水气平衡栽培相关技术对水稻产量的影响

于2008—2009年在中、晚稻上开展水气平衡栽培法不同开厢宽度、栽植方式、施氮水平和补灌方式增产效果对比试验。结果表明:开厢宽度以1.70～2.55m较为适宜,其增产效果可达7%以上;栽植方式以三角形(品字形)定植产量最高,增产接近或超过10%;施氮水平以施N10～12kg/667m2较为适宜,比施N8kg/667m2增产58.1～83.1kg/667m2,增产20.68%～29.57%;沟灌补水方式以长期保持半沟水的浸润灌溉式为最佳,增产19.0～26.6kg/667m2、增产4.11%～6.96%。     

水稻水气平衡栽培法

水稻水气平衡栽培法（简称“RCWAE”）是指水稻移栽后全生育期田面不留水层,在水分敏感期（即分蘖期和孕穗抽穗灌浆期）利用自然降水和少量的人工沟灌补水保持田间湿润,其他生育期实行旱管,使水稻各生育期田间达到水气养分平衡,从而优化水稻生长环境,促进水稻根系生长,提高水稻产量的一种新栽培方法。它是由广西壮族自治区农技推广总站推广研究员徐世宏经过5年试验提出的。2003～2007年,在我区玉林、贺州、     

不同栽培方式对马铃薯产量影响研究

通过两点田间试验表明：起垄种植增产幅度在15．34％以上,是马铃薯高产最为有效和简便的高产种植技术;垄作种植基础上采取整薯播种、去除花蕾、叶面肥的喷施等各项高产技术增产幅度在6％左右,可以获得较高的产量;采取垄作种植、整薯播种、去除花蕾、叶面肥的喷施等综合技术措施后,在套作的条件下可增产42．66％,净作的条件下可增产23．69％,可实现马铃薯的超高产。     

超级稻新组合Y两优3218在桂北高寒山区的水气平衡栽培示范

于2009年在桂北高寒山区三江侗族自治县开展两系超级杂交水稻新组合Y两优3218水气平衡栽培示范。结果表明:示范区平均株高119.9 m、穗长27.3 cm、有效穗数16.64万穗/667 m2、成穗率74.36%、穗实粒159粒、结实率80.85%、千粒重27.4 g、单产715.05 kg/667 m2,与对照区相比,除株高、穗长和穗实粒数相差不大外,其他各项指标均明显高于对照区,其中以单位面积产量增幅最大,达28.91%;成穗率次之,达18.22%;单位面积有效穗数再次之,达12.74%;穗实粒数和千粒重的增幅则分别达9.85%和9.16%。同时还介绍了Y两优3218的特征特性及其配套水气平衡栽培技术,并对其在当地的推广应用前景进行了分析预测。     

不同沼液施灌量对水稻生长及土壤氮磷平衡的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究不同沼液施灌量对水稻生长、产量及对土壤中的氮、磷平衡的影响。试验共设5个处理,C0(不施追肥),CK(尿素作追肥,纯N198kg/hm²),N1(沼液作追肥,纯N198kg/hm²),N2(沼液作追肥,纯N396kg/hm²),N3(沼液作追肥,纯N594kg/hm²)。结果表明,N2和N3施肥量较纯施化肥处理分别提高水稻分粟数9%和16%;在本试验沼液施灌量范围内,作物产量呈先增高后降低的趋势,其中,N2处理水稻产量大于化肥处理;施灌沼液的各处理均能增加土壤中氮和磷含量,且随着沼液施用量的增加而增大;施灌沼液处理中,N2处理的氮磷利用率最高。综合产量和氮磷利用率,N2为最佳沼液施灌量,但实际操作中要注意防范环境污染风险。     

宁夏引黄灌区不同栽培方式对水稻生长和产量的影响

比较了宁夏引黄灌区旱播幼苗旱长、直播和插秧3种栽培方式对水稻生长发育进程、根系生长、分蘖动态、产量构成因素和产量的影响,分析了3种栽培方式的经济效益.结果表明,插秧稻根系生长发育早,根系粗壮;旱播幼苗旱长根系发育比插秧稻稍晚,根系较粗壮;旱播幼苗旱长与插秧稻生育期基本相同,比直播稻多25～26d;插秧稻分蘖数分别比旱播幼苗旱长、直播稻多300万/hm^2和304.5万/hm^2,分蘖成穗数分别多310.5万/hm^2和312万/hm^2;旱播幼苗旱长与插秧稻相比,穗粒数少21.1粒,千粒重低0.6g,收获穗多175.5万穗/hm^2,产量高745.5kg/hm^2;旱播幼苗旱长与直播稻相比,穗粒数多16.7粒,千粒重高0.1g,收获穗多69万穗/hm^2,产量高1 086kg/hm^2;旱播幼苗旱长与插秧稻、直播稻相比,纯收入分别高712.5元/hm^2和1 390.5元/hm^2.     

