Effects of paclobutrazol on the physiological characteristics of Malus halliana Koehne Seedlings under drought stress via principal component analysis and membership function analysis

To study the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on Malus halliana seedlings under water stress, principal component analysis (PCA) and membership function analysis (MFV) were employed to evaluate the effects of PBZ on gas exchange, fluorescence, and physiological characteristics. M. halliana seedlings, each with approximately ten leaves, were subjected to drought conditions and different concentrations of exogenous PBZ (CK, C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4) were then applied in pot experiments. The results showed that the effects of PBZ were concentration dependent. Compared to the CK treatment, the use of PBZ increased the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), peroxidase activity (POD), relative electrical conductivity (REC), and proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. The POD activity was higher by 124.24, 132.26, 93.75, 77.42, 85.29, and 90.63% in the CK, C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4 groups, respectively, at 15 days than at 0 day. The decrease in the net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration rate (E), maximum quantum yield of PS2 (Φ_PSII), maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were effectively controlled. The g_s of the CK and C2 groups at 15 days were reduced by 55.74% and 22.55%, respectively, compared to that of the treated seedlings at 0 day. In summary, the results of the evaluation by PCA and MFV showed that the effect of PBZ on M. halliana seedlings under water stress was most significant when the concentration was 100?mg L^?1.     

Morphophysiological response of young olive trees to verticillium wilt under different surface drip irrigation regimes

The effects of irrigation on verticillium wilt in olive, in terms of morphological, biomass and physiological parameters were evaluated on pot‐grown trees maintained in the field for 3 years. Plants inoculated and noninoculated with Verticillium dahliae were irrigated to high and low range of soil water content (HR and LR) at daily (DF; about 2 days/event), weekly (WF) and daily‐weekly (DWF) drip‐irrigation frequency. Morphological parameters, relative biomass and biomass water‐use efficiency were higher at LR than at HR (with few exceptions) and at DF than at other frequencies in noninoculated and inoculated plants, but the fungus reduced those parameters by 17.0–38.5%. Lower root weight ratio, relative biomass and shoot length as area originated at HR in noninoculated plants, could be favourable to the accumulation of root infections and the amount of fungus per tissue length in inoculated plants because higher infection was known at HR. Moreover, higher aerial biomass and length promoted by irrigation at DF could prevent the more severe expression of symptoms, which occurred at WF and DWF in the presence of Verticillium. Negative correlations were found between indicated parameters and disease. Lower water stress (S_Ψ), and higher stomatal conductance (g_s) and net photosynthesis at DF in noninoculated plants could limit the disease by improving water status, as S_Ψ was increased by the fungus only at WF and DWF, and g_s and disease were negatively correlated. LR‐DF treatment minimized the disease and kept the growth, water‐use efficiency and physiological parameters in inoculated plants to levels close to noninoculated plants.     

Site‐specific management is crucial to managing Mikania micrantha

Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread.     

Ovicidal,larvicidal and juvenilizing activity of a picolinephenoxyanilide against Cydia pomonella

N‐(4‐phenoxyphenyl)‐2‐pyridinecarboxamide (1) was synthesized from commercially available materials and its ovicidal and larvicidal activity against Cydia pomonella (L) was tested. The compound showed a LC₅₀ of 0.98 mg ml⁻¹ when eggs less than 24 h were sprayed using a Potter Tower, but it had no effect when eggs older than this were sprayed. The compound did not have larvicidal activity when larvae were treated with 1200 µg g⁻¹. However, the larval head capsules were smaller than those in the controls when treated at this concentration. To assess its possible juvenile‐hormone‐like activity, the compound was topically applied to young pupae of Tribolium confusum duVal, where it produced clear juvenilization effects, which were dependent on the applied dose. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Target Spot Control and Modulation of the Physiology in Cucumber Using Phosphites and Chitosan

