稻田蜘蛛对弹尾虫的功能反应及选择作用

作者在室内研究了拟环纹豹蛛和草间小黑蛛对弹尾虫的功能反应和选择作用。结果表明,两种蜘蛛对弹尾虫的功能反应均为Ⅱ型反应,并存在极显著的差异,拟环纹豹蛛对弹尾虫的功能反应明显强于草间小黑蛛,其对弹尾虫的控制作用（ａ／Ｔｈ＝３９．７５８）是草间不黑蛛（１３．０３１）的３倍左右。弹尾虫和白背飞虱共存时,两种蜘蛛的功能反应变为Ⅲ型反应,并对弹尾虫都具有明显的偏好性,弹尾虫的存在降低了两种蜘蛛对白背飞虱的捕食     

几种蜘蛛对褐稻虱捕食功能反应的初步研究

稻田三种优势种蜘蛛的捕食功能反应是随猎物密度的增加而增大,并随其本身密度的增大而减小。成虫的捕食量均大于若虫。在同样条件下,拟环纹狼蛛捕食量最大,粽管巢蛛次之,食虫瘤胸蛛最小。数学模拟的理论值与实验观察值十分接近,经卡平方检验,差异不显著(P<0.05),可以描述蜘蛛捕食功能反应的情况。     

环氧虫啶对灰飞虱种群增长和拟水狼蛛捕食功能的影响

以哌虫啶和吡蚜酮为参照药剂, 评价了环氧虫啶对灰飞虱若虫的毒性, 及其在亚致死剂量下对灰飞虱种群增长的影响; 同时测定了环氧虫啶在对灰飞虱若虫LC90剂量下喷雾处理后, 拟水狼蛛对灰飞虱的捕食功能反应变化。结果表明：环氧虫啶对灰飞虱若虫的毒力依次大于哌虫啶和吡蚜酮。3种杀虫剂在亚致死剂量下对灰飞虱种群增长都有不同程度的抑制作用, 其中环氧虫啶的抑制作用最大, 表现在处理后的种群趋势指数和相对适合度等参数均极显著低于对照。捕食功能试验表明, 3种药剂处理后拟水狼蛛对灰飞虱的捕食仍符合Holling Ⅱ模型, 但出现了猎物的处置时间延长、捕食速率和寻找效应下降, 其中环氧虫啶对拟水狼蛛捕食功能的负面影响小于吡蚜酮和哌虫啶。     

青翅蚁形隐翅虫在稻田捕食性天敌中的地位与作用

1986～1987年,广东四会早稻田19次调查统计:在捕食性天敌中,狼蛛、其它蜘蛛和隐翅虫的数量分别占20.06、53.93和17.65％,捕食白背飞虱的血清反应阳性率:狼蛛为60.5％、其它蜘蛛20.0％,隐翅虫为13.0％。据此,青翅蚁形隐翅虫的数量和捕食害虫效能居第三位。     

中性昆虫在稻田节肢动物群落中作为捕食者营养桥梁作用的研究

在稻田节肢动物群落中，与水稻无直接营养关系的中性昆虫，如摇蚊、蚊、蝇、弹尾虫等，构成了捕食者猎物的重要组分。系统分析显示，中性昆虫在水稻生长前期为主要的猎物，其丰盛度的比例可高达９０％以上（富阳早稻）。相应地，结网类蜘蛛由于可以大量取食中性昆虫猎物，其个体数量占捕食性天敌的５０％以上，优势种有食虫沟瘤蛛（富阳和句容稻区）、锥腹肖蛸（郑州稻区）等。在一定条件下，结网类捕食者与中性昆虫相对丰盛度的季节动态呈正相关。从农田生态系统的整体性考虑，中性昆虫的生态学意义有必要进一步深入研究     

拟水狼蛛对褐飞虱捕食功能反应及两者空间分布型

通过对湖南晚稻常规稻、杂交稻和超级杂交稻田的拟水狼蛛和褐飞虱进行调查,运用Taylor幂法和Iwao的回归分析法对拟水狼蛛、褐飞虱若虫及成虫的空间分布型拟合,两种方法研究结果表明:褐飞虱若虫、短翅型成虫和长翅型成虫在3个水稻品种上都为聚集分布,拟水狼蛛为随机分布。采用HollingⅡ型拟合拟水狼蛛对褐飞虱若虫、短翅型成虫和长翅型成虫的捕食功能,结果表明拟水狼蛛对三者捕食功能大小顺序为若虫长翅雄虫长翅雌虫短翅雄虫短翅雌虫,日最大捕食量分别为64.4、37.4、42.8、28.1头和35.1头。     