不同免耕栽培方式对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响研究

为了探讨不同免耕栽培方式对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,龙岩市农技站在双季稻区进行了连续3年的不同免耕栽培方式试验。结果表明：半年免耕早、晚稻产量与习惯有耕相比无显著差异,且对土壤的物理性状及养分状况影响不明显,节本增收效果好,可作为水稻免耕的主要方式推广;全年免耕晚稻产量与习惯有耕相比产量减少,土壤容重增加;全年免耕、半年免耕与习惯有耕的土壤pH、有机质及主要养分含量无差异。     

水稻不同栽培密度对产量影响

试验以水稻密度为主要研究对象,探讨水稻高产高效栽培技术,为大面积生产提供技术依据.试验结果表明,在平塘县海拔高度在700～1000m的地区,与试验地基本相同条件下的稻田,水稻栽培密度宜在11000～13000穴/667m2.     

水稻不同栽插方式与栽培密度对产量的影响

通过不同栽培方式与密度试验表明,在8004～15467窝/667m2密度范围内宽行窄株栽插与宽窄行栽插两种栽插方式的产量无明显差别;宽行窄株栽培较宽窄行栽培经济。     

不同覆盖物对水稻旱管栽培产量形成的影响

旱管稻不同覆盖物比较试验表明,采用地膜覆盖,土壤保墒性能强,水稻植株健壮生长,易达到早发、早够苗、成足穗的目的,有利于旱管稻产量的提高,覆盖鲜秸秆不能替代地膜覆盖的保墒效果,反而影响分蘖期地温上升,造成减产,覆盖半腐熟秸秆,在水稻生育期间,可以腐烂利用,达到增产目的。     

不同种植方式对玉米形态、生理指标及产量的影响

通过对"大垄双行"、"二比空"争"偏垄宽窄行"3种种植形式的研究结果表明,3种种植形式与常规种植相比,产量增加显著,生物产量增加,穗粒数和穗粒重明显增加,"偏垄宽窄行"增产效果更为明显;不均衡种植形式明显改善了田间通风透光条件,冠层内CO<,2>浓度明显增加,叶面积指数增大且持续时间长."偏垄宽窄行"是增密增产的最佳种植方式.     

两种密度对不同类型玉米品种产量及农艺性状的影响

采用裂区设计,以4.5万株/hm~2和5.7万株/hm~2 2个密度为主处理,以平展型至半紧凑型和紧凑型2种类型7个玉米品种为副处理进行随机区组排列,研究不同密度对玉米品种产量和农艺性状的影响。结果表明:密度5.7万株/hm~2的产量较4.5万株/hm~2产量明显提高,其中冠玉568在5.7万株/hm~2密度下的产量较4.5万株/hm~2增产25.7%,差异极显著;冠玉1129在5.7万株/hm~2密度下的产量较4.5万株/hm~2高18.4%,差异极显著。冠玉568和冠玉1129这2个品种在西南地区既可以4.5万株/hm~2的密度栽培,也可以5.7万株/hm~2的密度栽培,冠玉164只适宜4.5万株/hm~2的密度栽培。     

不同施肥水平与抛栽密度对优质稻玉美占生长及产量的影响

试验采用2因素3水平随机区组试验设计,设3个施肥水平处理和3个不同抛栽密度处理。结果表明:玉美占在低、中氮肥水平条件下,有效穗数和产量随着抛栽密度的增加而增加,但在高氮水平条件下,高密度却会导致群体的恶化和产量的下降;玉美占要获得良好的群体结构、较高的产量,其适宜施氮水平为210kg/hm2,适宜抛栽密度为30万穴/hm2,低氮水平下其密度可增加至36万穴/hm2。     

五爪金龙提取物对水稻和小麦种子萌发的影响

采用种子萌发试验法在室内测定了外来入侵植物五爪金龙提取物对水稻和小麦种子萌发的影响.结果表明,在浓度为2.5～20mg/ml范围内,五爪金龙提取物对小麦种子的发芽有明显的抑制作用,但对水稻种子的发芽没有影响.对水稻和小麦幼苗根生长有明显的抑制作用,处理后根数量减少,鲜重降低.五爪金龙提取物各浓度对小麦芽生长有明显的抑制作用,但对水稻芽的生长没有影响.对小麦和水稻发芽过程中的α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活性均有抑制作用,浓度为20mg/ml时,对小麦和水稻总淀粉酶活性的抑制率分别为56.20%和37.03%.     

Seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in Arkansas is seeded from late March through early June each year. Farmers need new rice cultivars that not only produce both high rough rice yields and high head rice across this range of seeding dates but do so consistently. Thus, a seeding date study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Stuttgart, Arkansas, to study seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability. Fourteen rice cultivars were seeded at five dates ranging from late March through mid-June. Kang's yield-stability statistic was used to select cultivars for both high rough rice yields and high head rice as well as stability for both traits. Plant stands from March seedings of each year were significantly lower than for the later seeding dates. Maturity (days to 50 percent heading) was extended at the early seeding dates. Some rice cultivars, such as ‘LaGrue’, had lower and more variable head rice when seeded early. In the June seeding dates each year, ‘Kaybonnet’ produced rough rice yields that were more consistent with yields when planted at the earlier planting dates. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Kaybonnet’, and ‘Newbonnet’ were cultivars selected by Kang's stability statistic, which was targeted to select cultivars with stable, high rough rice yields and stable, high head rice. The validity of using Kang's yield-stability statistic for cultivar selection is also evident empirically by the adaptation and wide use of these four cultivars by southern U.S. rice producers. These results indicate that seeding date studies and stability analyses would be useful tools for rice breeders to identify cultivars that will be readily adapted and grown by rice producers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for plant growth, yield and yield related traits across three diverse locations in a doubled haploid rice population

A doubled haploid (DH) population of 125lines derived from IR64 × Azucena, an indica – japonica cross were grown in three different locations in India during the wet season of 1995. The parents of mapping population had diverse phenotypic values for the eleven traits observed. The DH lines exhibited considerable amount of variation for all the traits. Transgressive segregants were observed. Interval analysis with threshold LOD > 3.00 detected a total of thirty four quantitative trait loci (QTL) for eleven traits across three locations. The maximum number of twenty QTL were detected at Punjab location of North India. A total of seven QTL were identified for panicle length followed by six QTL for plant height. Eight QTL were identified on three chromosomes which were common across locations. A maximum of seven QTL were identified for panicle length with the peak LOD score of 6.01 and variance of 26.80%. The major QTL for plant height was located on Chromosome 1 with peak LOD score of 16.06 flanked by RZ730-RZ801 markers. Plant height had the maximum number of common QTL across environment at the same marker interval. One QTL was identified for grain yield per plant and four QTL for thousand grain weight. Clustering of QTL for different traits at the same marker intervals was observed for plant height, panicle exsertion, panicle number, panicle length and biomass production. This suggests that pleiotropism and or tight linkage of different traits could be the plausible reason for the congruence of several QTL. Common QTL identified across locations and environment provide an excellent opportunity for selecting stable chromosomal regions contributing to yield and yield components to develop QTL introgressed lines that can be deployed in rice breeding program. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

生物活性水对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以生物活性水作为材料对油菜种子进行浸种处理,稀释倍数分别为10、100、200、400、800,以清水作为对照,探索生物活性水对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:经过生物活性水处理过的种子发芽率、发芽势、幼苗株高、根长及叶绿素含量(SPAD)等均高于对照,其中稀释400倍的生物活性水最有利于油菜种子萌发,稀释200倍和400倍的生物活性水均有利于促进主根伸长,且生物活性水在一定范围内存在浓度效应。     

不同结荚习性大豆的农艺性状与产量研究

对2种不同结荚习性的大豆品种分别进行产量与主要农艺性状的相关分析、灰色关联分析和主成分分析,结果表明,在亚有限型中,节粒重与产量的相关系数最大,其次是倒伏性;在有限型中,粒茎比与产量呈极显著正相关,其次是节粒重。在培育高产优质的大豆品种时,亚有限结荚习性品种需要优先考虑节粒重,而有限结荚习性品种需要优先考虑粒茎比。     

水分胁迫对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

选用抗旱性不同的3个杂交水稻品种,分别在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下,研究水稻产量构成因素及株高、穗长、叶面积、干物质积累等生育特性的变化。结果表明:水分胁迫下,水稻株高降低,叶面积及叶面积指数减小;各器官干物重、总干重均明显降低;前期干物质积累缓慢,后期植株衰老加速。水分胁迫引起各品种穗长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重均下降,最终引起产量降低。品种的抗旱性不同,其产量及其构成对水分胁迫的反应存在一定差异,表现为抗旱性强的品种下降幅度相对较小。     

氮磷肥施用对水稻品质及稻田氮磷含量的影响

通过研究施用氮磷肥对水稻品质和稻田土壤、水体氮磷含量的影响,探索水稻氮磷减控施肥关键技术。结果表明:水稻粗蛋白和直链淀粉含量是随着氮肥用量的增加而增加的。当磷肥用量处于高水平时,水稻粗蛋白和直链淀粉含量随着磷肥用量的增加而减少;在磷肥用量处于低水平、氮肥用量处于高水平时,水稻粗蛋白和直链淀粉含量较高,米质较好。对稻田中土样和水样氮磷含量进行了4个时间的检测,土壤中氮磷含量没有明显减少,水体中总氮呈减少的趋势,有效地降低了氮磷流失的风险。