Phosphites and chitosan were evaluated in target spot control, nutrition and gas exchange in cucumbers. Three weekly sprayings of commercial products were conducted, and Corynespora cassiicola (causal agent of target spot) was inoculated in the second and third true leaves four days after the last spraying. Zn, Mn, K and Cu phosphites reduced the disease severity, but the treatments had no effect on the development of the plants and the accumulation of macronutrients in the above ground part, with the exception of sulfur. The accumulation of Cu, Mn and Zn micronutrients were higher in plants treated with Cu, Mn and Zn phosphites, respectively. The green color index was influenced by the treatments after pathogen inoculation, with the highest values for Zn and Cu phosphites. Before inoculation, the products influenced net CO₂ assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_s) and internal CO₂ concentration (C_i). The parameters g_s and C_i increased, which indicates that the treatments can physiologically benefit the plants in the absence of a stress condition. After fungal inoculation, the Cu, Mn and Zn phosphites caused positive physiological effects, leading to the highest A values and adequate carboxylation efficiency (CE), which increases the capacity of plants to assimilate CO₂. These phosphites also maintained adequate water use efficiency and g_s and C_i values. Such indexes corresponded to lower disease severity, indicating that Mn, Zn and Cu phosphites reduced the stress caused by the disease, preserving the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus.

     

Photosynthesis and sugar concentration are impaired by the defective active silicon uptake in rice plants infected with Bipolaris oryzae

The effect of soluble silicon (Si) on photosynthetic parameters and soluble sugar concentrations was determined in leaves of rice cv. Oochikara and mutant plants of Oochikara defective in active Si uptake [low silicon 1 (lsi1)]. Plants were grown in hydroponic culture amended with 0 (?Si) or 2 mm Si (+Si), under either low or high photon flux density (PFD) and with or without inoculation with Bipolaris oryzae, the causal agent of brown spot of rice. Leaf Si concentration increased by 141 and 435% in +Si cv. Oochikara and by 119 and 251% in +Si lsi1 mutant plants under high and low PFD, respectively, compared with ?Si plants. Plant biomass accumulation was improved by Si regardless of PFD, especially plants for cv. Oochikara. Brown spot severity was highest in ?Si plants for cv. Oochikara and lsi1 mutant plants under low PFD. In the presence of Si, disease severity in plants grown under both low and high PFD was reduced, except for lsi1 mutant plants under high PFD. Plant inoculation reduced the photosynthetic parameters measured regardless of plant material or Si supply. A decrease of net carbon assimilation rate (A) of inoculated plants under low PFD compared with non‐inoculated plants was associated with damage in the photosynthetic apparatus, except for +Si cv. Oochikara in which stomatal restriction [low water vapour conductance (g_s)] contributed to A reduction. Under high PFD, damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of inoculated plants was the main reason for the reduction in A for +Si and ?Si lsi1 mutant plants. In addition, for ?Si cv. Oochikara, a reduction in g_s contributed to reduced A. However, for +Si cv. Oochikara, g_s was the limiting factor for A. Inoculated plants of +Si cv. Oochikara had higher A values than +Si lsi1 mutant plants, regardless of environmental conditions. Soluble sugars were not detected in leaf tissues of plants under low PFD. For high PFD, Si improved the hexose concentration in non‐inoculated plants at 144 h after inoculation (hai) for lsi1 mutant plants and from 96 hai onwards for cv. Oochikara compared with ?Si plants. However, plant inoculation reduced hexose concentration compared with non‐inoculated plants, mainly in +Si plants, regardless of plant material. Sucrose concentration increased in leaves of cv. Oochikara in the presence of Si whether inoculated or not. For +Si lsi1 mutant plants, sucrose concentration increased only at 48 hai compared with ?Si plants, whether inoculated or not. The results of this study show that a minimum Si concentration is needed in leaf tissues of rice plants to avoid the negative impact of B. oryzae infection on photosynthesis and sugar concentration. High leaf Si concentration resulted in an increased soluble sugar concentration and together, but in independent ways, soluble sugar and Si reduced brown spot severity of rice.     