棉田蜘蛛的分类及在棉田生态系统中的作用

1蜘蛛的分类根据棉田蜘蛛的生活环境和习性,可以将棉田蜘蛛群落分成5个亚群落:穴居型蜘蛛亚群落、结小型网蜘蛛亚群落、地面游猎型蜘蛛亚群落、结大型网蜘蛛亚群落和棉株上游猎型蜘蛛亚群落。1.1穴居型蜘蛛指穴居在地下,只在捕食或配偶时外出活动。主要包括:栉板蛛科、虫室螳科、地蛛科和隆头蛛科共5种占棉田蜘蛛总数的2.44%。这类蜘蛛主要捕食地下害虫。1.2地面活动型蜘蛛指游猎于地面的蜘蛛。这类蜘蛛一般不爬到棉株上。不结网。这类蜘蛛活动范围广,主要捕食地下害虫。主要包括狼蛛科和平腹蛛科,共39种。约占棉田蜘蛛种类总数的19.02%。有…     

湖南安仁地区稻田蜘蛛优势种群的动态

作者从1973～1991年对稻田蜘蛛进行了生态学研究。拟水狼蛛在田边湿润土和长期有水稻田发生量一般比土壤干燥和湿润稻田多0.42倍及1.35倍。在稻田生长前期温暖高湿(4～6月),适宜于草间小黑蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛生殖、生长;后期高温干旱有利于八斑球腹蛛繁殖,拟水狼蛛在温季节,种群发生量随食物量的增加而累积上升。夏初寒潮,气温比历年低5℃以下,伴随暴雨在50毫米以上,草间小黑蛛受到了抑制,下降了35.75%。早春冬作物绿肥、油、麦进行收割翻耕,迁移刊田边的蜘蛛,又进行了三光,能安全迁入早稻田的蜘蛛仅4.91%,但潜伏在土室、土缝、石隙中的拟水狼蛛、草间小黑蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛,受三光的抑制作用较少,能安全迁入早稻田的依次为15.85%、4.98%、3.44%,栖息在土表及植株上的八斑球腹蛛受三光的影响较大,能转移到早稻田仅1.31%。夏末秋初,收早稻插晚稻的双抢季节,蜘蛛由前作早稻田的拟水狼蛛、草间小黑蜘蛛、八斑球腹蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛等依次能迁入晚稻田的分别为34.13%、21.86%、13.29%、1.08%。在稻田栽培期间,栽培早一般比中、迟插田多27.44%及82.85%,中插稻田又比迟插田多82.54%。     

稻田蜘蛛的种类及其消长分析

在1984年对稻田蜘蛛调查研究的基础上,1986年对其种类和数量消长进行了系统观察。早稻田蜘蛛的优势种是草间小黑蛛、类水狼蛛和拟水狼蛛;双季晚稻田蜘蛛的优势种是卵腹肖蛸、鳞纹肖蛸和拟环纹狼蛛。水稻生育后期郁闭度大、湿度大,蜘蛛数量增加。双季晚稻田蜘蛛优势种发生时期和飞虱、叶蝉发生时期相吻合,蜘蛛数量随飞虱、叶蝉的数量增加而增加。施用化学农药能直接毒死蜘蛛或将其驱出稻田使数量锐减。田埂种豆稻田蛛蛛类群数量大。蜘蛛的天敌有寄生蜂、鸟类、蛙类、捕食性昆虫等。蜘蛛的互相残杀也影响蜘蛛数量的消长。     

稻田蜘蛛优势种对主要稻虫控制效应观察

本试验于1975年开始,目的在于了解优势种蜘蛛对相关性害虫控制能力,为拟订防治参数提供依据。一、材料与方法 (一) 材料稻田优势种蜘蛛:拟环纹狼蛛、草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛、稻田水狼蛛、粽苞管巢蛛、园尾肖蛸。主要稻虫:叶蝉、飞虱和纵卷叶螟幼虫、棉蚜。 (二) 方法 1.室内饲养以煤油灯罩、玻瓶为容器,定蛛、定时饲以一定量的叶蝉、飞虱或纵卷叶螟幼虫,各设一个重复。每日观察检查一次,记取被捕虫数,补充至原定虫量,连续观察五天,统计日捕虫量。     

