A general equilibrium analysis of the economic aspects of the imposition of an export tax on the plywood sector in Indonesia

Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are extensively used to simulate the economic impact of forest policies. In this study, we conduct a counterfactual analysis to assess the impact of an export tax ranging from 5 to 20% on the plywood sector to the Indonesian economy. The indonesian economy is aggregated into 5 sectors: 2 sectors are related to forest,i.e., (1) log, and (2) plywood. The other three sectors are not related to forest,i.e., (3) non-wood manufacturing, (4) agriculture, quarrying, and services, and (5) construction. The simulation results show that an export tax on the plywood processing sector is negatively correlated with real GDP and labor demand in log and plywood sectors, but is positively correlated with total labor demand, government revenue, income distribution, wood resources and social welfare. Reduction in labor demand by log and plywood sectors, due to a plywood export tax, can be absorbed in other sectors. The simulated policy of an export tax on plywood can reserve trees in production forests for future use.     

印度尼西亚木材工业现状及发展前景

木材工业是印尼仅次于石油和天然气的第3大产业。近20年来,印尼的木材工业发展迅速,已成为当今世界上最大的阔叶材胶合板生产国和出口国。本文阐述了印尼木材工业发展战略和政策,生产体系的结构与变化,以及未来的发展趋势。     

Mechanical properties of wood in an unstable state due to temperature changes,and analysis of the relevant mechanism VI: dielectric relaxation of quenched wood

To analyze the effects of lignin on the destabilization of wood due to quenching, we examined the dielectric properties of untreated and delignified wood before and after quenching at 20°C from 50 Hz to 100 MHz. For untreated wood, the inflection points of log ε′ and log σ vs log f and the peak of log(tan δ) vs log f were attributed to interfacial polarization before quenching, and the location of the inflection point shifted to a higher frequency with increasing moisture content because of changes in the water cluster. After quenching, the inflection points of log ε′ and log σ and the peak of log(tan δ ) shifted to higher frequency; however, the values of log ε′, log σ recovered to those before quenching with the passage of time. For delignified wood, dielectric relaxation was observed at a higher frequency than for untreated wood irrespective of quenching. It was inferred that the mobility of water molecules was influenced by the cluster surroundings because of increased number of adsorption sites in hemicellulose. Moreover, after quenching, the recovery process did not change greatly over time; it was shown that the matrix structure was affected more by quenching with the loss of lignin.     

“一带一路”沿线国家对华原木出口贸易效率与潜力

利用"一带一路"沿线主要国家与中国双边原木贸易数据,文中实证分析影响沿线国家对华原木出口主要因素,并进一步测算出其原木出口贸易效率与潜力。结果表明:中国人造板和木家具出口量、沿线国家人均GDP、国土面积、与中国是否有共同边界、距离和经济规模相对差异等指标是影响对华原木出口的主要因素;2007年以后,沿线国家对华原木出口贸易效率逐年降低,年平均效率低于0.5,而原木出口贸易潜力则逐年提升。从保障我国原木贸易安全、降低原木进口成本以及加大对"一带一路"沿线国家林业投资等方面提出相应建议。     

Impacts of log export restrictions in southeast asia on the Japanese plywood market: An econometric analysis

Seen worldwide, many restrictive policies on timber harvests or log exports have been enforced in the major timber-exporting countries in the last two and half decades. This study aims to assess the impacts of the log export restrictions in the Southeast Asian countries on the Japanese plywood market, whose supply mainly comes from Southeast Asia and the domestic plywood industries. Both plywood industries process tropical raw logs. This econometric analysis reveals the followings; the log export restriction of Indonesia, along with its policy to promote the plywood industry, increased plywood exports to Japan, leaving the amount of log supply rather unchanged. Sabah’s log export restriction and Sarawak’s log export cutback policies decreased the amount of log exports from Southeast Asia to Japan significantly. Furthermore, the producer surplus of Southeast Asian plywood industries increased notably after the log export restriction of Indonesia. The consumer surplus in the Japanese plywood market increased accordingly. On the other hand, the producer surplus of the Japanese plywood industry decreased significantly as a result of Sabah’s log export restriction and Sarawak’s log cutback policies. Consequently, these log export restrictions led to large profits for the plywood industries of Southeast Asia, and that, enforced costs were levied on Japanese plywood industry. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (No. 08041048) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan.     

