Une dissection myologique de la Jambe et du Pied de l'Autruche (Struthio camelus)*

No trace was found of the following muscles: M. plantaris, M. extensor hallucis longus, M. extensor hallucis brevis, M. flexor hallucis brevis, M. adductor d. II, M. abductor d. II, M. flexor phalangis secundi d. III and M. adductor d. IV. Some interesting myological and topographical peculiarities are specified concerning the 16 muscles mentioned, in order to provide useful findings for surgically applied purposes: in case of locomotor problems with leg deformities.     

Production de Porcs Exempts d'Organismes Pathogenes (EOPS) Primaires et Etablissement d'un Troupeau de Porcs EOPS Secondaires

This paper describes briefly the techniques and equipment used at the Animal Diseases Research Institute, Hull, Que. for the production of specific pathogen-free pigs. From 23 litters delivered by cesarian section, 190 piglets have been reared. Approximately fifty of these animals were used as foundation stock for a minimal disease herd.     

Interet de l'examen d'un etalement de sang pour le diagnostic et le pronostic de l'hemobartonellose feline a propos de 23 cas observes dans la region Toulousaine

Feline Haemobartonellosis was until 1975, a rare disease in the territorial region of Toulouse. Based upon 23 actual cases (20 of which were observed in 1976 and 1977) and 3 experimental inoculations, the author emphasises the interest of practising a blood examination to assist in determining a diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.The diagnosis of the disease cannot be established unless one can confirm the simultaneous presence of a hyperhemolysis with the presence of H. felis in the blood smear.Even though the infestation of the parasite is not permanent, morphological modifications of the red blood cells and of the mononuclear white blood cells as well as inversion of the leucocytic blood value are additional elements for a strong suspicion of the disease.A massive infestation of the parasite at the time of the diagnosis is not necessarily an unfavorable element. An important lymphocytic reaction, however, is considered to be a good sign.The prognosis depends upon the treatment and also upon whether there is concurrent disease.To correctly perform comparative therapeutic trials, the blood smear will again be of great utility.     

Etude Morphométrique de la Paroi de la Veine Cave Caudale après Implantation d'un Filtre chez le Mouton

The long stabilizers of the VT-LGM filter rest on large areas of the vascular wall. The morphometric study of the layers of the vascular wall, after implantation of filter in 15 ewes, divided into 3 groups of follow-up (2, 4 or 8 weeks) of 5 animals, was made at 3 levels opposite the filter and 1 level outside of it. Changes are seen for all the layers. Filter produces intimal hyperplasia. Stabilizers are quickly isolated from the blood flow. The thickness of the intimal hyperplasia grows for 4 weeks. It is more important at the base of the filter than at its head. There is also hyperplasia of the media with no change according to the follow-up or the level opposite the filter. The adventitia becomes thinner without variation of time or level of the filter. Smooth muscle cells of the adventitia become less frequent and smaller. Their density, in front of the stabilizers, is the smallest by 4 week follow-up and remains the same along the stabilizer. The full thickness of the wall is bigger opposite the stabilizers than between them. The filter produces changes that are limited in time and in space. The most important changes are seen at 4 weeks after insertion and opposite the stabilizers.     

Sur l''Anatomie Microscopique et Fonctionnelle de la Papille iléale (Papilla ilealis) de la Valve caeco-colique (Valva caecocolia) et de la Courbure pelvienne (Flexura pelvina) chez le Cheval (Equus caballus)

The histologic study on six horses of the ileo-caecal and caeco-colic junctions confirms their sphincteral structure. It appears that the activity of the muscular fibres, identified in the ileo-caecal and caeco-colic plica, modulates the curvature of the junctions and thus, blocks, as sphincters, the reflux of contents from the caecum into the ileum and from the colon into the caecum. But on the other hand, the pelvic flexure does not possess any microscopic organization to stop the reflux of contents from the dorsal colon into the ventral colon.     

冠斑犀鸟的半人工孵化及全人工育雏试验

为掌握冠斑犀鸟的人工孵化和育雏技术,了解冠斑犀鸟雏鸟的生长情况,2007年6月4日对一个处于封巢期的冠斑犀鸟巢箱进行了掏窝取卵,取出仅有的一枚处于孵化中期(照卵比照)的冠斑犀鸟卵进行人工孵化(蛋壳乳白色,蛋重30.1g,外径48.52mm×35.70mm)。孵化温度为37.8～38℃,湿度为40%～50%。入孵后9d顺利出雏,推算其孵化期约(21±2)d。雏鸟重26.0g,属晚成鸟。眼睛从9日龄起张开一条缝隙至16日龄完全睁开;卵齿没有脱落而是与喙融合生长至22日龄消失;羽毛从4日龄开始生长至33日龄全身羽毛长齐。雏鸟从出雏到飞行共哺育了42d,哺育期的体重峰值为616.0g,出飞前体重回落到590.0g,出飞体重减重率为4.22%。除体重外其他各项指标与自然哺育的生长一致,体重增长可以用Logistic方程很好地拟合。测量结果显示全人工育雏的幼鸟出飞重是亲鸟哺育的168.6%倍,反映了人工育雏体重增长过快,虽然出飞时间没有推后但飞行质量受到了体重过重的影响。     