A Field Bioassay Approach to Assess the Toxicity of Insecticide Residues on Soil to Collembola

Field bioassays were conducted to assess the toxicity of three insecticides, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and pirimicarb, to four species of springtails, Isotoma viridis, Isotomurus palustris, Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) and Sminthurus viridis (Collembola: Sminthuridae). Spray residues on two soil types (a sandy clay loam and a sandy soil) were obtained in the field, in the presence and absence of a wheat crop canopy, after spray application by a commercial tractor-mounted sprayer. Collembola were then confined for 24-h periods on the sprayed soils in a constant laboratory environment at 1, 2, 3, 8 and 15 days after treatment. Residual insecticide toxicity was compared between species, insecticides, soils and exposure conditions (crop or no crop) using the age of residue at which median mortality occurred (DAT₅₀). Cypermethrin and pirimicarb residues were of low toxicity, causing less than 10% mortality, whereas residues of chloryprifos were toxic to all four species of Collembola on both soil types and in both exposure treatments. Interspecific differences in collembolan susceptibility to chlorpyrifos residues gave the ranking (from most to least susceptible) S. viridis>F. candida>Isotomurus palustris>Isotoma viridis. Residues on the sandy soil were more toxic than those on the sandy clay loam. These results are discussed in terms of how field bioassay approaches may be used to determine pesticide residual toxicity to microarthropods. We conclude that field bioassays offer a feasible method for evaluating the toxicity of pesticides and the persistence of toxic effects on Collembola. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are considered.     

草间钻头蛛共生菌多样性测定及沃尔巴克氏体感染对宿主发育历期和性比的影响

为了解草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola体内共生菌的组成及共生菌对宿主的影响,通过高通量测序技术确定其体内的优势共生菌,采用常规PCR法对草间钻头蛛进行优势共生菌的感染检测,并研究了优势共生菌感染对草间钻头蛛子代的发育历期和性比的影响。结果表明:经高通量测序细菌16S r DNA的V3、V4区,确定草间钻头蛛的优势共生菌为沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia和Cardinium。167头被检测蜘蛛中,Cardinium的感染率为100.00%,沃尔巴克氏体的感染率为38.92%。感染沃尔巴克氏体的草间钻头蛛F1代雌蛛的2龄期、3龄期、4龄期和总历期均极显著低于未感染的草间钻头蛛,感染沃尔巴克氏体的草间钻头蛛F1代雌蛛1龄期显著低于未感染的F1代个体,感染和未感染沃尔巴克氏体的草间钻头蛛F1代雌蛛的卵期和5龄期均无显著差异。感染沃尔巴克氏体后,草间钻头蛛F1代雄蛛的1龄期和总历期极显著缩短,2龄期、3龄期和5龄期显著缩短,而卵期和4龄期与未感染沃尔巴克氏体的F1代雄蛛之间无显著差异。另外,沃尔巴克氏体感染极显著提高了草间钻头蛛的子代性比。     

Microbial community profiles in intercellular fluid of rice

Plants harbor microorganisms that are thought to stimulate plant defense systems or promote plant growth. Individual species in these intercellular microbial communities are often not sufficiently abundant to be easily described, although some endophytic microorganisms amenable to culture have been characterized. To better understand the microbial population of plants, we collected intercellular fluid (IF) from leaf blades and sheaths of rice and subsequently isolated DNA from the IF. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S and 18S rDNA fragments amplified from IF DNA by PCR indicated that these band patterns were distinguishable from those of a leaf surface-wash fluid (SF). Analysis of a set of rDNA fragments amplified from IF DNA of rice with different genotypes, paddies or growth stages for the primary survey of overall microbial community in the IF suggested that this approach is suitable for analyzing microbial diversity in the IF from various plant samples. Actually, comparative analysis of amplified rDNA fragments of rice and other five plant species indicated that the microbial diversity in IF is likely to vary substantially among plant species. We can also use sequence analysis of 16S rDNA fragments amplified from rice IF DNA to identify species including unculturable bacteria and proteobacteria and Xanthomonas and 18S rDNA fragments to identify Tilletiaria anomala, Tilletia iowensis, Ustilago maydis and unculturable eukaryotes. Thus, IF DNA analysis seems to be a good tool to further study the microbial ecology of plants.     

