Economic Control Measures Against the Major Pests of Jute

Abstract

Field trials were conducted against the major pests of jute from 1972–74. Endrin, endosulfan, phosalone, fenitrothion, carbaryl + molasses and fenitrothion + malathion were applied five times at 15 day intervals against Apion corchori, Anomis sabulifera and Polyphagotarsonemus latus. Three years data was pooled and analysed statistically. Endosulfan 0.075% a.i. proved superior to all other treatments.     

河西走廊棉田主要害虫发生动态及植物源杀虫剂防治技术

为了解甘肃省河西走廊棉区5种常见害虫的田间种群消长动态,明确防治适期并提出以植物源药剂为主的棉花害虫绿色防控技术,于甘肃省敦煌市和瓜州县棉田连续3年采用人工调查和性诱剂诱捕器监测棉蚜Aphis gossypii、棉叶螨、棉蓟马Thrips tabaci、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci及棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的发生动态,同时开展以植物源农药为主的不同类型杀虫剂的田间药效筛选试验,建立科学防控用药技术流程。结果表明,棉蚜全年有6月中旬和7月中下旬2个发生高峰期,建议防治适期为7月上中旬;棉叶螨全年有7月上旬和7月下旬（2017年除外）2个发生高峰期,建议防治适期为6月下旬和7月中旬;烟粉虱全年只有8月中旬至9月中下旬1个高峰期,建议防治适期为8月上中旬;棉蓟马全年只有7月上旬至8月上旬1个高峰期,建议防治适期为7月上旬;棉铃虫1年发生3代,幼虫在7月下旬、9月上旬和9月中旬各有1个发生高峰期,成虫在7月上中旬、8月中下旬和9月中旬各有1个高峰期,建议防治适期应为7月上旬。软皂水剂、藜芦碱、苦参碱、啶虫脒和吡虫啉可用于防控棉蚜,药后14 d防效达76.93%~91.25%;藜芦碱、苦参碱、矿物油、软皂水剂、松油、阿维菌素、阿维·哒螨灵、螺螨酯和硅藻土+有机硅助剂可用于防控棉叶螨,药后10 d防效达72.39%~92.81%;软皂水剂、藜芦碱、印楝素、硅藻土+有机硅助剂、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪可用于防控烟粉虱,药后7 d防效达65.84%~84.29%;除虫菊素、苦参碱、多杀霉素、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉可用于防控棉蓟马,药后14 d防效达72.92%~90.93%。表明在该地区棉田主要害虫防治适期,建立以植物源农药替代传统化学药剂的防控技术,可用于我国河西走廊棉区棉花害虫的绿色防控。     

Situation of glasshouse pests in Hungary1

The area of protected crops in Hungary is about 5300 ha. Most of it is under plastic, the area under glass being only about 250 ha. Vegetable growing makes up 80%, mostly on private farms. The main crops are capsicum, tomato and cucumber. On relatively small areas, ornamentals, principally cut flowers, are produced: carnation, gerbera, rose and chrysanthemum. The three most important, commonly occurring pests are Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Tetranychus urticae and aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, A. nasturtii). Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Liriomyza trifolii and Aculops lycopersici caused considerable economic damage during the eighties. However, in the last few years these pests have not been observed in any crops. Two new glasshouse pests have been described from ornamentals during the last 2 years in Hungary: Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci. Their accidental appearance in vegetable crops could lead to direct economic loss, besides endangering biological control systems.     

