Biological value of proteins in PSE meat

A bioassay was made on male SPS Norway rats of the Wistar strain to study the biological value of PSE meat protein in a ten-day trial. Pork meat of m. longissimus dorsi was denoted as PSE meat on the basis of low pH1 values, colour and water content. Raw meat and thermally treated meat was used for feeding (thermal treatment: 75 degrees C for 60 min). The biological value of altered meat (thermally treated products), expressed on the basis of PER, NPU and LPU values, draws attention to the difference from the biological value of normal meat. However, no such a difference was recorded in PSE meat administered in raw condition.     

五节芒生物学特性及能量生产动态变化

本研究从获得最大的能量生产效果出发,依据五节芒的生长特性、生物量、热值、生物质特性等指标,明确其生物量、热值的变化规律,以获得最大能量生产效果,从而为其合理开发利用提供理论依据。通过对五节芒生物学特性及能量生产动态的相关观测研究,结果表明:五节芒在展叶期生长缓慢,拔节期逐步加速,日均增长为2.12 cm,抽穗开花期日均增长达2.52 cm;结实期生长速度开始下降,并逐步停止生长;在年生长周期中,春季和秋季为分蘖高峰;黑暗条件下更有利于种子萌发。年均干重热值为果穗(18.27 kJ/g)＞茎秆(17.76 kJ/g)＞叶(17.44 kJ/g),年均灰分含量为叶(7.03%)＞果穗(3.44%)＞茎秆(2.55%)。能量现存量的季节变化主要受地上部生物量的影响,其变化规律基本与地上部生物量的变化相一致,热值的变化对其影响较小。     

农作物秸秆的生物发酵研究进展

我国农作物秸秆资源丰富.采用正确有效的处理方法,可有效提高农作物秸秆的营养价值.生物处理法可提高低质量纤维作物残留物的饲料价值,是调制农作物秸秆的最优选择.利用不同生物菌对农作物秸秆进行生物发酵可破坏木质纤维素复合物,释放游离纤维素,提高饲用价值.文章综述农作物秸秆的生物发酵机理、发酵方式,营养物质、有效降解率、消化率...     

盐碱条件下施磷对柳枝稷生长发育及耐盐性的影响

为了探究不同施磷水平对宁夏银北盐碱地区柳枝稷生长发育及耐盐性的影响,通过田间试验,以2种生态型柳枝稷品种“Alamo”和“Pathfinder”为供试材料,采用裂区试验设计,设置不施磷(0)、施低磷(30 kg·hm^-2P₂O₅)和施高磷(90 kg·hm^-2P₂O₅)共3个施磷水平,每个处理设3个重复,共计18个小区。分析比较了各生育时期内柳枝稷生长指标、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化,同时采用隶属函数法综合评价了盐碱地柳枝稷的耐盐性。结果表明,随着施磷水平的提高,两种生态型柳枝稷开花期株高、分蘖数、叶面积指数、干物质积累和生物产量等农艺性状和相对叶绿素、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶活性等生理特性均呈逐渐升高的总趋势。与不施磷处理相比,分别提高了7.74%、10.21%、14.64%、11.88%、22.22%、3.85%、74.29%、14.70%和57.77%。隶属函数分析结果表明,施低磷处理下柳枝稷各抗盐指标隶属函数值的均值最大。因此,施磷量...     

驴生物制品开发利用研究进展

随着生物技术的不断发展,国内外学者对驴生物制品的开发利用做了大量的研究。为了今后进一步开发和利用驴及其生物制品,提高驴的活体和产业经济价值,对驴皮、血清、血、尿、骨、胎盘等生物制品的开发利用进行阐述,并对尚待深入研究的方向进行展望,以期为打造高附加值的驴产业经济体系提供思路。     

Profile of digested feed amino acids from untreated and expander treated feeds estimated using in situ methods in dairy cows