80年代世界林产工业发展概况

文章分别介绍了８０年代发达国家和发展中国家的森林工业政策和实施措施；分析了８０年代世界林产工业发展的特点，对工业材、薪炭材、纸和纸板、人造板等的生产及其增长情况进行了详细论述。     

印度尼西亚的原藤出口禁令之争

目前印度尼西亚国内对印尼原藤出口有反对和赞成两种意见,本文对原藤出口禁令提出的缘由、问题的实质和可能的解决方法进行分析。     

我国木材防腐工业的状况、问题与对策

本文从发展的角度，阐述了我国木材防腐工业对节约木材(减少木材消耗量)、保护森林资源的作用和贡献，以及我国木材防腐工业的发展与成就，指出了我国木材防腐工业目前所面临的问题，并提出了发展对策和措施。     

人造板工业发展急需解决的若干政策问题

本文就人造板工业原料供应现状和入世后面临的若干问题提出宏观政策的建议，包括人造板工业原料林基地的建设、减免对原木征收农业特产税和林区采伐剩余物和次、小、薪材的税收，以及加强行业管理、严格 贯彻人造板的质量标准，以使我国人造板工业持续健康发展。     

Effects of basic density,annual growth and drying schedule on selected quality factors of dried Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) timber

Abstract

Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) timber is suitable for many uses in the mechanical wood industry. Drying it without any decrease in value, however, is difficult and slow. The purpose of this research was to compare the drying quality of Siberian larch timber dried with three different conventional schedules taking into account the density and annual growth of wood. Five drying tests were performed. The final moisture content (MC), MC gradient, cracks, deformations (bow, crook, twist and cup) and case hardening were measured from the dried timber. The basic density particularly affected the MC, as shown in the differences regarding dried wood, with the denser wood having higher final MC and MC gradient. It was also found that large annual growth increased some deformations. Most of the measured factors were best after drying at the highest temperatures used; however, a slightly different trend was observed for bow, twist and cup. MC factors and twisting were the most problematic properties in drying according to this study. Sorting Siberian larch timber, particularly according to density, would improve the MC properties of dried timber by ensuring sufficient drying time, as economically as possible, for each timber piece.     

江苏木材加工产业技术创新的三维路径

近20 a来,江苏木材加工产业蓬勃发展,但总体上还没有完全走出传统发展的模式,其中杨木生产经营企业的整体技术创新能力偏低,已成为制约其可持续发展的重要因素之一。本文就江苏木材加工产业发展中技术层面存在的问题及其原因进行了深入分析,从企业、政府和行业组织3个维度探讨了江苏木材加工产业技术创新的具体途径。     

我国木地板产业融资对出口贸易的影响与对策研究

经过多年发展,我国正逐步实现由木地板生产大国向强国转变。目前木地板产业正在朝着集群化发展模式转变,这种转型所需的资金投入较大,基于木地板产业可持续且健康发展的需求,必须要从源头做好融资的有效风险管控。论述了我国木地板产业融资规模、融资特点,分析了我国木地板产业融资对出口贸易产生的影响,提出了强化我国木地板产业融资对策,以期为木地板产业融资提供参考。     

REVIEWS—RESENSIES

The effect of various conventional seasoning treatments, restraint, storage, log diameter and position of boards in logs on the twisting behaviour of 19–20 year old P. patula timber was determined. The results indicate a distinct influence of restraint and to a lesser extent of temperature on twist, especially so on boards containing pith associated wood of the 27–36 em diameter class and all the boards, regardless of board position in the log, of the 17–23 em diameter class. The benefit of reduced twist through the application of restraint and higher temperatures was generally maintained after a 12 months storage period. It seems as if P, patula boards remain fairly stable during storage when only small moisture changes take place in the timber but the boards of the 17–23 em log diameter class and especially those containing pith associated wood, increased by 3–6° in twist with a loss in moisture content of only 3%.     