Space Treatment of Warehouses Using Dichlorvos1)

Details are given of the performance of Vapona Pest Strips and of an automatic dichlorvos sprayer developed to prevent infestation of clean or fumigated stored commodities, for infestation control on stored carobs. Air concentrations after spraying a nominal dose of 10 μg/1 of total store space averaged approximately 1.0. μ g/l after 30 minutes and less than 0.3 μ g/l after 3 hours. Residues found on carobs after daily spraying of stores at 10 μ g/1 for 96 days were in the range of 0.2 - 2.0 ppm. Ephestia cautella Walk, and Lasioderma serricorne (F.) become established in carobs after harvest and are the principle pests causing damage during storage. Effective control of E. cautella was obtained by using Shell Vapona Pest Strips at two strips/100 m³ or by daily spraying of dichlorvos at 10g/1,000 m² (10μ g/1). No effect was observed against migrating larvae of E. calidella (Guen.) or E. figulilella Greg, nor against Bracon hebetor Say., the hymenopterous parasite attacking all three Ephestia species. The automatic dichlorvos sprayer is equipped to apply a predetermined dose at time of peak flight activity, 18–20 hours each evening. On stored carobs, no spraying is needed after October because the commodity temperature falls below 20⁰C, too low for active development of the pest species. 23 automatic sprayers are now used in Cyprus to protect the whole carob crop from storage pests.     

赤眼蜂防治荻芦茎螟研究

棘禾草螟(Chilo hyrax)和芦禾草螟(C.lutellus Mostchuleky)等茎螟是洞庭湖区为害荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)和芦苇(Phragmites communis)的大害虫。从1984年起利用赤跟蜂防治这类害虫,取得了良好的效果。试验表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)尤其适于苇田生态环境。初次放蜂的苇田,于棘禾草螟第一代始盛卵期、盛卵期和盛卵末期3次放蜂效果最好。亩放蜂量5—6万头,盛卵期放蜂量应占全部放蜂量的三分之二。放蜂点距离以10米为宜。连续放蜂2—3年后,亩释放量可缩减至3—4万头。     

Effect of Buprofezin onIcerya Purchasi andPlanococcus Citri

The effectiveness of buprofezin (aqueous suspensions from 25% wettable powder) on cumulative nymph mortality and reproduction of two homopterous pests,Icerya purchasi Maskell (Margarodidae) andPlanococcus citri (Risso) (Pseudococcidae), was investigated under laboratory conditions. Buprofezin was very effective against crawlers of both species. Dipping in concentrations of 0.002%, 0.01% and 0.05% (a. i.) resulted in 91–99% nymph mortality ofP. citri, whereas 100% mortality was recorded whenI. purchasi was treated at 0.05% (a. i.); the 3rd-instar nymphs ofI. purchasi were less susceptible to the chemical. Death of the larval stages occurred mainly during the molting process to the 2nd-instar nymphs. At 0.05%, buprofezin sprayed on adults slightly reduced fecundity and decreased egg hatch to 31% forI. purchasi and, depending on the exposure period of the females, to 49-7% forP. citri. Buprofezin at 0.05% exhibited strong ovicidal activity onP. citri, resulting in inhibition of over 80% egg hatch.     

稻飞虱和纹枯病化控的策略及复合指标研究

采取田间小区和网室盆栽试验,研究稻飞虱和纹枯病混合发生的化控策略及复合防治指标。结果表明,水稻孕穗期(7月上中旬)用高效、长效、安全药剂扑虱灵和粉锈灵混合防治的“治前控后”化防策略保产效果最佳。试验证明,稻飞虱和纹枯病对水稻有明显的交互作用。组建了稻飞虱(白背飞虱、褐飞虱)虫量(X_(1-2))、纹枯病病株率(X_3)的复合为害损失及动态经济阈值模型。经田间小区、大田应用检验,不仅防效高,保产效果好,而且减少施药次数,保护了天敌,三大效益显著。     

Phytosanitary Measures Against Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), in International Trade

The establishment of P. truncatus in Africa has highlighted the inherent weakness of phytosanitary measures against exotic pests. Consideration is given to the need for phytosanitary measures and how patterns of international trade affect phytosanitary control. To prevent the spread of pests such as P. truncatus, large grain shipments can be subject to stringent pest control procedures. However, a significant proportion of grain movement in Africa, both within countries and across borders, occurs informally by both illicit, commercial movement of multiple truckloads of grain and legally by individuals carrying headloads via bush paths or small parcels on public transport. Attempts to locate and inspect the small lots would be impractical. Some recommendations are given on how the spread of P. truncatus in large-scale international trade can be slowed but otherwise it is accepted that in the long-term the prevention of further spread of P. truncatus in Africa is wholly unrealistic.     

