Effects of mydriatics on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the normal feline eye

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of various mydriatics (1% atropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 0.5% tropicamide, 10% phenylephrine) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size (PS) in normal cats. ANIMALS STUDIED: The mydriatics were tested in 10 adult ophthalmoscopically normal European Domestic Short-haired cats. Procedure Single-dose drug studies were divided into placebo (vehicle of phenylephrine), 10% phenylephrine, 0.5% tropicamide, 1% cyclopentolate and 1% atropine. After measurement of IOP and pupil size (PS) at 8 a.m. on the first day, one drop of the tested drug was applied to one randomly selected eye. The IOP and PS were measured for a minimum of 36 h until the pupil returned to pretest size. RESULTS: Ten per cent phenylephrine had no significant effect on IOP, and the effect on the pupil size was minimal (相似文献   

Effect of topical atropine on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in the normal horse eye

The objective was to determine whether topically administered 1% atropine would alter intraocular pressure. The animals studied were four healthy adult horses. Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter were measured prior to and during a 2-day period of treatment with 1% atropine sulfate. No significant changes in intraocular pressure occurred as a result of the treatment with atropine. Pupil diameter increased significantly after atropine was applied. Available information on the outflow of aqueous humor from the horse eye suggests that atropine might reduce intraocular pressure in the horse by increasing uveoscleral outflow. This could prove beneficial in the treatment of equine glaucoma. We could not confirm a significant pressure-lowering effect of atropine. It is possible, however, that a longer treatment period may be required or that atropine may have a more profound effect on glaucomatous globes.     

Effects of systemic administration of 0.5% tropicamide on intraocular pressure, pupillary diameter, blood pressure, and heart rate in normal cats

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of systemic 0.5% tropicamide on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary diameter (PD), blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) in normal felines with normotensive eyes. PROCEDURES: Intraocular pressure, PD, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), and HR were measured in 18 clinically healthy cats. Each of the previously mentioned parameters was measured every 30 min during the trial period. At T(60), each cat was treated with one to two drops of 0.5% tropicamide ophthalmic solution placed on the dorsal aspect of the tongue. Changes in SBP, DBP, MBP, and HR were evaluated using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, with time as the repeated factor. IOP and PD were evaluated using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, with time and side (OD vs. OS) as the repeated factors. P values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: After lingual tropicamide administration, the mean PD at T(60) was 3.53 mm OD and 3.53 mm OS. The mean PD at T(90) was 6.36 mm OD and 6.31 mm OS. The mean PD at T(120) was 8.25 mm OD and 8.19 mm OS. This change in PD from T(60), T(90), and T(120) was statistically significant, demonstrating a linear increase in PD over time after tropicamide application on the tongue (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in PD when comparing the right to the left pupils (P=0.10). The mean IOP at T(60) was 14 mmHg OD and 12.94 mmHg OS. The mean IOP at T(90) was 14.5 mmHg OD and 14.23 mmHg OS. The mean IOP at T(120) was 14.94 mmHg OD and 14.89 mmHg OS. This change in IOP from T(60), T(90), and T(120) was statistically significant, demonstrating a linear increase in IOP over time after tropicamide application on the tongue (P=0.034). There was no statistically significant difference in IOP when comparing the right eye to the left eye (P=0.28). There were no statistically significant differences in SBP, DBP, MBP, and HR values over time for the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that although lingual application of tropicamide appears to result in systemic absorption, causing significant pupillary dilation and elevations in IOP, systemic effects on SBP, DBP, MBP, and HR were not observed.     

Vecuronium bromide,phenylephrine and atropine combinations as mydriatics in juvenile double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Topical vecuronium bromide (Norcuron) and combinations with atropine and phenylephrine, were evaluated as mydriatics in juvenile double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Nine cormorants were treated with each of four protocols: 1% atropine; 4 mg/mL vecuronium bromide (total 0.16 mg/eye); atropine with vecuronium; and atropine, 2.5% phenylephrine, followed by vecuronium. Drugs were applied topically at 15-min intervals (0.01 mL/drop). Pupil diameter was measured manually every 15 min with a pupil gauge calibrated to the nearest 0.5 mm. No effect was observed with atropine alone. Average +/- SD peak pupil diameter for vecuronium, atropine/vecuronium, and atropine/phenylephrine/vecuronium were 5.4 +/- 1.1 mm, 5.7 +/- 0.8 mm and 6.2 +/- 0.4 mm, respectively; and duration of peak diameters were 38 +/- 28 min, 79 +/- 71 min and 103 +/- 58 min, respectively. The combined atropine, phenylephrine and vecuronium provided the most consistent dilation with larger average pupil size and longer average duration. No side-effects from vecuronium were observed in these birds.     

