新型单行食葵取盘装置的设计与振动研究

针对食葵收获耗费人力、财力及效率低等问题,设计了新型单行食葵取盘装置,并利用Solid Works建立了取盘装置的三维模型。该装置主要由取盘组件和曲柄摇杆机构两部分组成,取盘组件由分禾器、止回销及脱盘缺口构成。采用三相异步电动机通过带传动驱动曲柄摇杆机构实现往复直线运动,运用Solid Works Motion对曲柄摇杆机构进行了运动仿真及分析。通过振动研究,为样机的试制奠定了基础。     

9 GSCC-1.4 H水草收割机切割装置改进设计

9GSCC-1.4H水草收割机往复式切割装置不同于牧草收获机械切割装置,其割刀传动装置位于切割器的后面,且曲柄连杆与水平面成一定角度,割刀传动零件拨叉主动臂与从动臂不在同一平面内,切割过程中拨叉与动刀组拨杆接触的运动轨迹为空间弧线的线接触,同时在拨叉和拨杆间有冲击振动,加快了拨叉与拨杆的磨损,缩短了切割装置的使用寿命.为此,对9GSCC-1.4H水草收割机切割装置进行了动力学分析,针对切割装置存在的问题,对割刀传动装置进行了结构改进设计:将拨叉从动臂改为摇杆,曲柄连杆与小拨叉铰接,小拨叉通过中间连杆驱动摇杆往复摆动,小拨叉和中间连杆用球轴承连接消除空间曲线轨迹对连杆的作用,摇杆驱动切割器实现往复切割运动.     

基于平面运动的酿酒葡萄采收装置设计与试验

针对新疆酿酒葡萄树形松散、枝干较细等特点,利用曲柄摇杆机构中连杆与肋条相连,设计可实现平面运动的酿酒葡萄采收装置。对装置开展运动分析,构建采收装置运动学模型,确定影响装置工作性能的主要影响因素为曲柄转速、曲柄长度、肋条调节杆长度和夹持间距。建立酿酒葡萄采收装置虚拟样机,并进行仿真分析,获取肋条各作用点速度与加速度仿真数据,通过加速度分析可知,肋条两侧加速度均可满足酿酒葡萄振动采收需求。以曲柄转速、曲柄长度、夹持间距和肋条调节杆长度为影响因素,以分离率和破损率为指标,开展四因素三水平正交试验,获取最佳参数组合为曲柄转速840 r/min、曲柄长度28 mm、夹持间距100 mm、肋条调节杆长度410 mm,验证装置设计的合理性。     

苗盘横向传动机构动力学分析探究

曲柄摇杆与双摇杆齿轮组合机构具有结构简单、工作可靠等特点,可实现苗盘横向的精确传动,在苗盘输送机构中运用较多。但由于曲柄摇杆具有急回特性及机构做反复式运动必然产生振动和惯性力,影响机构运动平稳性,限制了机构工作效率。为此,针对一种应用于旱地移栽机苗盘横向输送传动机构——曲柄摇杆-双摇杆-齿轮传动机构,建立了机构的动力学模型,分析了曲柄、连杆、摇杆及齿轮之间的连接点与啮合点等处的受力随曲柄转角变化的规律。应用ADAMS软件完成了机构的虚拟样机模型建立,分析了机构作业过程中的动力学特征。利用上述方法找到了机构振动的原因,并提出解决减小振动方法,为苗盘传动机构的改进和进一步优化设计提供了理论依据。     

整杆式甘蔗收割机集蔗装置的结构设计

为配套整杆式甘蔗收割机需要,研究设计集蔗装置。该装置设置摆动驱动装置,可实现集蔗箱体摆动到180°范围的任意角度;在垂直吊臂与集蔗箱体之间安装拉力传感器,实现实时称重;集蔗箱体可倾斜进行操作,使集蔗箱体内的甘蔗茎杆滑落向集蔗箱体的一端归集。对关键零部件进行了设计、校核。     

