湘中丘陵区自然景观异质性与稻田捕食性天敌保护及生态控害效能的相关性

为明确自然景观异质性与稻田捕食性天敌保护及生态控害效能的相关性,以湖南省湘潭市涟水河流域下游段为研究区域,选择自然条件下具有不同景观异质性的稻田,调查稻田捕食性天敌多样性并分析其控害效能。结果表明：在早稻期与晚稻期,高异质性景观稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度分别为26.13和18.88;捕食性天敌个体数量分别为253.96个/m²和75.58个/m²;低异质性景观稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度分别为25.00和18.25;捕食性天敌个体数量分别为302.50个/m²和59.04个/m²;在早稻期与晚稻期,高异质性景观稻田的物种丰富度益害比分别是低异质性景观稻田的1.33倍和1.01倍;捕食性天敌个体数量益害比分别是低异质性景观稻田的1.40倍和1.53倍。过低与过高的景观组成异质性稻田,捕食性天敌物种丰富度与个体数量值均较低。具有良好生境或斑块连通性的稻田的捕食性天敌个体数量、生态控害效能显著高于具较差生境或斑块连通性的稻田,在晚稻期具有良好生境或斑块连通性的稻田的物种丰富度显著高于具较差生境或斑块连通性的稻田。建议在强化稻田捕食性天敌的生态控害效能策略中,既要考虑适度的景观组成异质性,更应重视增加异质景观或生境斑块间的连通性,强化廊道连接,利于捕食性天敌迁移、避险与保存,以达到水稻害虫可持续生态控制的目的。     

Effect of native natural enemies and augmentative releases of Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid,Aphis poMi De Geer

Abstract

The impact of native natural enemies, supplemented by augmentative releases of the green lacewing, Chrysoperia rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and/or the cecidomyiid, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae), was assessed in a series of experiments conducted in north central Washington State, USA. In one trial, C. rufiabris alone was released at a rate of 200 eggs or first instar larvae per tree per week for 6 weeks; in a second experiment, it was released in combination with A. aphidimyza at rates of 400 eggs and 250 pupae respectively per tree per week. In a final trial, A. aphidimyza alone was released at a rate of 200 pupae per tree per week for the duration of the growing season. The dominant native natural enemies in the study area were Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister, A. aphidimyza. Onus sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and various species of Syrphidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Coccinellidae (principally Coccinelle transversoguttata Faldermann and Hippodamia convergens Guerin). Exclusion cage techniques indicated that this native natural enemy complex caused significant mortality of A. pomi. However, no effect of the augmentative release treatments could be demonstrated, and where plant growth was vigorous and aphid populations high, the numerical response of indigenous generalist predators was insufficient to keep A. pomi densities below damaging levels.     

Research on and use of biological methods of pest control in glasshouse crops in Poland1

In 1966/1967, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the hymenopteran parasite Encarsia formosa were introduced into Poland. This introduction led to extensive research on the principles and practical use of biological and integrated programmes of pest control in glasshouse crops. Additional species were later introduced (Macrolophus costalis, Amblyseius mckenziei, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Cycloneda limbifer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), and research was also undertaken on local species such as Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Aphidius matricariae. At present, after 25 years of research, modem and effective mass rearing of natural enemies has been organized, and they are applied over 600 ha of glasshouse crops. For correct development of biological methods in glasshouses, new introductions, research, and mass rearing of new species are necessary.     

Introduction,release and recovery of several exotic natural enemies for biological control of the citrus leaf miner,Phyllocnistis citrella,in Israel

The citrus leafminer,Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, was first discovered in citrus groves in Israel in 1994. A biological control project was launched immediately and six species of natural enemies of the pest were introduced from Thailand, China, Australia and Florida. These were reared and released in citrus groves. At present, most have been recovered from the release sites and some seem to have become established, with relatively high rates of parasitization. The current status of the pest and of its indigenous and introduced natural enemies is briefly discussed.     