Prey consumption by the mealybug predator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spalgis epius</Emphasis> on pink hibiscus mealybug (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Maconellicoccus hirsutus</Emphasis>)

The pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a major pest of economically important crops. The apefly Spalgis epius (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is a potential predator of various species of mealybugs. Studies of its preying potential and preference for prey stages on M. hirsutus are incomplete. An investigation was undertaken to determine the daily prey consumption and preference for prey stages by different larval instars of S. epius reared on M. hirsutus in the laboratory. During the 8-day larval development period with four larval instars of S. epius, the daily prey consumption increased from the first to the seventh day and decreased on the eighth day prior to the prepupal stage. Generally, there was a significant difference in the prey consumption on different days. The 1st to 4th instar larvae of S. epius consumed, respectively, a mean of 181.3, 679.1, 1770.4 and 4333.0 eggs or 19.1, 67.7, 153.0 and 639.0 nymphs or 2.72, 6.26, 13.8 and 32.1 adults of M. hirsutus. When an S. epius larva was fed on M. hirsutus eggs, nymphs and adults separately, it consumed a mean of 6952.6 eggs, 878.8 nymphs or 53.9 adults during its entire development. A single larva of S. epius consumed 2358.3 eggs, 151.2 nymphs and 34.3 adults of M. hirsutus during its entire development when the prey stages were offered all together. The study revealed that S. epius is a voracious predator of M. hirsutus and thus could be utilized as a potential biological control agent.     

Occurrence of Arthropods in a Central Italy feed-mill

This paper deals with the Arthropods fauna collected by bait and pheromone traps and categorized during one-year study in a Central Italy feed-mill. A total of 17,919 Arthropods were collected: Arachnida, Isopoda and Insecta. In the Arachnida we found mites, pseudoscorpions and mostly spiders; while in the Isopoda the only species noted wasPorcellio scaber (Latreille); in the Insecta 9 orders and 33 determined species were associated with the feed-mill: Collembola, Thysanura, Dermaptera, Psocoptera, Rhynchota, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In the order Lepidoptera about 55% of the insects were collected. Eight species of stored product Lepidoptera were cuaght:Ephestia kuehniella. Zeller, was the most abundant and wide-spread in the feed-mill (with 8,230 males, 83.53% of Lepidoptera trapped) followed byPlodia interpunctella (Hübner), (1,415 males) andEphestia elutella, (Hübner), (161 males). Coleopterans made up 40.43% of the insects collected.Tribolium confusum J. Du Val, was the most abundant and widespread in the feed-mill (with 5,451 specimens, 75.23% of Coleoptera trapped); less abundant wereOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (752 specimens),Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (359 specimens),Attagenus brunneus Fald. (223 specimens),Stegobium paniceum (L.) (156 specimens) andSitophilus oryzae (L.) (118 specimens). Arthropods infestation level found during this survey were probably directly proportional to the amount of debris present in the departments. Because of these and other peculiarities, the feed-mill staff have to be continually alert to prevent, detect, and control pest problems within their work environment.     

转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻赣绿1号对田间稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟及其捕食性天敌的影响

为研究转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻赣绿1号对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和二化螟Chilo suppressalis及其捕食性天敌的影响,采用剥查法和吸虫法,于2012—2013年在江西省南昌县调查了赣绿1号田间稻纵卷叶螟与二化螟的发生为害情况及其捕食性天敌拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata和拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraricus的种群动态。结果表明,与非转基因亲本9311水稻相比,在2012和2013年螟虫为害高峰期,赣绿1号田间稻纵卷叶螟百株虫量分别减少57.78头和27.78头,卷叶率分别降低20.46%和6.50%;二化螟百株虫量分别减少24.44头和152.22头,枯心/白穗率分别降低13.02%和14.20%。此外,赣绿1号与9311水稻田间拟环纹豹蛛和拟水狼蛛的种群动态趋势基本一致。研究表明,转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻赣绿1号能有效控制稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟,而对其捕食性天敌拟环纹豹蛛和拟水狼蛛无显著影响。     