云杉矮槲寄生的侵染对青杄光合与蒸腾作用的影响

 云杉矮槲寄生(Arceuthobium sichuanense)属半寄生性多年生种子植物,是青海省云杉天然林毁灭性生物灾害之一。本研究首次报道了云杉矮槲寄生在自然条件下可以侵染青杄,并对健康与染病青杄(Picea wilsonii)针叶形态及其光合日变化进行了测定。结果表明:1)染病青杄的针叶长度和宽度显著小于健康青杄(P＜0.001),而染病青杄的针叶比叶面积(SLA)显著大于健康青杄(P＜0.001);2)云杉矮槲寄生的侵染显著降低了青杄叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率以及气孔导度(P＜0.05),但不影响其胞间CO₂浓度(P =0.32);3)冗余分析(RDA)表明,云杉矮槲寄生的侵染导致青杄对不同环境因子的依赖程度发生变化,健康青杄表现为环境CO₂浓度(CO₂)＞空气温度(T_air)＞叶片温度(T_l)＞蒸汽压亏缺(Vpd)＞空气相对湿度(RH)＞光合有效辐射(PAR),而染病青杄则出现T_l＞RH＞T_air＞PAR＞Vpd＞CO₂,且T_l成为影响染病青杄叶片光合与蒸腾作用(P_n、T_r)的主要环境因子,且染病青杄对RH和PAR变化的响应更加敏感。此外,染病青杄叶片的水分利用率(WUE)显著低于健康寄主(P＜0.05)。因此,云杉矮槲寄生的侵染可降低青杄对环境的适应能力,从而加速寄主的衰老死亡。     

Impact of Cuscuta australis infection on the photosynthesis of the invasive host,Mikania micrantha,under drought condition

Cuscuta species (dodders) are widespread stem holoparasites that depend on host plants for their entire mineral and water and most carbohydrate requirements. Dodders negatively affect host photosynthesis but precise information on their impact on hosts in the presence of environmental stress factors (i.e. drought) is little known. In a pot experiment, the leaf traits, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence of the invasive climber, Mikania micrantha, parasitized by Cuscuta australis, were investigated in order to study variations of host photosynthesis in response to parasitism and drought. The results showed that the concomitant presence of C. australis infection and drought significantly impacted the leaf traits (i.e. increased leaf dry mass content), gas exchange (i.e. decreased stomatal conductance and transpiration rates and increased water‐use efficiency) and quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence of M. micrantha. The presence of a single stress factor (C. australis infection or drought), however, only significantly affected the leaf traits and gas exchange of M. micrantha. These results suggested that the combined additive effects of C. australis parasitism and drought significantly suppressed the photosynthesis of M. micrantha in relation to both stomatal and non‐stomatal limitation of host photosynthesis. This study provides insights into Cuscuta–host interactions under drought conditions in the tropics.     

Alteration of physiological parameters of Austrocedrus chilensis by the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedrae

The effect of the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedrae on tree physiology of Austrocedrus chilensis in Patagonia was studied in a 4‐week study. In the first week, stem‐inoculated saplings showed a significant decrease in photosynthesis (A) without alteration of stomatal conductance (g_s) or stem‐specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks). From the second week on, progressive decreases in A, g_s and Ks were observed, concomitantly with development of significant stem lesions. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased in the second week and declined progressively from the third week. Hyphae and resinous materials were observed in tracheids and rays below lesions. Necrosis of parenchyma ray cells and blockage of tracheids torus were observed. Healthy xylem showed no resinous materials or tracheid blockage, but abundant starch in rays, which was absent in altered xylem. The culture filtrate (CF) of the pathogen was shown to induce changes in extracellular pH and conductivity, and increased necrosis in tissues of leaves and stem challenged with CF in vitro. Similar results were obtained in leaf tissues of the inoculated saplings in vivo. CF injection into xylem of saplings induced a decline in A and disturbance of leaf tissue integrity, without altering g_s, WUE or Ks. The decrease of A correlated with changes in tissue integrity. A possible mechanism of A. chilensis decline induced by P. austrocedrae is discussed.     

Influence of obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris on the community of its host Mikania micrantha

As a means of biologically controlling Mikania micrantha in South China, the influence of the native obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris on its natural community was studied in the field. Mikania micrantha is a non‐indigenous vine that smothers other vegetation and has become a major invader of agricultural land and native areas in Southern China. These preliminary results showed pronounced effects on M. micrantha by C. campestris. Cuscuta campestris significantly reduced biomass of M. micrantha, increased species diversity and helped re‐establishment of native species. Biomass of M. micrantha decreased from 328 g m^?2 to 82 g m^?2, biomass of companion species increased from 41 g m^?2 to 145 g m^?2, the total number of species increased from 7 to 19 and the species diversity index from 1.8 to 5.6, when C. campestris was present. These results indicated that the use of C. campestris could be a potentially effective way of controlling M. micrantha and could help us achieve the novel objective of biological control of weeds using weeds.     

