧院黑鸡蓝壳蛋和白壳蛋与农村散养的科白鸡白壳蛋的蛋重，比重，哈夫单位，蛋形指数等无左异。旧院黑鸡蓝壳蛋和散养科白鸡白壳蛋白壳蛋的胆固醇含量无显著差异，但极显著高于旧院     

旧院黑鸡蓝壳蛋遗传研究

用可能产蓝壳蛋的旧院公鸡交褐色罗斯母鸡。其中，２只公鸡的Ｆ１代产褐壳或白壳蛋，另４只公鸡Ｆ１代母鸡产蓝壳蛋的占５１．４％，产褐壳或白壳蛋的占４８．６％（１：１）。用带有产蓝壳蛋基因的公鸡与Ｆ１代产蓝壳蛋白的母鸡杂交，Ｆ２代母鸡产蓝壳蛋和非蓝壳蛋的分别为７６．７％和２３．３％（３：１）。Ｆ１，Ｆ２代均符合单基因分离组合的遗传规律，并对褐壳蛋呈显性遗传。     

紫壳蛋品质及孵化率的统计学分析

以400日龄产紫皮蛋的农大3号节粮小型蛋鸡(试验组)、产紫皮蛋的普通褐壳蛋鸡(试验组)与普通的农大3号节粮小型褐壳蛋鸡(对照组)、普通褐壳蛋鸡(对照组)及白来航鸡为研究对象,对其蛋品质及孵化率进行比较。结果表明:同品系的普通紫皮蛋的蛋壳厚度比普通褐壳蛋的厚度高,差异达到极显著水平;同品系的普通紫皮蛋的哈氏单位比普通褐壳蛋的哈氏单位高,差异达显著水平;同品系矮小鸡的紫皮蛋的蛋壳色泽、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度及蛋黄色泽与普通褐壳蛋的差异达到极显著;紫皮蛋的蛋白高度与普通褐壳蛋的差异达到显著水平。随着保存时间的延长,紫皮蛋的孵化率高于普通蛋的孵化率。     

种蛋消毒越早越好

人们一般在孵化前对种蛋进行消毒,我们认为,经过挑选的种蛋在入蛋库前要先消毒。这是因为鸡蛋的外部包括三层覆盖物——蛋壳、外壳膜、内壳膜。每层对外物入侵(主要是细菌)都是一种障碍。防止外物渗入以蛋壳加胶质层为最好,内壳膜次之,外壳膜最差。这三层防护物本身都没有抗菌特性,有些细菌仍能找到进入蛋内的通道。其进口显然是鸡蛋冷却时内容物收缩与蛋壳之间造成的微小空间。细菌就穿过蛋壳上的气孔与壳膜而进入蛋内。所以防止细菌渗入蛋内较好的办法是在鸡蛋刚产出、内容物尚未开始收缩时,立即消灭蛋壳上的细菌。此项工作应在鸡舍中进行…     

蛋鸡周龄对褐壳蛋蛋壳品质的影响

为了了解蛋鸡周龄对褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响,以同一批次90只新杨褐蛋鸡为对象,从20周龄开始,每4周集蛋一次分析蛋品质。结果表明:随周龄的增加,蛋壳颜色逐渐变浅且变异程度较大;蛋重及其各部分重量逐渐增加;蛋壳重占蛋重的比例下降;蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度显著下降。蛋鸡周龄对蛋壳品质有显著的影响。     

褐色蛋蛋壳色素沉着问题

蛋壳颜色是最直观的品种特性，在许多国家蛋壳颜色是蛋品质是一个重要方面。养禽业对褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳的颜色变化深表关注，而蛋壳的色泽也可影响到消费者的购买欲望。目前国内饲养褐壳蛋鸡的数量较多，一些饲养单位反映，鸡群有时发生蛋壳色变浅、现出色素斑块，并伴有蛋壳质量不良的问题。本文叙述了蛋壳色素的生物合成和沉着过程和影响褐壳蛋蛋壳色素沉着的多种因素。１蛋壳色素生物合成和沉积蛋壳颜色是母鸡壳腺分泌和色素沉积的结果，这种色素是蛋壳外面釉质层的构成成分之一，在蛋产出前３～４h形成。１．１蛋壳色素的生物合成蛋壳色素的…     