Guar meal, sunflower meal, rapeseed cake, peas, maize, rye, wheat and barley were subjected to expander treatment at different temperatures (95–150 °C), and effect on amino acid availability was assessed using rumen nylon bag and mobile bagin situ methods. Expander treatment of rapeseed cake at 142 °C decreased feed lysine content, probably due to formation of complex compounds. Effective rumen degradability and total tract digestibility of protein, total amino acids, lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine were compared to values for the untreated feeds. Effective rumen degradability seemed to decrease due to expander treatment for all cereals, except maize. Effective rumen degradability for sunflower meal and rapeseed cake was unaffected by expander treatment at 115 °C, whereas expander treatment at 142 °C appeared to decreased effective rumen degradability for rapeseed meal. Total amino acid digestibility was not decreased by expander treatment. Both for untreated and heat treated feeds rumen degradability and total tract digestibility of individual amino acids were generally in agreement with results for crude protein. Observed amino acid profiles supplied by digestible rumen undegraded feed amino acids were compared to a theoretical optimal profile obtained from the literature using a χ²-index. A low index is equivalent to a high biological value. Smallest and largest index for the difference between the observed and theoretical optimal amino acid profile were obtained for peas and maize, respectively. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid for cereals, sunflower meal, expander treated (142 °C) rapeseed cake and untreated guar meal, leucine for untreated and expander treated (115 °C) rapeseed cake, and methionine for peas and expander treated guar meal. It was concluded that based on the assumed ideal amino acid profile, expander treatment only changed the first limiting amino acid for rapeseed cake and guar meal, and that although expander treatment decreased the index, and thereby improved the biological value of the intestinally digested feed amino acids, the ranking of feeds based on the index was unaffected by expander treatment.     

厚层基材(TBS)工艺在功果桥电站边坡生物防护中的应用

为了探索西部边坡生物防护模式,将厚层基材(TBS)工艺引入到云南功果桥水电站边坡生物防护治理工程中,以此实例介绍了TBS工艺流程及边坡防护植物的选择,对绿化后的植被生长情况进行了数年的跟踪调查。结果表明,只要合理选择防护物种,TBS工艺在西部边坡生物防护中完全可以达到预期效果并具有推广价值。     

阿苯达唑对自发性兔脑炎原虫病的治疗

为了有效地治疗兔脑炎原虫病,本研究根据脑炎原虫的生物学特点和对组织损伤的特征选用阿苯达唑进行了治疗试验。将28只3～4月龄隐性感染的獭兔,随机分为对照组和治疗组进行试验。治疗组按30mg／kg剂量（首次给药量为50mg／kg）,每隔12h给药1次,连续用药10d,停药1周为1个治疗期,共治疗3个疗程。对照组按正常饲养。每1疗程之后,均采血和尿液进行ELISA检测和尿沉渣虫体检查。结果,治疗组的病兔用阿苯达唑治疗3个疗程后,ELISA检测的D值均低于标准值（〈0．044）,即抗脑炎原虫血清抗体呈阴性反应,从尿沉渣中也不能检出虫体。而对照组病免的D值则大大高于正常值．从尿沉渣中均易检出虫,并有1只对照兔出现典型的神经症状,剖检后从脑组织中检出脑炎原虫性肉芽肿。经方差分析,2组间差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。试验证明,阿苯达唑对兔脑炎原虫有良好治疗作用,用药的时机以脑炎原虫还未进入脑组织时最合适,用药的剂量一定要保持有效的杀虫浓度。     

Effects of different heat treatments during processing on nutrient digestibility of soybean meal in growing swine

Four soybean meals (SBM) were prepared in a commercial solvent-extraction plant to give a much wider range in heat treatment than is usually found among commercially available SBM. The meals were designated in ascending order of heat treatment as Under, Normal, Over and Rumen Escape. The Normal meal was processed using standard operating conditions. The Under meal received less heat treatment by reducing the steam pressure and retention time in the desolventizer-toaster. Over and Rumen Escape meals received further heat treatment in an additional four-compartment toaster. The Over meal received less heat treatment than the Rumen Escape meal by reducing steam pressure and retention time in both toasters. Crude protein content was similar for the four meals, but lysine tended to decrease with increasing heat treatment. In general, urease activity, trypsin inhibitor, protein dispersibility index and nitrogen solubility index decreased with increasing heat treatment. The +a Hunterlab color values increased as heat treatment increased. Apparent ileal digestibility of N and amino acids were similar for all meals (P greater than .05); however lysine digestibility for the Rumen Escape meal was 3.3 percentage units lower than the average of the lesser-heated meals. Energy digestibilities and nitrogen balance data were also similar (P greater than .05) for the four meals, but the apparent biological value of the Rumen Escape meal was 4.5 percentage units lower than the average of the other meals. There were no differences in nutritional value among the Under, Normal and Over meals, which represent the range in heat treatment usually found among SBM. The Rumen Escape meal, which received more severe heat treatment, tended to have lower nutritional value than the lesser-heated meals.     