多层鸡笼全自动收蛋装置设计与试验

针对养鸡场鸡蛋拾取强度大、效率低、破损率高和成本高等问题,结合目前我国相关装置的全自动化和机械化程度相对较低的现状,设计研发了一种针对多层式鸡笼的全自动收蛋装置,可实现多层式鸡笼鸡蛋采集、转移和装盒的全自动化。阐述了自动收蛋机的设计思路、整体结构和各部分的工作原理,对蛋槽输出门装置和阶梯式鸡蛋降落装置等关键结构进行试验;利用UG软件建模分析自动收蛋机整体结构尺寸的合理性;通过制作样机进行多指标正交试验。试验结果确定该机关键装置最佳设计参数为小车车速9 cm/s、升降门间距15 cm、阶梯式降落装置水平夹角60°。在最佳设计参数下,多层鸡笼的全自动收蛋一体化装置的收蛋效率2 250个/h,鸡蛋无破损率99.7%,相较于人工拾取鸡蛋效率提高50%。      

曲柄摇杆式分插机构的轨迹规划和运动仿真

根据曲柄摇杆式分插机构的结构特点,运用ADAMS软件,建立了乘坐式插秧机、步行式插秧机的虚拟样机模型。同时,进行了运动仿真分析,比较了两种插秧机插杆末端轨迹曲线的利弊。仿真得出了模型的末端轨迹以及插杆末端的位移、速度和加速度,为后续曲柄摇杆式分插机构的设计和制造提供了依据。     

芦苇收割机拨齿机构仿真设计

拨齿及传动装置是芦苇收割机中的关键部件。如何进行有效收割是芦苇收获的关键问题,而有效收割的关键是拨齿轨迹规划。通过对芦苇收割机的拨齿及运动机构进行研究,选择有急回特性的曲柄连杆机构来实现拨齿的弧形运动轨迹。依据收割需求,依据理论关系式计算出机构曲柄长度250 mm、摇杆长度330 mm、连杆长度690 mm和机架长度650 mm。然后,确定曲柄连杆机构驱动装置,考虑左右拨齿的曲柄转向相反、转速相同,且两曲柄始终保持180°角度差的联动要求,确定以相同尺寸链轮的链传动和相同尺寸齿轮的一级齿轮传动相互配合来实现该联动,根据需求,确定链和齿轮的关键尺寸。依据曲柄连杆、拨齿,以及链轮和齿轮尺寸,用Pro/E软件进行各零件绘制并进行装配,从而对设计机构进行运动仿真。通过参数调整,实现拨齿在连杆上的位置偏置75°时,有不错的收获效果,验证了设计的拨齿机构运动轨迹满足设计要求。该设计和仿真思路可对相关收获机的设计有一定的参考价值。      

振动式大葱分苗装置设计与试验

为了解决大葱秧苗移栽机需人工分苗的问题设计了一种振动式大葱分苗装置,原理是利用斜抛运动的原理,通过曲柄摇杆机构施加一个振动,将堆叠的大葱秧苗分离开来。首先,分析大葱秧苗状态和运动,确定了锯齿板高为10.6mm、长为21.2mm,曲柄半径为13.4mm;其次,对大葱秧苗进行运动仿真,得到不同因素对分苗效果的影响范围;最后,以分苗率为评价指标,以电机转速、摇杆长度、单次投苗数量为试验因素进行三因素三水平的正交试验,确定较优的参数组合。用Design-Expert软件分析得到：在连杆长度为373.943mm、单次投苗数量为15棵、电机转速为368.027r/min时,分苗率达到最佳为78.20%,满足工作要求。     

风筛式土壤残膜分离装置的设计与试验分析

为了解决耕层残膜回收率低的问题,设计了风筛式土壤残膜试验平台装置,并采用双曲柄机构来减小装置的振动性。对土壤残膜进行了无气流条件下的筛分试验,分析了各因素对筛分率的影响,优选了振动筛参数组合。试验结果表明:当曲柄转速为180r/min、筛面倾角为6°、鱼鳞筛开角为20°时,筛分装置有较高的残膜筛分率,即为87.67%。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。