La gestion sanitaire des élevages de rongeurs utilisés en recherche biomédicale: II. Les facteurs pouvant influencer I'implantation d'un programme de gestion sanitaire

Factors influencing the implementation of a monitoring program     

陕西省鸟类新纪录——斑鱼狗

2019年3月11日,在西安市浐灞国家湿地公园观鸟时,发现了1只斑鱼狗。这是该种鸟第一次在陕西省被记录。陕西斑鱼狗的居留型还有待进一步确定。     

Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) fonctionnelle de l'ischémic hépatique chez le Lapin. Contribution d'un agent de contraste particulaire (AMI-25)

A functional approach of the rabbit portal ischemia was performed on five New Zealand rabbits using magnetic-resonance (MR) imaging and an MR-specific contrast agent for the liver. The hepatic vascularization and the functionality of the phagocytosis cells were both studied with a single low dose of a unique contrast agent—superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs). After a rapid i.v. injection of SPIOs, functional vessels and normally perfused liver parenchyma appeared with positive signal enhancement, whereas the ischemic area remained dark (cold spot). After the intravascular time period, the well-known negative enhancement induced by these particles on normal parenchyma was observed, with the difference of the ischemic liver, and could be related to the uptake of SPIOs by functional Kuppfer cells.     

Effects of inbreeding on fighting ability measured in Aosta Chestnut and Aosta Black Pied cattle

Aosta Black Pied (ABP) and Aosta Chestnut (AC) are dual-purpose cattle indigenous to the western Alps and famous for their fighting ability in traditional Italian Batailles de Reines. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of inbreeding on breeding values for fighting ability achieved in participants. Inbreeding (F) and average relatedness (AR) were obtained from the entire pedigree information available (19,554 and 87,967 records for ABP and AC, respectively). Data (n = 23,998) relating to 8,259 cows competing in years 2001-2009 were analyzed to obtain heritability (h(2)) estimates and breeding values for the trait. A placement score was chosen as a phenotype for fighting ability and both a classical quantitative model (NORM) and its implementation, used to identify its indirect genetic effects (COMP), were analyzed using the expectation maximization-REML (EM-REML) method. The F and AR trends in animals born between 1990 and 2009 were generally low and were greater for ABP (+0.06%/yr) than for AC (+0.03%/yr) populations, which also presented a greater mean F (about 2.8% ± 1.7% vs. 0.8% ± 1.5% for ABP and AC, respectively) and mean AR among individuals (about 1.0% ± 0.8% vs. 0.4% ± 0.3% for ABP and AC, respectively). Heritability estimates from 0.083 ± 0.036 to 0.120 ± 0.037 were obtained using the NORM model, accounting for or not accounting for F, respectively. Similar results were obtained also for the COMP model, with h(2) estimates of 0.12 ± 0.037, whether or not F was taken into consideration. Linear regression analyses carried out on the 33 major lineages to which most of participants belonged (n = 6,087) revealed an overall negative trend of EBV compared with the increase of either F (b = -21.3, P < 0.01) or AR (b = -50.1, P < 0.01). However, a great variability in the relationship between EBV and F or AR was found by analyzing data within lineages. Despite the variability, an unfavorable effect of inbreeding was detected in the fighting ability trait of both ABP and AC cattle, and this should be carefully considered in the breeding management of both breeds.     

Genomic assessment of suitability of pigs for inclusion in the Pied Danish Pig conservation program – A case study

ABSTRACT

Breed assignment was performed for pigs putatively belonging to Pied Danish Pigs, an endangered Danish conservation breed. DNA array data were available for the candidates who had insufficient pedigree information. So were data for a reference population of animals from Danish conservation breeds as well as data from a range of Northern European pig breeds, and wild boar. Breed proportions were estimated using the program ADMIXTURE. Half the candidates were found to have at least 95% of their ancestry from Pied Danish Pigs. Several candidates showed varying degrees of admixture with other breeds, most notably Gloucester Old Spot. The same was observed for several of the Pied Danish Pig reference animals. The analyzes identified suitable breeding candidates and prevented unwanted recent admixture from spreading in the breeding population.     