新型吡唑双酰肼类化合物的合成及除草活性

为了寻找具有较高除草活性的农药先导化合物,将吡唑环与双酰肼结构进行拼接,设计合成了13个未见报道的含吡唑环的双酰肼类目标化合物6a~6m,其结构均通过核磁共振氢谱及高分辨质谱确认。培养皿法测定结果表明:在200 mg/L下,化合物N'-(2-(2,4-二氯苯氧基)乙酰基)-3-(二氟甲基)-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰肼(6i)对小麦Triticum aestivum、油菜Brassicacampestris、高粱Sorghum bicolor、萝卜Raphanus sativus和黄瓜Cucumis sativus根、茎的抑制率均达80%以上。盆栽试验表明:在有效成分150 g/hm2剂量下,采用苗后茎叶喷雾处理,化合物6i对反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和鳢肠Eclipta prostrata的抑制率均达80%;相同剂量下采用苗前土壤喷雾处理,6i对反枝苋A. retroflexus的抑制率也达80%。     

A review of the pest management situation in mango agroecosystems

Integrated pest management programs for mango must be based on sampling and on economic thresholds, and must take into account the effects of cultural practices, horticultural sprays and disease control on pest and natural enemy interactions. An analysis of the mass of information available on the different mango pests,viz., fruit flies(Bactrocera sp.,Ceratitis sp.,Anastrepha sp.), mango seed weevil(Sternochetus mangiferae), thrips(Frankliniella spp.), gall midges(Procontarinia sp.), scales, mites and mealybugs is given, as well as different examples for future entomological research.     

Identification of tea foliar diseases and pest damage under practical field conditions using a convolutional neural network

Lesions of tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves are detrimental to the growth of tea crops. Their adverse effects include further disease of tea leaves and a direct reduction in yield and profit. Therefore, early detection and on-site monitoring of tea leaf lesions are necessary for effective management to control infections and prevent further yield loss. In this study, 1,822 images of tea leaves with lesions caused by three diseases (brown blight, Colletotrichum camelliae; blister blight, Exobasidium vexans; and algal leaf spot, Cephaleuros virescens) and four pests (leaf miner, Tropicomyia theae; tea thrip, Scirtothrips dorsalis; tea leaf roller, Homona magnanima; and tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis fasciaticollis) were collected from northern and central Taiwan. A faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) was then trained to detect the locations of the lesions on the leaves and to identify the causes of the lesions. The trained Faster R-CNN detector achieved a precision of 77.5%, recall of 70.6%, an F1 score of 73.91%, and a mean average precision of 66.02%. An overall accuracy of 89.4% was obtained for identification of the seven classes of tea diseases and pests. The developed detector could assist tea farmers in identifying the causes of lesions in real time.     

Insect pests of pearl millet in West Africa: A review

Abstract

Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum), a major food crop in the sahelian and savanna regions of West Africa, is attacked by about 100 species of insects. Of these, the only regular pests are stem borers (Acigona ignefusalis Hmps. and Sesamia spp.) and earhead caterpillars (Masalia spp., Raghuva spp.). Sporadic pests such as hairy caterpillars (Amsacta moloneyi Druce), armyworms (Spodoptera spp. and Mythimna spp.) and grasshoppers (Acrididae) may cause severe losses to crops during prolonged droughts early in the season. A grain midge (Geromyia penniseti (Felt)) attacks late millets and causes a considerable loss in yield. Information is presented on the biology, distribution, hosts and natural enemies of these pests, and some methods of control are discussed.     