生物纤维饲料对绵羊的饲用价值研究

本试验以绵羊作为研究对象，通过常规养分测定、消化试验和瘤胃降解试验(尼龙袋法)，对生物纤维饲料的常规养分、饲用价值、瘤胃降解特性进行了探讨。结果表明：生物纤维饲料中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、无氮浸出物、钙和磷的含量分别为：65．61％、21．97％、1．88％、3．00％、7．79％、30．97％、0．85%和1．13％；绵羊对生物纤维饲料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰份、无氮浸出物和能量的消化率分别为74．71％、84．81％、72．24%、72．68％、45．41％、77．52％、77．76％；同时测得生物纤维饲料原样中的消化能为10 100kJ／kg；生物纤维饲料干物质的有效降解率为61．75%，而蛋白质的有效降解率为73．73％。     

成都保利高尔夫球场生态服务功能与价值定量评估

为定量评价成都保利高尔夫球场提供的生态服务功能价值,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、碳税法与CASA模型对成都保利高尔夫球场生态服务功能进行了评估,结果表明:(1)2013年成都保利高尔夫球场的生态服务功能总价值为3 242.35万元,其中,支持服务层级功能价值为972.26万元、调节服务层级功能价值为107.09万元、文化服务层级功能价值为2 160万元;(2)高尔夫球场是具有生态、景观、文化、经济等服务功能的城市绿地空间子系统,其单位绿地面积服务功能价值远大于其他类型绿地的服务功能价值;(3)运营中的环境成本相比其提供的生态服务功能价值比例很小,合理建设能有效改善周边生态环境;(4)科学合理的养护管理与运营会产生更多的生态服务功能价值,为城市生态建设发挥较好的综合生态服务效益。     

Inactivation strategy for pseudorabies virus in milk for production of biopharmaceuticals

By selecting pseudorabies virus (PrV) as a model virus, this study assessed the feasibility of applying viral inactivation strategies to manufacturing medicinal products from the milk of transgenic sows. The efficacy of heat, acidic/alkaline and detergent treatments was also evaluated with respect to their ability to inactivate PrV in milk samples. Experimental results indicate that PrV was inactivated obviously at least 7.125 log10 for 30 min at 60 degrees C. At alkaline values of pH 10 and acidic value of pH 4, PrV infectivity was reduced to 3.625 log10 and exceeded 5 log10, respectively. Moreover, PrV virus was inactivated efficiently (> 3.875 log10) by using 0.25-1% of Triton X-100 treatment and without a loss of biological activity of the recombinant human coagulation factor IX (rhFIX). RESULTS: of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed detergent inactivation method for PrV inactivation of rhFIX production from transgenic products, especially in milk materials.     

混播种类和群体结构对豆禾牧草混播系统氮素利用效率的影响

为从物种多样性和空间结构方面阐明豆禾牧草混播系统高效生产机制,将混播种类(单播、2种牧草混播、4种牧草混播和6种牧草混播)、混播群体空间结构(行距+同行/异行/异行阻隔)作为影响因素,从豆科牧草固氮能力、转氮效率、氮素营养竞争、种间相容性和生产性能分析和比较豆禾牧草在不同混播方式中氮素固定、转移和利用效率对混播系统生态功能的贡献程度。结果表明:1)混播处理的牧草产量、N产量均显著高于单播(P<0.05),生产性能显著提高;但生产性能未随混播种类的增加而提高,异行混播+30 cm行距的混播群体结构具有较高的生产性能。2)固氮量随混播种类的增加而呈下降趋势,转氮量和转氮率随混播种类的增加而呈先下降后上升的趋势,而固氮率和贡献率变化不明显;异行混播+30 cm行距的混播群体结构具有较高的转氮量、转氮率和贡献率。3)营养竞争比率随混播种类的增加变化不明显,豆科牧草相对产量和相对产量总和随混播种类的增加而呈增加趋势;异行混播+30 cm行距的混播群体结构具有较高的豆科牧草相对产量和相对产量总和,但营养竞争比率较低。4)牧草产量与转氮量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而相对产量总和与氮素营养竞争比率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。因此,混播种类对于豆禾牧草混播系统生产性能的提升作用有限,高养分利用效率的物种组合可能更为关键;通过混播群体空间结构的优化可以使豆禾混播牧草根系氮素固定、转移、利用途径和效率得到提高,为混播系统生产性能的提升提供了重要途径。     

