铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料加工工艺及其抗氧化性研究

在单因素试验的基础上,利用正交试验优化铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料加工工艺,并研究了复合饮料对·OH和O^-2·的清除作用。结果表明,铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料的最佳配方为:铁皮石斛汁料液比1∶15(g/mL),铁皮石斛汁与苹果汁体积比6∶4,黄原胶添加量0.04 g/100 mL,白砂糖添加量4.0 g/100 mL,柠檬酸添加量0.1 g/100 mL;按最佳配方制得的复合饮料对·OH和O^-2·均有较好的清除作用,在1.0 mL/mL时,清除率分别为70.6%和22.4%。制备的复合饮料具有明显铁皮石斛和苹果清香,酸甜适中,口感细腻。     

黑枸杞梨汁复合饮料研制及其抗氧化效果研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验对黑枸杞梨汁复合饮料进行工艺优化,并对复合饮料稳定剂进行筛选,同时测定了复合饮料的ABTS自由基清除率及各项指标。结果表明,黑枸杞梨汁复合饮料的最佳工艺配方的各组分用量为黑枸杞5 g/L,白砂糖21 g/L,柠檬汁6 g/L,梨汁45 g/L,感官评分为87.22分。此外,0.3%的果胶添加量为稳定剂,复合饮料稳定性良好。抗氧化试验结果表明,复合饮料具有较好的ABTS自由基清除效果,清除率达70.06%。黑枸杞梨汁复合饮料的总糖含量为86.73 mg/m L,可溶性固形物含量为10.7%。此工艺条件下的黑枸杞梨汁复合饮料风味独特,具有酥梨和柠檬清香,口感酸甜适宜,呈紫红色,组织状态均匀,为黑枸杞和砀山酥梨精深开发利用提供一定的理论依据。     

铁皮石斛红枣复合乳酸菌饮料的加工工艺研究

以鲜铁皮石斛、超微红枣粉、鲜奶为主要原料,通过乳酸菌发酵进行铁皮石斛复合乳酸菌饮料的研制及加工工艺研究,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计四因素三水平试验方案,结合实际试验条件,得出确定制作铁皮石斛复合酸奶的最佳配方。结果表明,铁皮石斛汁添加量30%,鲜奶添加量50%,超微红枣粉添加量1.5%,白砂糖添加量5%,稳定剂魔芋粉0.1%;采用直投式乳酸菌种,按1 g/1 000 m L的投放量,在42℃下发酵7 h,可制得品质优良、酸甜适中、风味独特、营养丰富的铁皮石斛红枣复合乳酸菌饮料。     

铁皮石斛组织培养及快繁技术研究

为建立铁皮石斛快繁技术体系,给生产提供参考,研究了铁皮石斛组织培养过程中的灭菌方法、腋芽诱导、原球茎的诱导、增殖与分化的最佳培养基配方。以铁皮石斛成熟茎段为外植体,探讨1/2MS培养基或MS培养基中添加不同浓度的激素对铁皮石斛组织培养过程中各生长、分化阶段的影响。研究表明,腋芽诱导最适宜培养基的配方为MS+ 6-BA 2.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L,诱导率达91.28%,平均芽数达2.34;原球茎诱导的最适宜培养基为1/2MS+ 6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L,诱导率可达66.67%;原球茎增殖最佳培养基为1/2MS+ 6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L,原球茎分化最适宜培养基为1/2MS+ NAA 1.0 mg/L+ 6-BA 3.0 mg/L+ KT 1.0 mg/L,最适宜生根的培养基配方为1/2MS+NAA 2.0 mg/L+ AC 0.5 g/L。     

葛根汁制备与葛根饮料抗氧化特性研究

为研发优质葛根汁及葛根饮料产品,以葛根为试材,通过对比试验和感官评价,确定葛根汁及葛根汁饮料生产工艺过程和产品配方,通过抗氧化试验,评价葛根汁及葛根饮料对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基的清除能力及总还原能力。结果表明,鲜葛根经清洗、破碎和打浆,于90℃,30 min条件下糊化,用α-淀粉酶在90℃条件下液化2 h,再用β-淀粉酶于60℃条件下糖化2 h,经过滤压榨后获得的葛根汁品质最好,葛根汁中黄酮含量为0.45 mg/m L。对比试验优选的葛根饮料黄酮含量为0.20 mg/m L;葛根原汁与葛根饮料对DPPH自由基清除能力接近,对比羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,葛根汁远高于葛根饮料。     

