进水方式对卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮水力性能影响的数值模拟

为揭示卷盘式喷灌机切击式与蜗壳式水涡轮的内部流态特征与水力性能差异,在叶轮与出水管道相同的情况下,采用基于SST k-ω模型的数值模拟方法,对2种进水方式的水涡轮内部流动进行计算分析,并将切击式水涡轮外特性预测结果与试验数据进行对比验证.结果表明:切击式水涡轮叶轮流道内存在大尺度回流旋涡和强烈的叶片侧端间隙泄漏流动,蜗壳式水涡轮叶轮内部压力与流线分布相对均匀,叶片侧端间隙泄漏流动沿周向无显著差异;不同流量下,切击式水涡轮各主要过流部件的水力损失占比基本保持恒定,叶轮内水力损失约占总水力损失的55%,蜗壳式水涡轮各部件水力损失的占比随流量发生变化;2种进水方式的水涡轮外特性曲线变化趋势基本相同,相同工况下蜗壳式水涡轮的效率相比切击式水涡轮效率高18%~22%,两者最高效率分别为35.6%和59.6%.研究结果可为卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮水力设计及结构改进提供一定依据.     

卷盘式喷灌机冲击式水涡轮结构参数优化

针对JP75卷盘式喷灌机冲击式水涡轮驱动力矩小、水力效率低、压力损失高等问题,以提升水涡轮水力性能为目标,在单因素分析的基础上,基于响应曲面模型和CFD数值模拟,选取叶轮侧端间隙宽度(侧端间隙)、出水管入口倒圆半径(倒圆半径)和喷嘴中心与叶轮轴的间距(中心间距)为设计变量,以水涡轮效率最高、驱动力矩最大和压力损失最小为目标函数,运用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计方法,开展三因素三水平优化设计分析。结果表明:所建立的二次多项式响应面模型可以准确表征响应指标与设计变量之间的关系,中心间距是影响水涡轮水力性能的最主要因素;水涡轮结构参数最优组合为:中心间距73 mm、侧端间隙2 mm、倒圆半径20 mm;设计工况下的试验结果表明,与原型水涡轮相比,优化的水涡轮效率提高17.6个百分点,驱动力矩提高13.2%,进出口压降降低29.3%。     

JP50卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮水力性能的试验与模拟

针对目前国内卷盘式喷灌机用水涡轮的外特性和内部流场分布规律的研究较少,设计了水涡轮试验台,对JP50卷盘式喷灌机配套使用的水涡轮进行试验,得到了外特性曲线.采用全流场和结构化网格技术对水涡轮内部流动进行了数值计算,分析水涡轮在不同流量下的压力分布和速度矢量分布,得到了内部流动分布规律.结果表明：水涡轮的工作效率很低,最高效率仅为13%,最高效率点前效率曲线比较陡峭,最高效率点后效率曲线相对较为平坦;最高效率的数值计算与试验结果相对误差为6.87%;高压水通过水涡轮主要工作叶片后压力迅速递减,造成了较大的水力损失;进出口压差随流量的增大而逐渐增大,与水涡轮的水头-流量及轴功率-流量曲线相吻合;水涡轮叶轮出口处出现回流现象;水涡轮出口管道下壁面附近存在低压区,并且随着流量的增大低压区的面积逐渐减小,随之出现了涡流现象.     

JP75型卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮能量转换数值模拟分析

为了对JP75型卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮进行能量转换分析、参数优化及探究其内部流动性能,采用CFD技术,对转速为250 r/min下的水涡轮进行三维建模、多面体网格划分以及数值模拟.分析水涡轮压力云图和速度云图,发现进口管道中不合理的弯道、喉部、喷嘴设计导致了水涡轮运行效率偏低,来流中的压力势能未能转化为有效的叶片冲击动能,大量能量仍以势能的形式储存在液流中.分析过流断面流线图,发现叶片间隙及出口管道入水口处有大量涡旋产生,造成部分能量损失,从而表明现有的JP75型水涡轮进出口设计和叶片设计需要改进.对进水管道喉部之后的射流段和转轮这两处进行能量转换计算,平均效率分别为26.31%和45.44%,转换效率明显偏低.对现有JP75型卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮进行了参数优化设计,经计算,初步确定了优化模型的标称直径为0.201 m、射流直径为0.021 m、设计水头为13.65 m.     