Potential allelopathic effects of Mikania micrantha on the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma‐jobi

The allelopathic potential of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. to affect the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma‐jobi L. was investigated. Water‐soluble allelopathic substances were found in the water extracts of M. micrantha. The effect of the water extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi was concentration‐dependent. The water extracts from the different plant parts (leaf, stem, and root) of M. micrantha differed in their effect on the germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi, with the effect of the leaf extract being the least inhibitory. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings increased by 64%, 45%, and 52% of the control with increasing concentrations of the extracts of the root, stem, and leaf (80, 400, and 400 g L^?1, respectively). The extract from the M. micrantha roots significantly increased the catalase (CAT) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings (48% and 54% of the control at the concentrations of 20 g L^?1 and 80 g L^?1, respectively). The extracts from the leaves and stems at low concentrations increased the CAT activity, but at high concentrations, the extracts decreased the CAT activity. The extracts from the roots, stems, and leaves at concentrations of 80, 400, and 400 g L^?1 also significantly decreased the peroxidase (POD) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings to 27%, 52%, and 34% of the control, respectively. These results indicate that the water extracts of M. micrantha could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi through the regulation of anti‐oxidase activity, such as POD and CAT in the cells. The growth inhibition of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings is probably related to injury after oxidization of the cell membranes with the increase of MDA content.     

不同种子大小籽瓜品种叶片光合能力对源库调节的响应

为了探讨籽瓜叶片光合能力对源库调节的响应,以种子大小显著不同的3个籽瓜品种为材料,于开花坐果期通过整枝、摘叶、疏果将叶果比分别调整为10、20、30、40、50,并分别于幼果期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期测定叶片叶绿素含量及气体交换速率,收获后测定果实产量。结果表明,籽瓜功能叶叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）随果实生育期演进逐渐降低,胞间CO₂2浓度（C_i）逐渐增大。3个供试品种间SPAD、P_n、G_s、T_r和C_i差异显著,大种子品种H26的气体交换参数（P_n、G_s、C_i、T_i）显著低于中等种子品种H14,H14显著低于小种子品种H3,但SPAD和C_i变化规律相反。叶片SPAD、P_n、G_s、T_r均值及其果实生育期降幅均随叶果比增大而显著降低（叶果比50除外）,但叶片SPAD值和气体交换参数变化幅度无显著的品种间差异,说明一定范围内降低叶果比能提高叶片光合能力,但摘叶处理或叶果比过高均会加速叶绿素降解,诱发叶片衰老。3个品种单株果实产量随叶果比增大而提高,50（1.18 kg）>40（1.17 kg）和30（1.17 kg）>20（1.16 kg）>10（0.87 kg）,H3单株果实产量（0.88 kg）显著低于H26（1.20 kg）和H14（1.25 kg）。以上结果表明,适宜范围的源库比能够提高籽瓜叶片光合能力,延缓叶片衰老,有利于籽瓜果实高产。     

天然林中不同径级新疆野苹果的光合能力

研究新疆天山野果林建群种新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）光合生理特性,对于该种群保育及其生态功能评价具有重要意义。通过野外测定新疆新源天然野果林中不同径级64株新疆野苹果南向枝条上部叶和下部叶饱和光强下的净光合速率（A）、气孔导度（g_s）和比叶面积（SLA）。结果表明：随着径级增加,上部叶和下部叶的A_area、A_mass显著增加。g_s随径级的增加先增加再降低,在径级Ⅲ（树干0.5 m高处直径25~35 cm）时达最大。上部叶比下部叶有着高的A_area、A_mass和g_s。回归分析表明：随着树干直径增加,A_area和g_s呈二次多项式增加,A_mass呈线性增加。SLA随径级增加变化不显著,上部叶SLA显著低于下部叶。上部叶的A_area高于下部叶,但由于SLA显著减小,在A_mass上两者差异减小。随g_s增加,上部叶Aarea呈幂函数增加,下部叶A_area呈二次多项式增加。      