正常蛋与暗斑蛋的品质和蛋壳超微结构差异分析

本研究旨在探明正常蛋与暗斑蛋的蛋品质和蛋壳超微结构方面的差异。以寿光鸡为研究对象,收集正常蛋和暗斑蛋各60枚,统计蛋品质和蛋壳超微结构等数据。研究结果显示,暗斑蛋的哈氏单位、蛋白高度极显著低于正常蛋(P<0.01),蛋重显著高于正常蛋(P<0.05),蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋壳比率高于正常蛋,但差异不显著(P> 0.05),蛋形指数、蛋黄比率和蛋黄颜色和正常蛋几乎没有差异;暗斑蛋的乳突层厚度、有效层厚度显著高于正常蛋(P<0. 05)。结果表明暗斑蛋与正常蛋在蛋品质和蛋壳超微结构方面存在差异。     

招财聚宝的青壳蛋

"11年时间,从当初只有几户养青壳蛋鸡,发展到现在全村有100多户都在养,预计今年我社将养青壳蛋鸡22万余只,这个产业发展前景是非常可观的!"江苏省泗洪县梅花镇青壳蛋鸡专业合作社理事长张凤江谈到他的"青壳蛋"事业时,总是雄心勃勃。据张凤江介绍,青壳蛋的稀罕之处在于它的蛋壳是青绿色的,好像是缩     

武定鸡绿壳蛋系的蛋品质分析*

 以武定鸡快羽系（产白壳蛋）作对照，对武定鸡绿壳蛋系进行了蛋品质分析。结果显示，绿壳蛋系的蛋重极显著低于快羽系（P<0.01），而蛋壳重极显著高于快羽系（P<0.01）；绿壳蛋系蛋的蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度、哈夫单位、蛋黄相对重以及蛋中蛋白质、脂肪、维生素D、维生素B1和镁、锌、磷、钙的含量显著高于快羽系（P<0.05）；其氨基酸总量以及天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸的含量也显著高于快羽系（P<0.05）。表明武定鸡绿壳蛋系具有很高的营养价值，蛋品质优良。     