The effects of topical tropicamide and systemic medetomidine, followed by atipamezole reversal, on pupil size and intraocular pressure in normal dogs

Twenty normal Golden Retrievers being screeened for eye, hip and elbow diseases were given tropicamide topically and medetomidine systemically. Medetomidine effects were later reversed with systemic atipamezole. Pupil size and intraocular pressure changes were determined. Pupil size increased significantly following tropicamide administration and continued to increase slightly but significantly after medetomidine injection. It was unclear whether the slight increase in pupil size following medetomidine administration was due to continued effect of tropicamide or due to the medetomidine itself. Atipamezole did not influence pupil size. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was not affected by these drugs. Ophthalmic screening examination for inherited disease following tropicamide administration is equally feasible prior to sedation with medetomidine and after reversal with atipamezole, but not during the period of sedation.     

Effects of medetomidine and xylazine on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy Beagle dogs

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of intramuscular (IM) administration of medetomidine and xylazine on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size in normal dogs.Study designProspective, randomized, experimental, crossover trial.AnimalsFive healthy, purpose-bred Beagle dogs.MethodsEach dog was administered 11 IM injections of, respectively: physiological saline; medetomidine at doses of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg⁻¹, and xylazine at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg kg⁻¹. Injections were administered at least 1 week apart. IOP and pupil size were measured at baseline (before treatment) and at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 24 hours post-injection.ResultsA significant decrease in IOP was observed at 6 hours after 80 μg kg⁻¹ medetomidine compared with values at 0.25 and 0.50 hours, although there were no significant changes in IOP from baseline. In dogs treated with 8.0 mg kg⁻¹ xylazine, significant reductions in IOP were observed at 4 and 5 hours compared with that at 0.25 hours after administration. In dogs treated with 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg kg⁻¹ medetomidine and 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg kg⁻¹ xylazine, there were no significant changes in IOP. Pupil size did not change significantly after any of the medetomidine or xylazine treatments compared with the baseline value.Conclusions and clinical relevanceLow or moderate doses of medetomidine or xylazine did not induce significant changes in IOP or pupil size. In contrast, high doses of medetomidine or xylazine induced significant changes up to 8 hours after treatment, but values remained within the normal canine physiological range. The results of this study suggest a lack of significant change in IOP and pupil size in healthy dogs administered low or moderate doses of xylazine or medetomidine.     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.     

Comparison of intraocular pressure and pupil diameter after sedation with either acepromazine or dexmedetomidine in healthy dogs

Objective

To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupillary diameter (PD) following intravenous (IV) administration of dexmedetomidine and acepromazine in dogs.

Effects of topical 0.5% tropicamide on intraocular pressure in normal cats

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of topical 0.5% tropicamide on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive feline eyes. IOP was measured bilaterally in 70 clinically healthy cats and gonioscopy (and goniophotography) was performed. Thereafter, 50 cats were treated unilaterally with one drop of 0.5% tropicamide. The contralateral, left eye served as a control. In the placebo group consisting of 20 cats, one drop of physiologic saline solution was administered to the right eye. In all cats, IOP of both eyes was measured 30, 60 and 90 min after topical administration. After unilateral tropicamide application, IOP increased significantly both in the right and in the left eye. Maximum average IOP increase was observed at the control measurement performed 90 min after treatment, with an elevation of 3.8 +/- 4.2 mmHg in the right eye and 3.5 +/- 3.6 mmHg in the left eye. Maximum IOP increase after treatment was 18.0 mmHg in the treated eye and 17.0 mmHg in the left eye. Measurements made at 60 min after treatment revealed a significantly higher increase in IOP in the right eye as compared to the left eye (P60 < 0.05), whereas the differences between right and left eye in IOP increase were not significant at 30 and 90 min after mydriatic application (P30 = 0.123; P90 = 0.305). Although tropicamide-induced mydriasis was observed in the treated eye, the contralateral eye did not show any changes in pupillary function at any time. With increasing age of the cats, IOP increase was found to be more moderate, whereas the gender of the cats did not have any significant influence on IOP changes. In the 20 cats in the placebo group, no significant changes in IOP were observed. We conclude that topical 0.5% tropicamide causes a significant elevation of IOP in the treated and untreated eye in normal cats.     

The effects of maternal plasma dobutamine levels on fetal oxygenation in anaesthetized sheep