叶片光合生理参数变化特征与小麦受旱状态的关系

以小麦为供试作物布设干旱过程试验,研究干旱过程中小麦叶片光合生理参数(包括净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(g_(ssat))、胞间CO_2与空气CO_2浓度比(Ci/Ca)、最大羧化速率(Vc_(max))以及最大电子传递速率(J_(max)))的变化特征,并探讨干旱不同阶段Pn与g_(ssat)的关系及其对气孔导度模型斜率的影响。结果表明:土壤有效含水量(ASWC)较大时(0.5),即水分供给充足条件下,小麦叶片光合生理参数随着ASWC的减少保持相对稳定;而当ASWC降至0.5时,g_(ssat)、Ci/Ca以及Pn减小,在ASWC0.3时,Pn与g_(ssat)及Ci/Ca的关系保持相对稳定;当ASWC0.3时,g_(ssat)随ASWC减小呈显著降低趋势,Vc_(max)和J_(max)也在此阶段随ASWC减小而线性降低,而Pn随g_(ssat)的减小降幅明显增大,拟合所获得的气孔导度模型斜率也随之发生改变;当ASWC0.1时,Ci/Ca随ASWC减小呈增大趋势,而Pn随ASWC减小而减小,在该阶段,Ci/Ca与Pn呈相反的变化趋势。根据叶片光合生理参数的变化特征,可将小麦受旱过程划分为4个阶段,即无干旱胁迫或干旱胁迫较轻的阶段、只有气孔因素影响光合生理过程的阶段、非气孔因素和气孔因素同时影响光合生理过程的阶段以及光合器官遭受损坏的阶段。     

PEG胁迫下不同品系藜麦抗旱性评价

利用不同浓度PEG溶液模拟干旱胁迫,研究5种品系藜麦幼苗的形态、生理生化及光合特性,并对其进行耐旱性评价。结果表明：15%PEG处理下各品系藜麦株高增量、叶面积及生物量显著（P<0.05）低于对照,其中株高增量、叶面积、生物量下降幅度最小的品系分别是NK1、NK2和NK5,分别比对照下降了44.38%、25.39%和48.23%;随着干旱胁迫加剧, 各藜麦品系叶片内相对含水量显著（P<0.05）下降, 叶片的质膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、脯氨酸（Pro）含量上升,15%PEG胁迫下NK2和NK3的Pro含量分别是对照的2.69和1.93倍, 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性均先升后降,SOD、CAT和APX活性在5%PEG处理下达到最大值, 而POD活性在10%PEG处理下达到最大; 随干旱胁迫增强,5种品系藜麦幼苗的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和气孔导度（G_s）降低,胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）先降后升,叶绿素（Chl）先升后降,其中NK5品系P_n下降幅度最小,比对照下降了51.15%。运用隶属函数法对藜麦抗旱能力进行综合评定,不同藜麦品系耐旱性为NK5>NK1>NK2>NK4>NK3。     

Micro‐elevations in paddy fields affect the efficacy of mechanical weeding: Evaluation of weeding machines to control Monochoria vaginalis in herbicide‐free farming

Differences in local topography (micro‐elevation) within a paddy field that constitute a source of variability in agronomical indicators have not been considered thoroughly as a block factor in weed studies. This study investigated and evaluated the performance of weeding machines (weeders) in two herbicide‐free paddy fields that contained micro‐elevations. The plant density of Monochoria vaginalis, a typical and harmful paddy weed unless controlled with herbicides, was used as the indicator of the efficacy of the weeders. Among the three weeders that were tested, one suppressed M. vaginalis dramatically at low elevations and the others were less sensitive to micro‐elevation. For comparison across the fields, micro‐elevations at weed sampling locations were converted to the initial depth of water by using the records of hydrographs that had been set in each field. The relationship between the initial depth of water and the plant density of M. vaginalis was very clear with the use of the elevation‐sensitive weeder. Moreover, this relationship was valid, even with the less‐sensitive weeders. The finding that the greater the depth of water, the less the plant density was significant, even for M. vaginalis, a difficult aquatic paddy weed that was controlled with any of the weeders tested. Thus, micro‐elevation within a paddy field needs to be treated as a crucial block factor in weed‐sampling studies. A coarse survey of the level of a field and the installation of a hydrograph are recommended for a clear analysis of the background of weed control practices.     