矢尖蚧的重要天敌-日本方头甲生物学特性研究

日本方头甲广泛分布于我国各柑桔产区,是盾蚧科害虫的重要天敌。本文报道1978～1980年的调查研究结果。在重庆年发生3～5代,世代重叠。田间观察表明,一年中幼虫出现达7个月左右;成虫周年可见。捕食盾蚧科害虫9种,粉蚧科害虫1种,叶螨科害虫1种,并具有嗜食矢尖蚧雄虫的习性。成虫日取食矢尖蚧一龄末期雄虫70.3头。三氯杀螨醇、石硫合剂、溴氰菊酯和机油乳剂对本种天敌的成虫和幼虫都较安全。     

大螟与寄主植物关系的研究

大螟成虫产卵对寄主植物种类和生育期有明显选择性。寄主植物种类和理化性状影响幼虫的成活率,蛹体重量和性比,从而影响成虫产卵量,表明寄主植物对大螟种群数量有明显的影响。幼虫在田间的分布状况主要也是由于田边寄主植物更适合其生长发育之故。     

不同防治对策对柑桔糠片蚧种群的影响

1984—1987年在湖南桔园进行了综防对策、化防对策和自控(不采取任何人为的防治措施)等处理对柑桔主要害虫——糠片蚧种群影响的比较研究。综防区采用综合措施,刷洗主干,释放部分天敌,剪去蚧虫为害严重的枝条,冬季和夏季分别施用一次松脂合剂和矿油乳剂;化防区按常规每年喷药5—6次;结果表明:综防区全年虫口密度与化防区相近,两者均显著低于自控区;综防区糠片蚧蚜小蜂等寄生性天敌未受到明显的损害,捕食性蓟马、钝绥螨等捕食性天敌明显多于自控区;其它非生物致死因子对幼蚧的作用大于化防区,果实出口率自1986年起亦较化防区显著上升。自控区糠片蚧未得到控制,果实出口率较化防区降低13.3%—29.8%。化防区各种天敌的作用均显著下降,农药残留亦高。除自控区和化防区柑桔全爪螨为害较重外,其它害虫在各区的为害均处于较低的水平。文章还评价了在三种处理区致死因子对糠片蚧种群趋势指数的作用。     

Pest and disease control on intensive apple trees by overhead mobile spraying

In 3 year field experiments on pest and disease control by mobile overhead spraying of intensive Cox's Orange Pippin apple trees, overhead booms applying 1125 litres/ha and overhead mist-blowing equipment applying 562 litres/ha, each spraying two complete rows from one alley in half the normal time, were compared with conventional automatic mast spraying at 2250 litres/ha and with conventional mist-blowing at 562 litres/ha. The overhead boom application of demeton-S-methyl (0.0036% a.i.) with azinphos-methyl (0.0165% a.i.) or of fenitrothion (0.031% a.i.) at the green cluster stage gave control of the applegrass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum, virtually equal to that obtained by conventional application of the same insecticides. Similarly, the overhead mist applications of conventional quantities of insecticides gave equal control, but not when applying one-quarter of the normal amount of insecticides. The conventional methods generally gave better control of apple sucker, Psylla mali. In 1971, when the incidence of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis, was only moderate, the overhead boom method gave equal control to conventional spraying with both dodine/captan (0.03% a.i. and 0.094% a.i.) and benomyl (0.025% a.i.) programmes: in 1972 and 1973, when the scab incidence was heavier, the overhead boom spraying was again equal to the conventional method with the benomyl programme but was less effective with the dodine/captan programme. The overhead mist applications gave control only when the scab incidence was light. Repeated applications of dinocap emulsion (0.025% a.i.), included in the fungicide programme in 1971, gave as good control of the active stages of fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, when applied by the overhead methods as by conventional spraying, but application of the benomyl programme gave poor control. Mobile overhead spraying of small intensive apple trees is a promising method but needs further development before becoming fully acceptable.     