Estimation of individual cross-breeding effects on milk-production traits of the German Black Pied dairy cattle using different genetic models*

SUMMARY: Milk performance data of cross-breds in the synthetic breed German Black Pied Dairy Cattle (SMR), that had calved for the first time between 1970 and 1984, were used to estimate individual cross-breeding effects on milk production traits. Three million pure-bred and cross-bred cows that were in their first lactation and had originated from conventional housing systems were involved. For 1111331 cows genetic groups according to their respective ancestry could be formed. The additive breed differences and heterosis effects estimated by the Dickerson model correspond to those effects determined by the majority of other authors. For milk yield, highly significant negative effects were obtained for the Holstein-Friesian × Black Pied Cattle and Jersey, respectively. The estimates ranged between 4.8 % and 5.0 % of the mean of all cross-breeding groups. In cross-breds with Jersey the recombination loss for fat percentage was between 5.3 % and 6.0 %. These results support the theory that recombination loss occurs predominantly when breeds, which have been selected for a long period for certain traits, are crossed. The recombination loss for fat yield attains values between 1.9 % and 6.8 %. Different genetic models for the estimation of cross-breeding effects were compared. In contrast to the Dickerson model, the modified genetic models of Jakubec et al. (1991) and Mather and Jinks (1971) (models A, B, C and D) and those of Kinghorn (1980, 1982, 1987) enabled estimation of the genetic components underlying heterosis. Model A accounts for additive, dominant and additive × additive effects and this model can be transformed by linear functions into the Dickerson model. As model A shows an exact separation of the heterosis and epistatic effects, this model is preferred to that of Dickerson (1969, 1973). The estimated additive × dominance effects, obtained using model B, are significant and half as large as the additive × additive effects. The extent of dominance × dominance effects (models C and D) could not be determined with the restrictions used. If these epistatic interactions are taken into consideration, the standard errors of the estimates increase and the accuracy of the estimates decreases. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Sch?tzung individueller Kreuzungseffekte für Milchleistungsmerkmale beim Schwarzbunten Milchrind unter Verwendung verschiedener genetischer Modelle Die Untersuchung individueller Kreuzungseffekte für Milchleistungsmerkmale basiert auf den Milch-leistungsdaten von Rein- und Kreuzungszuchttieren der synthetischen Rasse Schwarzbuntes Milchrind (SMR), die zwischen den Jahren 1970 und 1984 zum ersten Mal abgekalbt haben. Insgesamt standen 3 Millionen Erstlaktierende aus herk?mmlichen Haltungssystemen zur Verfügung. 1 111 311 Kühe konnten entsprechend ihrer Abstammung eindeutig definierten Kreuzungsgruppen zugeordnet werden. Die Sch?tzwerte für die additiven Rassenunterschiede und Heterosis im Dickerson-Modell (1969) korrespondieren weitgehend mit den von anderen Autoren publizierten Ergebnissen. Hoch signifikante, negative Effekte wurden für die Kreuzungen von Holstein-Friesian mit dem Schwarzbunten Rind und Jersey gesch?tzt. Die Sch?tzwerte lagen zwischen 4,8 und 5 % des Mittels aller Generationsmittelwerte. Kreuzungen mit Jersey wiesen für den Fettgehalt einen Rekombinationsverlust zwischen 5,3 und 6 % auf. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die Theorie, da? Rekombinationsverluste vornehmlich dann auftreten, wenn Rassen, die für lange Zeit auf bestimmte Merkmale selektiert wurden, gekreuzt werden. Der relative Rekombinationsverlust für den Fettgehalt erreichte Werte zwischen 1,9 und 6,8 %. Die Untersuchung hatte auch zum Ziel, die Sch?tzwerte verschiedener genetischer Modelle zu vergleichen. Im Gegensatz zum Dickerson-Modell (1969) erm?glichten das modifizierte Modell von Jakubec et al. (1991), die Modelle von Mather und Jinks (1971) (Modelle A, B, C, D) sowie von Kinghorn (1980, 1982, 1987) die Sch?tzung von der Heterosis zugrundliegenden genetischen Komponenten. Das Modell A beinhaltete von den Zweiwege-Interaktionen nur die additiv × additive Komponente, es kann aber anhand von linearen Funktionen in das Dickerson-Modell (1969) überführt werden. Da Model A die Trennung der Heterosis von epistatischen Effekten erm?glicht, ist dieses Modell dem Dickerson-Modell (1969, 1973) vorzuziehen. Die gesch?tzten additiv × dominanten Effekte in Modell B waren signifikant und in etwa halb so gro? wie die additiv × additiven Sch?tzwerte. Es war schwierig, die dominant × dominanten Effekte in den Modellen C und D zu bestimmen, da sich die Standardfehler für die Sch?tzwerte erh?hten und damit die Genauigkeit der Sch?tzer abnahm.     

Production d'un Syndrome Débilitant chez le Hamster après L'inoculation de Matériel Leucémique Bovin

Wasting disease was observed in hamsters inoculated at birth with a cell-free bovine leukemic extract. The autopsy and histological examination of the runted hamsters revealed visible lesions in the lymphoid tissues. These lesions consisted mostly in depletion of lympocytes in the spleen and in the cortex of the lymph nodes and in atrophy of the Peper's patches. Thymic lesions were also observed. Anemia and a decrease of circulating lymphocytes were observed in the peripheral blood.