响应面设计优化葛根醋饮料工艺的制备技术

葛根是传统的药食两用植物,具有丰富的营养和良好的保健功能。为了促进葛根的精深加工,满足人们对醋饮料的需求,以葛根提取液、酿造白醋、木糖醇、葛根香精和果胶调配葛根醋饮料,经过单因素试验和响应面BBD优化设计试验,得到葛根醋饮料的最佳配方为总酸含量0.60%,木糖醇添加量5.08%,葛根香精添加量0.48 g/L,果胶添加量0.30 g/L,在此条件下得到的葛根醋饮料综合感官评分最高。     

红托竹荪矿质元素和氨基酸需求特性研究

本研究以原生境中红托竹荪主要伴生植物竹子的根茎叶蔸作为培养基质,结合根、茎、叶、蔸中矿质元素和氨基酸含量分析,通过菌丝宏观形态评价,得到与红托竹荪菌丝生长相关的物质,并进一步采用单因素实验分别验证。结果表明,4种矿质元素(Ca、Mn、Zn和Fe)及6种氨基酸(天冬酰胺、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸和丝氨酸)与红托竹荪菌丝生长速度和长势呈正相关;在基础培养基中四种矿质元素最适添加浓度分别为：Zn²⁺、20μmol/L,Fe³⁺、100μmol/L,Mn²⁺、100μmol/L,Ca²⁺、10 mmol/L;6种氨基酸的最适添加浓度分别为：D-丙氨酸为10 mg/L、DL-丝氨酸为10 mg/L、L-苏氨酸为100 mg/L、L-谷氨酸为100 mg/L、L-天门冬氨酸为1 mg/L和L-天冬酰胺为100 mg/L。     

不同培养基成分对铁皮石斛组织培养的影响

以铁皮石斛无菌苗的茎段作为外植体,讨论MS培养基中添加不同浓度的激素对铁皮石斛的诱导、增殖、分化以及生根的影响。结果表明：最适合铁皮石斛原球茎诱导的培养基为MS+ 6-BA 0.5 mg/L+ NAA 1.5 mg/L,原球茎诱导率为95%;最适合原球茎增殖的培养基为MS+ 6-BA 1 mg/L+ NAA 1 mg/L;最适合原球茎分化的培养基为MS+ 6-BA 5 mg/L+ NAA 1 mg/L,其分化率达80%;最适合铁皮石斛根诱导的培养基为MS+IBA 1.5 mg/L+香蕉泥100 g/L,其生根率为100%。     

铁皮石斛饮料杀菌工艺研制及品质分析

通过不同高温高压条件和添加抑菌剂筛选出6种铁皮石斛饮料杀菌方式，重点研究了M3(121℃15 min)、M5[0.2 g/kg乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)+100℃]和M7[100℃+0.25 g/kg二甲基二碳酸盐(DMDC)+0.2 g/kg Nisin] 3种杀菌方式的铁皮石斛饮料在贮藏期内菌落总数、多糖及总酚含量的变化和色泽稳定性，以筛选出较佳的杀菌方式。上述3种杀菌方式处理的铁皮石斛饮料在25℃、16周贮藏期内菌落总数均符合《食品安全国家标准饮料》(GB 7101—2022)，多糖含量明显下降，总酚含量变化平稳，样品的L值、a绝对值和b值减小，饮料贮藏时间的色泽变化稳定性好，品质保持良好。M3和M5处理的pH、色泽变化趋势均较M7处理稳定，为较好的杀菌方式。     

铁皮石斛与钩状石斛杂交及种子无菌播种快繁研究

以铁皮石斛和钩状石斛为研究对象,通过人工辅助杂交获得杂交种子,诱导种子离体萌发,开展无菌播种技术研究.结果表明,铁皮石斛与钩状石斛杂交容易成功,杂交坐果率可达到80％;适宜的种子萌发培养基为MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,培养30 d时的萌发率为89.7％;培养基MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+ NAA0.1 mg/L+香蕉100 g/L+ AC 1.0 mg/L对原球茎的增殖最好;培养基MS+ 6-BA 1.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.1mg/L+马铃薯200 g/L+ AC 1.0 g/L对原球茎的分化最好;壮苗生根培养基配方为1/2 MS+ NAA 0.6 mg/L+香蕉100 g/L+AC 1.0 g/L,植株生长健壮,生根率100％,移栽成活率达95％以上.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.