Biological control in protected strawberry in northern Italy1

Biological control is currently being used in 100 ha of tunnel-grown strawberry in northern Italy. Second-instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea are released (18 larvae per m²) against aphids when more than 30% of leaflets are infested. Releases of Phytoseiulus persimilis (4–6 predatory mites per m²) are also being used in IPM strategies against Tetranychus urticae; wild P. persimilis populations also occur in the test area, which is near the Adriatic coast. Releases of predators are also successful in the field.     

In-transit control of Liriomyza trifolii in chrysanthemum cuttings1

Individual cuttings and leaves of chrysanthemum infested with eggs and larvae of the alien leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and batches of pupae, were treated in the laboratory in order to find an effective quarantine treatment to control the pest in imported cuttings. Cold treatment for 2 days at 1–2°C followed by methyl bromide fumigation at 15°C with a range of concentration time products (CTPs) was used to obtain accurate dose-response lines and estimate the LD99 and LD99.9 for each stage of the insect. The largest estimates of the LD99 for eggs, larvae and pupae up to 3 days old were less than the CTP specified in the existing (as at September 1983) United Kingdom statutory fumigation treatment designed to prevent the entry of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). This statutory schedule for unrooted cuttings consists of cold storage for 2 days at 1–2°C and then fumigation with methyl bromide at a CTP of not less than 54 g·h/m³ with a minimum treatment period of 4 h at a minimum air temperature of 15°C. Our results indicate that the Spodoptera treatment should give high levels of kill for most stages of L. trifolii provided a CTP of 54 g·h/m³ and a temperature of 15°C (throughout the fumigation) arc achieved uniformly within packs of cuttings when they are fumigated in their transit boxes in commercial practice. The practicality of the technique will depend on whether it is possible to achieve this without causing unacceptable phytotoxicity. The LD99 values for pupae more than 3 days old were greater than those for eggs, larvae and young pupae. Therefore, if this treatment were adopted as a quarantine measure against L. trifolii, good prophylactic treatments and rigorous prc-packing inspections in exporting countries would still need to be maintained, to minimize any risk of importing pupae. The results are presented in full by Mortimer E.A. & Powell, D.F. (1984). Development of a combined cold storage and methyl bromide fumigation treatment to control the American serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in imported chrysanthemum cuttings. Annals of Applied Biology 105 , (3), 443–454.     

Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin

Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin at the end of 2006 and later in other European countries, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), has become a serious threat to tomato crops. In newly infested areas, it is especially problematic during the first years of its presence. Nevertheless, after 2–3 years, the incidence of T. absoluta has become less severe in certain areas. There are several factors contributing to this decline, such as the increase in growers' knowledge of pest behaviour and biology and the correct application of integrated pest control strategies. The impact of opportunistic native natural enemies (fortuitous biological control) should be considered as one of the key factors in this decline. In this review, available information on indigenous natural enemies is updated, and the current pest management approaches used against T. absoluta are addressed. Finally, future scenarios for biological control of this pest are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biological Control of the Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus Hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Caribbean

The hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, was first reported in the Caribbean in 1994 in Grenada. This was the first record of the insect as a major pest in the New World. By the beginning of 2001, the pest had spread to over 25 territories from Guyana and Venezuela in the South to Bahamas in the North. The pest has also extended its distribution to Central America (Belize) and North America (California, USA). Early attempts to control the pest using pesticides resulted in failure and a classical biological control approach was adopted. Several exotic natural enemies were introduced but control was attributed to Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. In all countries where biological control was implemented, this resulted in success. This paper reviews the remarkable success story. Information is provided on the distribution and factors leading to rapid spread of the pest, its pest status and resultant economic losses, and implementation of the biological control effort.     