Influence of fungicides on gas exchange of pecan foliage

There are several fungicide chemistries used for disease control on pecan (Carya illinoinensis), but there is little or no knowledge of subtle short‐ or long‐term side effects of these chemistries on host physiological processes, including net photosynthesis (P_n). This study quantifies the impact of several fungicides used to control scab on P_n and other gas exchange characteristics of pecan foliage and provides much‐needed insight to ensure proper usage in commercial pecan operations. Multiple field experiments found that certain fungicide chemistries have the potential to reduce P_n, stomatal conductance (C_s), transpiration rate (T_r) and water use efficiency (E_w; P_n/T_r), whereas others are benign. For example, neither triphenyltin hydroxide nor the triazoles tested had a negative impact on gas exchange characteristics, regardless of when measurements were taken or the number of spray applications. However, dodine, phosphorous acid, ziram and certain strobilurins were capable of suppressing gas exchange, especially P_n, up to several weeks after a single treatment. Suppression of P_n by some fungicides was relatively short term, but was long term or permanent for other fungicides. In certain cases, leaf P_n was suppressed by as much as 50–80% for at least several weeks after a single exposure. These studies suggest that use of fungicides in commercial pecan orchards might result in negative side effects that need to be taken into consideration when determining how best to use these fungicides in pecan disease management.     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对干旱胁迫下垂丝海棠生理特性的影响

以7～8叶龄的垂丝海棠实生苗为试验材料,研究外源喷施2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对干旱胁迫下垂丝海棠幼苗光合及生理特性的影响。采用盆栽控水法,设置CK（正常水分）与干旱胁迫加6种浓度油菜素内酯处理,即T1(0 mg·L^-1)、T2(0.20 mg·L^-1)、T3(0.40 mg·L^-1)、T4(0.60 mg·L^-1)、T5(0.80 mg·L^-1)和T6(1.00 mg·L^-1),分别测定各处理下叶绿素含量、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量,并进行相关性与主成分分析。随干旱胁迫时间的延长,垂丝海棠叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl a+b、Chl a/b、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）均呈下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率（REC）呈上升趋势;脯氨酸（Pro）含量、超氧化物歧化酶...     

Rapid nitrogen and phosphorus homeostasis transformation in Eupatorium adenophorum during invasion

Exotic plants can compete well with native species because many invasive species are considered better nutrient users in both low‐ and high‐resource environments. However, whether invasive plants can outperform native plants at all stages of invasion is not very clear. We investigated the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N:P homeostasis of an invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and a co‐occurring native plant Artemisia argyi in an area across the five invasion stages of E. adenophorum. The N homeostasis (H_N) of E. adenophorum was higher than that of A. argyi, whereas the P and N:P homeostasis (H_P and H_N/P) were higher for A. argyi. For E. adenophorum, H_N decreased, but H_P and H_N/P increased with the invasion time. For A. argyi, H_N/P increased, H_P and H_N remained stable with the invasion time. The results demonstrated that E. adenophorum could maintain higher H_N during invasion stages when N was limited and could maintain higher H_N and H_P at invasion stages when P was more limited. This rapid nitrogen and phosphorus homeostasis transformation of invasive E. adenophorum during its invasion stages guarantees its stronger competitive ability over native species and promotes its invasion success.     

Crop–weed competition rather than temperature limits the population establishment of two annual C4 weeds at the edge of their northern range

Climate change is predicted to affect range expansion of harmful C₄ weeds into the boreal region, given that they are able to successfully colonise both C₃ and C₄ crops. We studied the impact of a 3°C elevation in temperature on the establishment and maintenance of populations of two annual C₄ weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus and Echinochloa crus‐galli) with and without a competing C₃ (barley) or C₄ (maize) crop. Data obtained from field and glasshouse experiments were modelled using a periodic matrix population model. Competition of a weed with a crop appeared to be a more important factor for limiting the maintenance of weed populations than elevation in temperature, as neither of the weed species was able to maintain populations in competition with crops. Even an increase in the frequency of warm years did not result in viable weed populations establishing. However, A. retroflexus was able to form persistent populations in competition with maize when released from competition every fifth year. Simulations parameterised from glasshouse data predicted that both weed species would persist without competition in the current climate, whereas simulations parameterised from field data suggested only A. retroflexus to be able to persist. These results demonstrate that competition affects the range expansion of arable weed species more than elevation in temperature, necessitating the inclusion of crop–weed interactions in models of range shifts as a consequence of climate change.