Objective To measure the effects of dobutamine infusion on fetal oxygenation during isoflurane anaesthesia in pregnant ewes. Study design Prospective randomized experimental study. Animals Seven clinically normal adult pregnant Rambouillet‐Dorset cross ewes with fetuses of 117–122 days gestational age. Methods The ewes were anaesthetized with ketamine (2 mg kg^?1) IM, and isoflurane (F_E′ISO 2.0%) in oxygen. After instrumentation and stabilization, dobutamine was infused at 4 µg kg^?1minute^?1 for 60 minutes and 10 µg kg^?1minute^?1 for 60 minutes in random order, separated by a 20‐minute washout period. Catheters were placed in the maternal and fetal carotid arteries; these were used for continuous blood pressure measurement and intermittent blood sampling. Results Maternal mean systemic carotid arterial pressure was 60 mm Hg prior to dobutamine infusion. After 5 minutes of dobutamine infusion, fetal oxygen saturation increased (p < 0.05) from 0.62 (0.17–0.71, minimum–maximum) to 0.72 (0.28–0.78) at a dose of 4 µg kg^?1minute^?1 and to 0.70 (0.20–0.73) at a dose of 10 µg kg^?1minute^?1. These increases were maintained during the infusion and were not significantly different between doses. Maternal oxygen saturation remained constant at 1.0 before and during all infusions. Although maternal heart rate and blood pressure increased (p < 0.05) by 90% and 25%, respectively, with dobutamine, this stimulant effect was not evident in the corresponding fetal variables. Maternal haemoglobin concentration increased 30% (p < 0.05) with each infusion. Conclusions Dobutamine at 4 µg kg^?1minute^?1 increases fetal oxygenation that is not improved by a dose of 10 µg kg^?1minute^?1. This increase is largely due to an increase in maternal haemoglobin concentration that, in turn, increases oxygen delivery to the placenta. Clinical relevance The use of dobutamine to treat hypotension in pregnant sheep during isoflurane anaesthesia improves fetal oxygenation. This may be true in other species.     

不同精料补饲水平对藏绵羊瘤胃内环境参数的影响

选择1.2岁左右藏绵羊30只,随机分3组,采用单因子分组设计,以青干草为基础日粮,按每只150,300,450 g/d 3种精料水平补饲,研究不同精料补饲水平对藏绵羊瘤胃代谢参数变化规律的影响。结果表明;随精料补饲水平提高,藏绵羊瘤胃液pH值下降,NH3-N浓度、NH3-N浓度平均值、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度显著增加(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,从藏绵羊瘤胃内环境的稳定方面考虑,藏绵羊每日补饲精料300 g效果最佳。     

Effects of slaframine on ruminant digestive function: ruminal motility in sheep and cattle

Effect of purified slaframine (SF; 1-acetoxy-6-aminooctahydroindolizine), a parasympathomimetic secretagogue isolated from Rhizoctonia leguminicola, on ruminal motility was investigated in cattle and sheep. In trial 1, four ruminal cannulated wethers, fed a pelleted concentrate and hay diet, were injected intramuscularly with 0, 12, 24 and 48 micrograms SF/kg body weight (BW) in a 4 X 4 Latin-square design. Ruminal motility was recorded 1 h before and 1 to 2 h and 3 to 4 h after SF administration by measuring pressure changes exerted upon a fluid-filled, open-tipped catheter inserted into the dorsal sac of the rumen. The frequencies of both primary and secondary ruminal contractions were decreased as much as 20 to 78% with SF (P less than .05) depending upon the dosage level and time after administration. In trial 2, three ruminal-cannulated steers fed a concentrated diet were injected intramuscularly with 0, 12 and 24 micrograms SF/kg BW in a 3 X 3 Latin-square design. A water-filled balloon inserted into the cranial sac of the rumen was used to measure ruminal pressure changes 1 h before and 1 to 2 h, 3 to 4 h and 7 to 8 after SE administration. Frequency of primary and secondary ruminal contractions decreased with SF as much as 27 to 64% depending on the dosage level and time after administration. The frequency of secondary contractions increased 28% (P less than .05) as compared with control during the 7 to 8 h after administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响北大核心CSCD

本研究旨在探究饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响。试验选取18只12月龄健康、平均体重为(31.71±0.72)kg的藏系绵羊羯羊,随机分为3组,每组6只,分别饲喂代谢能相近而蛋白质含量不同(LP组,10.06%CP;MP组,12.10%CP;HP组,14.12%CP)的饲粮,试验为期120 d,包括15 d的预饲期和105 d的正试期。结果表明:1)LP组藏系绵羊的终末体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著低于MP组和HP组(P<0.05),而料重比显著高于MP组和HP组(P<0.05)。2)3组18个瘤胃液样品共产生1547415条有效序列,聚类后共得到4073个OTUs。饲粮蛋白质水平并没有对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌多样性指数产生显著性影响(P>0.05)。3)在门分类水平上,藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢霉亚门和新美鞭菌门等;在属分类水平上,瘤胃真菌优势菌属为青霉属、无茎真菌属、枝孢属、镰孢霉属和链格孢属等。4)采用LEfSe方法对各个分类水平上丰度有显著差异的微生物进行比较分析,共筛选到33个符合生物标记物的真菌菌群。5)基于FUNGuid对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌群落的营养型进行功能预测,发现腐生营养型是最主要的营养型。以上结果表明,适当提高饲粮中蛋白质水平可以显著提高藏系绵羊的生长性能,但对瘤胃真菌菌群的多样性和结构组成并未产生明显的影响。