Effect of a preparation containing lactic fermentation bacteria on the hygienic status and aerobic stability of silages

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of biological silage additive (Bonsilage) on the hygiene quality and nutritive value of maize and grass-legume silages. The experiments were conducted on FAO 240 maize (Zea mays L.) and a mixture of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), 50% with alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.), 50%. Group 1 was a control and comprised silage without any additives, group 2 was ensiled with the addition of 4 cm3 kg(-1) biological silage additive. After 60 days of silage process individual silages were subjected to microbiological composition, and chemical analyses of silages were also determined. Similar analyses were repeated at day 7 following exposure to oxygen. The applied biological silage additive was found to reduce (P<0.05) numbers of Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and mold fungi cells, and increase (P<0.05) the number of LAB (lactic acid bacteria) in comparison with the control in both silages. Chemical analysis of the maize silage showed that the biological additive caused an increase (P<0.05) in DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein), WSC (water soluble carbohydrates), LA (lactic acid), AA (acetic acid), ethanol, and a decrease (P<0.05) in the concentration of BA (butyric acid), N-NH3 and pH value in comparison with the control. Chemical analysis of silage samples from the grass-legume mixture showed that the additive caused an increase (P<0.05) in the content of DM, CP, WSC, LA and AA in comparison with the control. Samples of silage with the addition of an inoculant were characterized by a lower (P<0.05) content of BA, N-NH3, ethanol and pH value. The biological additive impoved the aerobic stability of silages in the aerobic phase.     

不同蛋白质水平日粮对不同日龄育成期公貂(Mstula vision)生长性能与消化代谢规律的影响

旨在研究水貂在断奶分窝后至育成前期结束期间,对不同蛋白质水平日粮中营养物质的消化代谢规律及不同营养水平对水貂生产性能的影响.选择健康状况、日龄相近的幼龄雄性水貂60只,按照单因素试验设计随机分成6组,6组饲喂蛋白质水平分别为:28％(Ⅰ组)、30％(Ⅱ组)、32％(Ⅲ组)、34％(Ⅳ组)、36％(V组)、38％(Ⅵ组).在水貂育成期内,进行饲养与消化代谢试验,分析不同日龄水貂的蛋白消化率、脂肪消化率、氮沉积、氮生物学价值等指标,结合饲料转化率及日增体质量,研究水貂在生长过程中对蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质的消化代谢规律.试验结果表明:各组水貂在体质量、蛋白质生物学价值和净蛋白质利用率上存在显著差异(P＜0.05),在饲料转化率、干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率、脂肪消化率、食入氮和尿氮指标上差异极显著(P＜0.01);各组水貂尿氮排出量随着饲喂日粮的蛋白质含量的提高而增加;育成期水貂的日粮蛋白质含量低于32％时,饲料转化率和日增体质量均显著降低(P＜0.05).育成期水貂日粮蛋白质水平低于32％,水貂的生长速度显著减慢;日粮蛋白质含量达到34％以上能够提高脂肪和干物质的消化率;育成期水貂在50～80日龄之间,适宜的蛋白质水平为36％,80～110日龄间,水貂适宜的蛋白质水平是34％.     