浙江省云和县木制玩具产业化发展调查与启示

浙江省云和县木制玩具业发展经历了普及、腾飞到二次创业三个阶段。企业奋力开拓,不断改革创新,产业不断发展壮大;政府搭建平台,优化发展环境,促进产业健康发展。其成功经验和存在的问题带给我们一系列启示和思考:要用工业理念发展林业产业,用政府行为推进林业产业,用规模效益壮大林业产业,努力发展环保型产业。     

Effect of ozone treatment of wood on its liquefaction

The effects of ozone treatment were investigated to improve the process of liquefaction of wood with polyhydric alcohol solvents. The liquefied wood having a high wood to polyhydric alcohol ratio (W/P ratio) could be prepared by using the wood treated with ozone in the liquid phase. The liquefied wood with a W/P ratio of 2 : 1 had enough fluidity to act as a raw material for chemical products. To get some information about the effects of ozone treatment toward the wood components, cellulose powder and steamed lignin were treated with ozone and liquefied. In particular, ozone treatment in the liquid phase was found to be effective for wood and cellulose powder. On the other hand, steamed lignin self-condensed during liquefaction after treatment with ozone in the liquid phase. Thus, ozone treatment provided lignin with reactive functional groups, and caused the subsequent condensation reaction. Although lignin was converted to a more condensable structure by ozone treatment, the condensation reaction was found to be suppressed for wood during its liquefaction. The wood liquefied products displayed good solubilities in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) even after treatments of long duration. It was suggested that one of the main effects of ozone treatment toward wood was the decomposition of cellulose.Part of this report was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, April 2003     

Acoustic measurements on standing trees, logs and green lumber

Acoustics provide opportunities for non-destructive evaluation of the mechanical properties of wood, especially stiffness. In this work, Fakopp 2D a time of flight (TOF) tool and WoodSpec a resonance-based system were used. In a scoping study on young Pinus radiata trees (aged 8–11) no systematic differences were found between the Fakopp acoustic velocity on opposite sides of young trees. These Fakopp values were then averaged and correlated with that from the equivalent log using WoodSpec. Finally stem and log values were correlated with acoustic velocity in outerwood and in corewood lumber. External measurements on the log (standing tree) correlated well with those for lumber cut adjacent to the bark and modestly for the corewood (R ² of 0.89 and 0.74, respectively). In a separate study, the acoustic velocities were measured on standing trees in three adjacent stands aged 8, 16 and 26 and the data were used to construct a “Russian Doll” model to demonstrate the enormous range in wood stiffness within and between trees. The stiffest 20% of the population was estimated to be 146, 87 and 76% stiffer than the poorest 20% in the corewood (age 8), intermediate (age 16) and outerwood zone (age 26) respectively.

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我国人造板用胶粘剂发展浅议

胶粘剂在我国木材工业中占有举足轻重的作用，人造板行业胶粘剂的消耗量是十分可观的。针对当前我国胶粘剂行业存在的一些问题，提出了一些意见及建议，并对胶粘剂的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

日本的木材流通

日本木材流通的特点是: 国产材的开发利用与进口外材并举。60年代后, 进口材在总需材量中所占比重越来越大; 原木在总进口材中所占比重越来越小。这是当前日本林业生产、木材加工和流通领域所面临的新问题。     

浅析我国木材工业的可持续发展

分析了世界木材工业发展趋势,针对我国木材工业取得长足进步的同时所存在的一些问题,探讨了如何推动我国木材工业的可持续发展的几个因素:优化产品结构,促进产业升级;自主研发与吸收国外先进技术并举;扩大生产规模,促进产业竞争优势的形成.     

世界制材工业现状及发展趋势

本文概述了世界制材工业现状，从林木资源利用、提高锯材质量、完善加工工艺、开展小径木加工，采用高新技术等方面，介绍和论述了世界制材工业的发展趋势。针对我国制材工业的现状和存在的问题提出了解决对策。