The use of rainfall and accumulated mean temperature to indicate fungicide activity in the control of leaf diseases of winter wheat in the UK1

During 1988/1990, a series of 21 experiments was established in commercial crops of winter wheat. Chlorothalonil, fenpropimorph and propiconazole were chosen as protectant, eradicant or curative fungicides active against leaf diseases of winter wheat in the UK. To test their properties each one was applied once only to separate plots during a period of 7–8 consecutive weeks in May and June (GS 32–39). Disease progress was assessed weekly on adjacent unsprayed control and sprayed plots up to GS 85. Septoria tritici leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) was the disease that occurred most frequently and severely across the 21 sites. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and yellow rust (P. striiformis) occurred at fewer sites and were sufficiently severe to distinguish differences between the active ingredients at only two or three sites. Analysis of the disease progress curves for 75% control of each disease at one site only indicated that chlorothalonil possessed very good protectant but shorter-term eradicant activity against M. graminicola and P. striiformis. Fenpropimorph exhibited only short-term eradicant control of M. graminicola, but gave excellent protectant and eradicant control of E. graminis and P. striiformis; against P. recondita only eradicant activity was apparent. Propiconazole showed activity similar to that of fenpropimorph against P. recondita and excellent protectant and eradicant activity against M. graminicola and P. striiformis; against E. graminis, it gave good protectant and eradicant control. From disease progress curves, it was possible to calculate the period of protectant and eradicant activity in thermal time (accumulated degree days above zero) for each of the three active ingredients and to identify the most effective timing(s) for fungicide application in relation to rainfall or imputed infection.     

Efficacy of chemical plant protection products on potato in Ukraine1

The principal potato pests controlled with plant protection products in Ukraine are Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Phytophthora infestons. Results are presented of trials of insecticides and fungicides against these pests. As a result, Sumi-alfa 5% EC (a.s. esfenvalerate), Karate water-soluble granules (a.s. lambda-cyhalothrin) and Betabytroid 2.5% EC (a.s. beta-cyfluthrin) were recommended for full-scale testing against Colorado beetle in Ukraine. Sul'fokarbation and EKhR 19517 were recommended for full-scale testing against potato blight.     

Antifeedant activity of a novel 6-(4,7-hydroxy-heptyl) quinone? from the leaves of the milkweed Pergularia daemia on the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) and the tobacco armyworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.)

The effects of crude extracts and an isolated compound from the leaves of milkweed, Pergularia daemia (Forssk) Choiv., on the antifeedant activity against two important lepidopteran pests, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) and Spodoptera litura (F.), were studied. Maximum antifeedant activity was recorded in ethyl acetate crude extract against H. armigera (70.3%) and S. litura (71.82%) at 1% concentration. Ethyl acetate crude extract was further subjected to column chromatography, which was performed using hexane as initial solvent and then by increasing the polar strength using ethyl acetate. Fractions collected at hexane and ethyl acetate (80:20) yielded 6-(4,7-hydroxy-heptyl) quinone, a novel compound which showed significant antifeedant activity against H. armigera (80.22% at 2000 ppm) and S. litura (68.31% at 2000 ppm).     

Major pests of man-made forests in israel: origin,biology, damage and control

The important pests of the three main tree genera used in afforestation in Israel are described. The pine pests are the Israeli bast scale,Matsucoccus josephi; the pine processionary caterpillar,Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni; the bark beetlesOrthotomicus erosus, Pityogenes calcaratus andTomicus destruens; and the Mediterranean shoot moth,Rhyacionia buoliana thurificana. The cypress pests are the bark beetlesPhloeosinus armatus andP. aubei. The eucalypt borerPhoracantha semipunctata is the sole significant pest of eucalypts. All of these pests, except for the last, are considered endemic species which maintained themselves in the natural relict stands. Routine chemical control operations are conducted only againstT. wilkinsoni. Natural enemies are capable of keeping the other pest populations under good control if appropriate silvicultural measures and practices are in use.