新疆南部地区棉田捕食性天敌种群动态

为开展棉田害虫生态控制,于2004年5～8月系统调查了新疆阿克苏棉区捕食性天敌的种群数量消长动态。结果表明:该地区捕食性天敌种类多数量大,有7目15科28种以上,高峰期天敌虫量平均达到8.86头/株;无干扰情况下能建立稳定的自然种群,对棉田发生的害虫基本上可有效控制;不同天敌田间消长动态存在差异,瓢虫和草蛉为优势种类。     

Parasitoid control of the tomato fruitworm,Helicoverpa armigera,in smallholder farmer fields in Senegal

In Africa, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a key pest of cotton and vegetable crops, particularly tomato. Alternatives to insecticides to control this pest are needed such as conservation biological control. However, knowledge on the diversity and ecology of naturally occurring enemies of H. armigera is limited. A two-year field survey was conducted in a set of tomato farmer fields in the main vegetable-growing area in Senegal (Niayes) to assess the spatial and seasonal occurrence of indigenous parasitoids of H. armigera, and to evaluate the effect of insecticide use on biological control efficiency. No parasitoid emerged from H. armigera eggs. Incidence of larval parasitoids was generally moderate (20%) but highly variable (0%–100%) among fields, independently of host abundance, and negatively affected by the number of insecticide applications. Larval parasitism was largely dominated by the larval parasitoid Meteorus laphygmarum Brues (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), but a positive correlation was found between specific richness or Shannon diversity index of the parasitoid community and parasitism rate. This study is a first step toward development of research and extension programs for conservation of natural enemies in the framework of integrated management of the tomato fruitworm in Senegal.     

Use of predatory mirids for control of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sardinian greenhouse tomatoes

The introduction of Tuta absoluta in Sardinia (Italy) has caused an important increase in the number of insecticide treatments applied for pest management on greenhouse tomatoes, thus raising growers' demand for alternative control options. To evaluate the efficacy of releasing two specimens of Macrolophus pygmaeus or Nesidiocoris tenuis per m² for the control of tomato borer infestations, an investigation was conducted under field conditions between August 2010 and July 2011. The tests were carried out on 18 commercial greenhouse crops. Fifteen other greenhouses, where no biocontrol agents were released, were also surveyed as controls. The release of the mirid bugs resulted in poor population growth of predators, which reached a peak density of 1.79 individuals per plant. In approximately half of the cases, this was caused by the application of pesticides (usually abamectin and oxamyl) which are highly toxic to the predatory mirids. However, even in crops where only products regarded as harmless to beneficials were used (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis‐based insecticides), both M. pygmaeus and N. tenuis failed to achieve the levels necessary for effective pest control. Presumably factors other than pesticide‐related mortality contributed significantly to delaying mirid population build‐up. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the feasibility of improving the efficacy of releases of the predatory mirids by the implementation of measures that may contribute to enhancing the establishment of these beneficials on tomato crops.     

Testing banker plants for biological control of mites on roses

We tested whether plant species used in a banker plant system influence the success of a biological control program with predatory mites. Banker plants (BP) may sustain a reproducing population of predators and provide long-term pest suppression. In an experiment lasting 12 weeks, we analyzed the responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius californicus and the pest mite Tetranychus urticae to eight species of potential BP with different morphological structures. Every BP was paired with a rose plant and infested with pest and predatory mites. The measured parameters were vitality and growth of the plants and numbers of predators, pests and their eggs. Reproduction and establishment of the pest and predatory mites differed among plant species as well as plant growth and vitality. Vitis riparia and Viburnum tinus were the most efficient BP in this combination of pest–predator species. Their presence resulted in best health of the rose crops, highest number of predatory mites and lowest number of pests. Both these BP possess domatia which may be responsible for the efficiency in hosting predatory mites. Overall, the species which fulfilled the requirements of a BP best was the local shrub V, tinus, which bore no pests and a very large number of predators and has a compact growth form suited for application in greenhouses. Although our study gives only evidence for an artificial system with a high BP:crop ratio, high numbers of introduced predators and short distances between plants, this study contributes to knowledge of BP systems and to improve the understanding of the criteria for the choice of local plant species to be used as BP for biological control in IPM.     