稻田生态系统蜘蛛种群动态的初步研究

自1977～1978年间,在广西北部和中部地区,调查了11个县13个公社的部分山区、平原稻田蜘蛛种类。经鉴定,有11科28种,其中分布普遍数量较多的有球腹蛛科的八斑球腹蛛;微蛛科的食虫瘤胸蛛和草间小黑蛛;狼蛛科的拟水狼蛛和稻田狼蛛(拟环纹狼蛛);长脚蛛科的日本长脚蛛等六种。这些初步被定为优势种。文中揭示了早稻和晚稻两类生态系中的蜘蛛种群结构及其数量变化的差异。早稻前期和中期以微蛛科种群为主,后期以八斑球腹蛛为主;晚稻前期是微蛛和八斑球腹蛛种群为主,两者比数相当,后期以八斑球腹蛛种群占优势。水稻全生育期不使用化学农药,蜘蛛混合种群数量在早稻和晚稻后期达到最高峰。种群数量变动的主要原因及其与稻飞虱、稻叶蝉数量消长的相互关系,受人为因素影响颇大,其中长期大量使用广谱性化学农药和季节性农事操作的变更是种群数量减少的重要原因。试验表明,稻田生态系蜘蛛种群对叶蝉、飞虱有明显控制作用,在实施综合防治措施时应注意保护这一类天敌。     

Specific Oligonucleotide Primers Based on Sequences of the 16S-23S rDNA Spacer Region for the Detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Burkholderia gladioli </Emphasis>by PCR

Specific primers were designed based on the sequences of the spacer region between the 16S and 23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for direct, rapid and specific detection of Burkholderia gladioli. These primers were named GLA-f and GLA-r. PCR performed on boiled bacterial suspensions yielded an amplification product of approximately 300 bp. No products from other bacterial species, including B. glumae were amplified, even after complete DNA extraction by the cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Using the specific primers designed in this study, the PCR method can detect B. gladioli in plant samples within 6 hr. These data demonstrate the potential of specific PCR for the detection of B. gladioli. Received 10 December 2001/ Accepted in revised form 15 April 2002     

Prey stage preference,mutual interference and switching of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Eotetranychus frosti (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Cenopalpus irani (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

Abstract

Prey stage preference, mutual interference, and switching of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot on Eotetranychus frosti (McGregor) (Tetranychidae) and Cenopalpus irani Dosse (Tenuipalpidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions on apple leaves. The results of no-choice experiments on the two prey revealed that the predator A. swirskii consumed significantly more eggs than other prey stages. The predator consumed about 46% and 57% of the initial density of eggs of E. frosti and C. irani, respectively. In choice experiments the mean consumption rate of A. swirskii females significantly differed among each of the pests’ life stages. The negative value of the interference coefficient in the mutual interference analysis showed an inverse relationship between the predator density and per capita searching efficiency. The prey preference by predator was not dependent on the relative abundance of prey, as it did not switch from of E. frosti when it became rare to another prey which was more abundant except for the ratio 20E. frosti:60C. irani. The results of this study revealed that A. swirskii could be utilized as an effective predator in the integrated management of E. frosti and C. irani; particularly, its heavy preference for E. frosti could play a considerable role in control of it.     

Rapid and Specific Detection of Virulent Pseudomonas avellanae Strains by PCR Amplification

Specific oligonucleotides, based on hrpW (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) gene sequences encoding harpin protein in phytopathogenic bacteria, were designed to detect and identify virulent strains of Pseudomonas avellanae by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A population of virulent P. avellanae strains, isolated in central Italy (Viterbo region), was assessed with hrpW-derived primers, producing a specific band of about 350 base pairs in length. This target was successfully amplified from purified genomic DNA, from bacterial culture and from hazelnut bark tissue. No amplification was obtained when the PCR assay was performed on other plant-pathogenic species from the following genera Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Brenneria, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Xanthomonas or from hazelnut-associated bacteria, indicating the specificity of these primers. Moreover DNA from strain ISPaVe-MCB-596, isolated from north Italy (Piedmont region) and belonging to the less aggressive population of P. avellanae, did not amplify in PCR. The PCR assay with the primers described here provides a rapid, specific and sensitive diagnostic method for virulent P. avellanae strains and a useful tool to evaluate the progress of sanitation of the area.