桑枝枯菌核病病原菌的生物学特性研究

从发病桑树上分离到桑枝枯菌核病病原菌的纯菌种 ,并对该菌的培养性状和生物学特性进行了调查和研究。结果表明 :桑枝枯菌核病病原菌适于在PDA培养基和桑叶汁培养基上生长 ,其生长温度范围为 8～ 30℃ ,最适生长温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃ ,生长pH值范围为 1～ 12 ,最适生长pH值为 5～ 8,菌丝与菌核的生长情况大致相同 ;菌核在适宜的温湿度条件下能够产生子囊盘和子囊孢子 ,子囊孢子椭圆形 ,大小 7～ 14 μm× 3～ 7μm。     

家蚕肠球菌对微孢子虫体外发芽的抑制作用

肠球菌在家蚕消化道内的高频分布和具有丰富表型的特点 ,使其成为家蚕病害生物防治的良好可利用微生物。本试验从家蚕细菌性肠道病病蚕消化道内分离了甘露醇酵解酶、山梨醇酵解酶和糖元酵解酶表型不同的4个肠球菌菌株。菌株培养上清对家蚕微孢子虫的体外孢子发芽抑制试验表明 :肠球菌对家蚕微孢子虫孢子的发芽具有较强的抑制作用 ,抑制效果的绝对值达 31 4 9%～ 4 3 5 6 % ,相对值达 4 8 18%～ 5 0 5 6 % ,菌株间未显示明显差异     

桑椹缩小性菌核病病原菌的分类和生物学特性及抑菌药剂筛选

对分离到的桑椹缩小性菌核病病原菌进行分类鉴定和生物学特性研究,并进行病原对抑菌药剂敏感性的室内试验,为有效防控该病的危害提供科学依据。在对病原菌形态特征观察的基础上,通过与已知近缘菌株核糖体大亚基rRNA序列的比对,明确该病原菌在分类上属于核盘菌科(Sclrotiniaceae)核地杖菌属(Scleromitrula S.Imai)核地杖菌(Scleromitrula shirai-ana)。该病原菌的主要形态与生物学特性为:子实体单个子囊内的8个子囊孢子在未成熟期排列为2列,随着子囊孢子的生长发育,排列方式逐渐由2列变为不规则的线性排列;病原菌生长的适宜温度为20～30℃,最适宜生长的温度为25℃,菌丝及菌核的致死温度为50℃;病原菌生长的适宜pH范围为5～8,最适宜生长的pH为7。80%百菌清对该病原菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,其EC50值为0.012 0 mg/mL,可选择百菌清对桑椹缩小性菌核病进行化学防控试验。     

Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in clinical cases in the red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)

Oxytetracycline, administered at 40 mg kg-1 by intravenous injection, was used as part of the treatment of three female red-necked wallabies, Macropus rufogriseus, with suspected Fusobacterium necrophorum infections. The plasma concentrations of this drug in blood samples collected at intervals up to 24 hours after administration were measured using a biological assay. The pattern of decline in plasma oxytetracycline concentration with time was consistent with a two-compartment model. The half-life of the elimination phase was calculated to be 11.4 hours and the apparent volume of distribution was found to be 2.041 litres kg-1. These results provide a basis for devising appropriate oxytetracycline dosage regimes for the species.     

The potential for the improvement of the nutritive value of soya-bean meal by different proteases in broiler chicks and broiler cockerels

1. The potential for improving the nutritive value of commercial solvent-extracted, heat-treated soya-bean meal (SBM) by protease treatment was measured using growing broiler chicks and tube-fed broiler cockerels. 2. SBM was pre-treated (50 degrees C for 2 h) with water alone; at alkaline pH (initial pH 8.25) with and without protease P1 (isolated from a Bacillus species) or at acid pH (initial pH 4.5) with and without protease P2 (isolated from an Aspergillus species) and incorporated into diets (290 g SBM/kg diet) for broiler chicks (20 chicks/treatment). Only protease P2 treatment improved chick performance; from 7 to 28 d of age, chicks fed on treated SBM had greater feed intakes and gained more weight than chicks fed on untreated SBM. Both proteases P1 and P2 significantly reduced chick serum anti-soya antibodies while protease P2 treatment increased apparent ileal nitrogen (N) digestibility and apparent N retention across the whole digestive tract. 3. Two tube-feeding experiments established that, of the treated SBMs used in experiment 1, only protease P2 treatment improved apparent N digestibility and true metabolisable energy. Also it was shown that increasing the temperature at which treated SBM was dried to 60 degrees C, compared with freeze-drying or drying at 50 degrees C reduced apparent N digestibility and true metabolisable energy of SBM with no significant interactions between enzyme treatment and drying temperature for both apparent N digestibility and TME. 4. It is concluded that, overall, the nutritional value of SBM assayed in a growth trial and by tube feeding was improved by treatment with protease P2 and not by treatment with protease P1.