Feasibility of biological control of the sugarcane scale insect Melanaspis gfomerata in India

Abstract

Melanaspis glomerate (Green) is a serious pest of sugarcane in India and does not have effective natural enemies. Parasites of M. smilacis Comst. and M. paulislus Hempel from Brazil and Aphytis mytilaspidis (Le Baron) collected from Aulacaspis tegalensis (Zehnt.) in Mauritius were imported for biological control trials. Only Neococcidencyrtus sp., an endoparasite of M. paulistus accepted M. glomerata. Among the coccinellid predators that were imported only Chilocorus cacti (L.) bred on M. glomerata. The non‐acceptance of this scale insect by most of the introduced natural enemies seems to indicate the need for confirmatory studies on its taxonomic status. Until such time as this is done and suitable natural enemies are found, an integrated approach for its control may have to be considered.     

Biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis on ornamental plants using predatory mites1

The results of four experiments on biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis on flowering Saintpaulia ionanfha and one on pelargonium are presented. Three species of predatory mites were used for the experiments: Amblyseius barkeri, and two soil-dwelling species Hypoaspis aculeifer and H. miles. Three releases each of 15 H. miles per saintpaulia plant at weekly intervals did not have any effect on the pest population. In two experiments on saintpaulia, 10 females of H. aculeifer per plant were released weekly for a period of 10 weeks. The increase of thrips population was slowed down for some weeks and population peaks were diminished. However, this treatment failed to keep the pest at a low level. In one experiment, 15 A. barkeri per saintpaulia plant were released weekly for 10 weeks. Thrips population dynamics was slowed down for about 4 weeks, but again the treatment failed to keep the pest at a low level. In one experiment on pelargonium, 15 A. barkeri per plant were released fortnightly for 10 weeks. An effect was obvious in both replicates. Pest populations hardly increased on the plants treated with the biocontrol agent but increased significantly in the controls. The reasons for these results and differences are discussed. The suitability of these three species for production and use as biocontrol agents is discussed.     

樟巢螟生物学习性及发生规律

调查了樟巢螟的寄主种类及其受害状况,以香樟受害最重。对樟巢螟生物学习性和发生规律进行了试验观察,并对其幼虫和蛹的天敌种类进行了初步观察,提出了防治措施和保护天敌的措施。     

Zur Kenntnis der Blattminen-MotteCameraria ohridella Desch. & Dim. (Lep., Lithocolletidae) anAesculus hippocastanum L. in der Tschenchischen Republik

Cameraria ohridella was recorded first in 1985 in Macedonia. It gradually expanded to north and west and at present it is a serious pest of Horse ChestnutAesculus hippocastanum in the Czech Republic, having been established at about 80 localities. There are 4–5 overlapping generations with sizes of the larvae of 0.4–4.0 mm. The larva develops inside the leaf tissue in the upper parenchym layer of the leaflet and causes a mine, the size of which is broadened with growing larva. First adults start to fly at the end of April. After mating the females lay single eggs on the leaves. Larval development lasts 25–30 days followed by the prepupa I and II. The latter spins a cocoon in which the pupa of the last generation hibernates. The development from L4 to the prepupa lasts for 3–6 days at 22°C. During the summer it is possible to find all larval and prepupal stages in attacked leaves. FourAesculus species:A. parviflora Walk,A. carnea Haey.,A. glabra Walk andA. indica J. Hobb. were found to be resistent toC. obridella. A. lutea H. J. was liftle andA. pavia L. was heavily attacked. The parasitization ofC. o. larvae was very low. Only 2 parasites were found in 1500 mines in the first and second generation ofC. o., and 40 parasites in 1000 mines of the fourth and fifth generation. The highest mortality takes place in moths, eggs and young larvae. It was found in all 4 generation that there were i. m. 50 eggs/leaflet from which i. m. 3 hibernating pupae resulted. Supposing 2 moths (1♀, 1♂)/leaflet emerged in spring which produced 50 eggs (75 eggs/♀—33% moth mortality), the density of eggs in the first generation after hibernating being the same as in the last (fourth) generation before hibernating. As to the whole populations density in this case we can calculate as following: 3 pupae/leaflet on the tree=3000 pupae/leaflets pro m² on the soil=2000 emerging moths pro m²=50,000 moths (25,000 ♀♀) pro tree (namely 25 m² projecting area of the tree crown×2000 moths).      