鸡蛋与鸭蛋的蛋壳力学特性、超微结构及蛋壳组分的比较

【目的】通过比较研究鸡蛋与鸭蛋的蛋壳力学特性、超微结构和蛋壳组分的异同,为精准调控鸭蛋蛋壳品质提供科学依据。【方法】试验选用45周龄海兰灰蛋鸡和龙岩山麻鸭所产蛋,选取平均蛋重接近生理蛋重的鸡蛋和鸭蛋各160枚,随机分为2个组,每组8个重复,每个重复20枚蛋。蛋鸡和蛋鸭均饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮,营养水平参照国家标准配制。采用蛋壳强度仪测定蛋壳强度,数显千分尺测定蛋壳膜和钙化蛋壳的厚度,计算蛋壳比例和韧性。采用扫描电子显微镜观察蛋壳的超微结构,测定蛋壳有效厚度、乳突厚度和宽度,计算总厚度、有效层和乳突层比例。观察蛋壳乳突结构,对乳突结构的变异程度进行评分。蛋壳粉碎提取后,采用考马斯亮蓝方法测定基质蛋白含量,微波消解后,参照国标方法,测定蛋壳中钙、磷、镁、锰、铜、锌含量。【结果】与鸡蛋相比,鸭蛋的蛋重和蛋壳重更大（P<0.01）,蛋壳比例无显著差异（P>0.05）;蛋壳强度、韧性和蛋壳膜厚度更大（P <0.01）,钙化层厚度（不含壳膜）无显著差异（P>0.05）。超微结构中,鸭蛋壳的乳突厚度和单位乳突个数均显著低于鸡蛋壳（P<0.01）,乳突宽度和乳突层比例显著高于鸡蛋壳（P<0.01）;蛋壳总厚度和有效厚度无显著差异（P>0.05）,鸭蛋壳有效层比例显著高于鸡蛋壳（P<0.001）。乳突结构中,鸭蛋壳的乳突密度、B型和A型乳突、乳突的霰石、袖口和凹陷结构的评分均无显著差异（P>0.05）,鸭蛋壳乳突的帽子结构、汇流程度、早期融合、晚期融合的评分及乳突结构的总评分显著低于鸡蛋壳（P<0.05）,表明鸡蛋壳较鸭蛋壳有较为频繁的乳突结构变异,鸭蛋壳帽子结构上沟壑状痕迹较鸡蛋壳更为深刻清晰,具有较为广泛的早期融合,乳突层与壳膜纤维间的结合更致密。鸭蛋壳中磷、铜和锰的含量更高（P<0.05）,但镁和基质蛋白含量较低（P<0.001）,钙和锌含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。【结论】鸡蛋和鸭蛋具有相似的力学特性和超微结构,蛋壳比例、钙化层厚度、蛋壳中钙和锌的含量无差异。与鸡蛋壳相比,鸭蛋蛋壳力学特性较好,蛋壳强度和韧性较高,主要与鸭蛋壳具有较致密的超微结构和乳突结构有关,鸭蛋壳的有效厚度高、乳突排列更平整,具有较为广泛的早期融合,相邻乳突单元间致密性更好;蛋壳组分中磷、铜和锰含量高,镁和基质蛋白含量低。可通过调控蛋壳矿物元素及基质蛋白含量,影响蛋壳形成过程尤其是乳突和栅栏层中碳酸钙的沉积,增加蛋壳有效层的厚度,改善乳突层结构,从而改善鸭蛋的蛋壳品质。     

蓝马鸡卵壳的超微结构观察

本文报道了蓝马鸡卵壳的壳膜层、乳锥层、海绵层、表层等在扫描电镜下的超微结构 ,并与同属褐马鸡的卵壳进行了比较     

黑水鸡卵壳超微结构的扫描电镜观察

黑水鸡卵壳的扫描电镜观察表明,壳膜层由膜带状,沟状和线状纤维构成。纤维上有球状、茬状芽突和纤维孔,有的纤维伸向锥体内,可能参与气孔的形成;乳锥层的锥体为多角形,锥突有盘状花瓣状多种形态,有纤维锚连其上,锥核也有多种;柱状层气孔管内有球形塞和膜状横隔,有助于控制气流;表层下尚有块状结晶层。     

Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Eggshell Quality in an F2 Population Derived from Strong and Weak Eggshell Lines of the White Leghorn Chicken Breed

Broken and cracked eggshells cause major economic losses to the egg production industry. An F2 population of 262 hens obtained by crossing a strong egg shell line with a weak egg shell line of the White Leghorn breed was used for detecting the quantitative trait loci （QTL） affecting eggshell quality. The 2 lines were developed from the same founder population by two-way selection for egg shell strength with nondestructive deformation. Of the 1 014 microsatellite markers tested, 35 were mapped on 10 autosomal linkage groups. There was no informative marker on chromosome Z. The QTLs associated with 7 traits, i.e., body weight, short length of egg, long length of egg, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness （EST）, eggshell weight （ESW）, and egg weight （EW）, were identified. Highly significant （P〈0.01） QTLs associated with EST and ESW and a significant （P〈 0.05） QTL associated with EW were mapped to a region flanking ABR0545 and ABR0362 on chromosome 9. These QTLs are good candidates to be employed in the development of strategies for reducing the number of broken and cracked eggs in commercial layer houses by employing marker assisted selection.     

Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Eggshell Quality in an F_2 Population Derived from Strong and Weak Eggshell Lines of the White Leghorn Chicken Breed

Broken and cracked eggshells cause major economic losses to the egg production industry. An F2 population of 262 hens obtained by crossing a strong egg shell line with a weak egg shell line of the White Leghorn breed was used for detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting eggshell quality. The 2 lines were developed from the same founder population by two-way selection for egg shell strength with nondestructive deformation. Of the 1 014 microsatellite markers tested, 35 were mapped on 10 autosoma1 linkage groups. There was no informative marker on chromosome Z. The QTLs associated with 7 traits, i.e., body weight, short length of egg, long length of egg, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness (EST), eggshell weight (ESW), and egg weight (EW), were identified. Highly significant (P 0.01) QTLs associated with EST and ESW and a significant (P 0.05) QTL associated with EW were mapped to a region flanking ABR0545 and ABR0362 on chromosome 9. These QTLs are good candidates to be employed in the development of strategies for reducing the number of broken and cracked eggs in commercial layer houses by employing marker assisted selection.     

鸭蛋壳颜色定量测定与统计学分析

以缙云麻鸭所产鸭蛋为素材,采用ECR测色仪对其4种类型鸭蛋的蛋壳颜色进行定量测定,每种类型测50个蛋,每个蛋测定3个点.结果表明:白壳、浅青壳、青壳和深青壳4组蛋的反射系数均值各组间差异极显著(P0.01);利用反射系数与蛋壳颜色的回归分析得出划分青壳蛋颜色层次的量化区间,即白壳蛋80.64~84.42,浅青壳蛋77.74~80.64,青壳蛋74.85~77.74,深青壳蛋64.69~74.95;对各测定点的测定值与均值的相关分析和主成分分析表明,中端为蛋壳颜色的最佳测定点,其准确性可达到0.8934;蛋壳反射系数与时间的回归分析表明,不同时间的反射系数测定值间差异不显著(P0.05).     

Expression analysis for candidate genes associated with eggshell mechanical property

Damaged eggshells result in losses of eggs.The genetic mechanism of variable eggshell strength is still unclear.The current study was conducted to verify whether the eggshell calcification related genes,CALB1,SPP1,DMP4,BMP2 and SLIT2,were associated with eggshell mechanical property.For this purpose quantitative PCR(q-PCR) analysis was performed to detect gene expression between two groups of hens laying strong and weak eggs.The hens were selected from 360 White Leghorn layers at 60 wk to ensure that the strong and weak eggs differed significantly in breaking strength but not in eggshell thickness and weight.Using this special strong/weak eggshell model,we found that the expression of CALB1 in the uterus of strong shell group was about 3-fold higher(P0.05) than that in weak shell group.The DMP4 expression was significantly higher(2-fold,P0.05) in the uterus of weak shell group than that in strong shell group.However,no difference was observed for genes of SPP1,SLIT2 and BMP2 between these two groups.The current study provides a new insight to investigate the association of candidate genes with eggshell mechanical property.     

Study on the Ultrastructure and its Change of Eggshell of Chukar during Incubation

Chukar is a kind of very important wild economical bird species.The research to the eggshell is very useful not only in biology but also in economics.The structure of eggshell of Chukar is the same as the fowl.The structural changes of the inner and outer surfaces,the transverse section of the eggshell,and the outer surface of its membrane during incubation had been observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).There was a great change happened for the surface structrue of eggshell and its membrane during incubation.The tortoise-shaped crackles became smaller and longer,and the fibres of the membrane became thinner and shorter.At the same time,the transverse section of eggshell also became thicker.     

鹅蛋壳弹性模量与泊松比试验研究

为提供一种更加符合蛋壳结构力学特性的测试蛋壳弹性模量的方法,以鹅蛋壳为研究对象,对鹅蛋进行轴向压缩试验,获取赤道部位的经向、纬向应变与轴向载荷之间的关系;依据旋转壳无矩理论推导出蛋壳弹性模量和泊松比的表达式,并根据试验数据求取试验鹅蛋壳的弹性模量和泊松比。测得试验鹅蛋壳弹性模量的平均值为47.33GPa,方差为5.68;泊松比平均值为0.411,方差为0.064。本研究所述测试方法更加符合蛋壳结构力学特性,可以为蛋类的生产、运输、加工装置设计提供参考。