卷盘式喷灌机用斜击式和切击式水涡轮外特性试验与对比分析

【目的】了解斜击式和切击式卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮的外特性。【方法】构建了水涡轮外特性试验装置,测试了一定转速下2种型式水涡轮的流量、进出口水压力、扭矩、转速等外特性数据,获得了2种型式水涡轮流量-水头、流量-轴功率和流量-效率特性曲线以及一定水头下2种型式水涡轮的转速特性,即转速-效率、转速-功率曲线。【结果】斜击式水涡轮的最优运行转速在300 r/min左右,最高效率仅为13.8%,而切击式水涡轮的最优运行转速在600 r/min左右,效率为33.7%。在2种型式水涡轮效率最高时,切击式水涡轮的轴功率增加了34.3%,运行流量减少了约29.7%,效率提高了19.9%。【结论】切击式水涡轮总体性能高于斜击式水涡轮。     

叶片角度对输水泵站泵装置水力性能影响分析

为研究输水泵站泵装置水力性能受叶片角度变化的影响,采用CFD方法模拟全流道泵装置水力性能,分析设计流量工况下叶片角度变化对进水流道、出水流道流动及叶轮内部流动特性和水力性能的影响.结果表明:在设计流量工况下,叶片角度偏离设计工况角度,叶轮进口近轮毂区存在回流、脱流;叶片角度偏离设计工况角度越大,进水流道、出水流道内水流流态越差,水力损失越大.当叶片角度调节为-8°工况时,与叶片角度-0°工况比较,进水流道和出水流道水力损失相对值最大,分别为1.28和2.89.即叶片同等偏离角度下,出水流道水力损失增大幅度较进水流道更加明显.对比数值模拟结果与模型试验结果得出,在设计流量工况,叶片角度为0°时,扬程相对误差为1.2%,效率相对误差为2.1%,两者吻合较好.     

卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮发展与研究现状

为解决国产水涡轮效率低的问题,回顾了国内外卷盘式喷灌机的发展及研究历程和早期对水涡轮的研究,综述了近5 a国内研究人员围绕国产JP50和JP75两种水涡轮所开展的外特性试验、CFD分析和改进措施等研究现状.概述了国外目前常见的冲击式和径流式两种水涡轮的结构类型,重点介绍了国内学者针对引进国外的一种进口为射流冲击式结构的水涡轮所开展的创新性研究,在试验和CFD模拟的基础上,发现这种结构水涡轮的内外特性比国产水涡轮有很大提高,并通过正交试验分析了各种参数对性能的影响,采用GA_-BP优化算法进行了进一步优化设计,获得了一种优化的水涡轮模型,CFD分析和试验都证明,优化水涡轮的内外性能全面超过了国外水涡轮.最后,总结了水涡轮研究存在的不足,提出了今后对水涡轮研究的改进建议.     

JP50式卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮的性能试验

为了掌握国产卷盘喷灌机水涡轮水力性能和能耗,构建了一种试验装置,其由供水泵、制动器、扭矩-转速传感器、测量仪组成。试验时调节制动器来改变负载大小从而调节水涡轮转速,通过测量流量以及进出口压力,得出水涡轮水头、水功率,扭矩仪测出转矩和转速等,从而得到水涡轮在各工况下的效率,试验分别测得了水涡轮在7种转速下的特性曲线。得出水涡轮的高效区范围,高效区功率大小,随着转速的降低,高效区向小流量偏移。试验结果说明,国产JP50卷盘喷灌机的水涡轮效率较低,有很大的节能空间     

卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮性能测试系统研究

为了测试卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮的水力性能,设计了基于MSP430F169单片机的测试系统。该系统分为水力参数测量模块、输出轴参数测量模块和制动器控制模块。其中,水力参数包括入口压力、出口压力和流量;输出轴参数包括转速、扭矩和轴功率;制动器控制模块控制磁粉制动器的输出扭矩。设计并研制了各个模块的软硬件,实现了对水力参数和输出轴参数的实时采集和显示。通过调节阀门和制动器输出扭矩,得到了在不同转速下水涡轮的性能参数,并对实验数据进行了误差分析。结果表明,该系统能对测试参数进行同步采集,测试精度较高,得到的试验数据为水涡轮的优化设计提供了依据。     

中比转速离心泵叶轮的优化设计及数值模拟

基于流体流动的连续方程和运动方程,通过两类相对流面的迭代计算,实现中比转速离心泵叶轮内准三维正问题的数值计算,得到了轴面速度分布.应用逐点积分法进行叶片骨线绘型,在轴面上加厚叶片,在保角变换平面上修圆叶片头部,实现了离心泵叶轮的反问题设计.正反问题进行迭代计算求解直至收敛,得到最终设计的叶轮.采用RNGk-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,对离心泵叶轮内三维流场进行数值模拟,得到了叶轮内压力和速度分布.模拟结果表明设计得到的叶轮内部压力分布非常均匀,流动稳定无分离,叶轮出口能量分布合理,所设计的叶轮具有优越的水力性能.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。