刺桐姬小蜂检疫与防控技术

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim）是2005年7月在中国大陆发现的重要外来入侵物种，对刺桐属植物造成严重为害，已被列为中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物和全国林业检疫性有害生物。本文观察了该虫的羽化、取食、寿命、产卵、越冬等生物学习性；研究了该虫检疫处理和田间防治技术。     

Biological control of exotic pests in Italy: recent experiences and perspectives1

In Italy, successful application of classical biological control began in the 20th century, when Berlese released the predator Rodolia cardinalis in 1901 and the parasitoid Encarsia berlesei in 1906. Later, the ‘inoculative’ method was applied many times, limiting the misuse of insecticides and therefore achieving very positive effects for both the agricultural economy and environmental protection. When the establishment of new natural enemies failed, some exotic pests continued to damage important crops, sometimes disrupting any possibility of applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In other cases, new associations between exotic pests and native natural enemies occurred spontaneously and the importation of new species was not necessary: when no broad-spectrum plant protection products are applied, some palaearctic parasitoids, such as Diglyphus isaea, naturally control the imported American leafminers Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis and some native predators (mainly Orius spp.) often control the exotic western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. However, the introduction of natural enemies from the area of origin of the exotic pest is often the only alternative to chemical insecticides. Since its introduction in 1979, the American Flatid, Metcalfa pruinosa, has been spreading annually into new areas of the Mediterranean, causing severe damage to many crops because none of the indigenous natural enemies are sufficiently effective. Therefore, only the introduction of exotic natural enemies, such as the parasitoid Neodryinus typhlocybae, may reduce the outbreaks.     

Phenology and impact of natural enemies associated with the hop looper (Hypena humuli) in Washington State,USA

The hop looper, Hypena humuli Harris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is becoming an increasingly important pest of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) (Rosales: Cannabaceae) in western USA. Currently, control of this pest usually involves broad-spectrum pesticides that kill natural enemies and disrupt biological control of other hop pests. In order to develop better management strategies for H. humuli, field and laboratory studies were conducted over a four-year period to identify the pest's natural enemies and to investigate their phenologies and to assess their impact. Nine parasitoid species and assorted species of invertebrate predator were found to attack different life-stages of H. humuli. Levels of parasitism were consistently low throughout the study period and none of the parasitoids found was a specialist natural enemy of the pests. Exclusion cage studies showed, however, that the complex of natural enemies as a whole can significantly reduce larval densities of the pest, and laboratory studies confirmed successful predation of H. humuli larvae by several generalist predators including the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.), the damsel bug Nabis alternatus Parshley and two species of the geocorid bug genus Geocoris.     

捕食性天敌控害能力评价方法进展

生物防治在害虫治理中的作用日益凸显,捕食性天敌对害虫猎物的捕食作用作为生物防治的主要组成部分,其捕食效果评价不可或缺。定性或定量评价捕食性天敌的控害作用是生物防治研究的一项重要内容。传统的捕食性定量方法研究大都局限于室内开展,与田间昆虫天敌的实际捕食量有所出入。昆虫分子生物学技术的发展为昆虫定量评价提供了支持,本文全面总结了农业生产科学研究中常用的捕食性昆虫定量评价方法,详细阐述了这些评价方法的原理、方法及应用实例,并进一步提出在未来的研究中应该扬长避短,根据试验对象的生物习性、试验条件的影响因素、试验目的的要求,将不同方法结合起来发挥各自优点,使捕食者捕食猎物的定量评价结果更能接近田间发生的实际情况。这些方法和技术将有助于更好地发挥自然天敌的控害作用,有效开展害虫生态调控,进一步推动生物防治相关方法的创新与应用。