Sodium and potassium effects on skeletal muscle microsomal adenosine triphosphatase and calcium uptake

The relationship between the (Na(+) and K(+))-activated adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system implicated in sodium-transport by cell membranes and the calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, which is generally associated with calcium uptake, was examined in microsomes from skeletal muscle. Whereas sodium and potassium did not modify the relatively low adenosine triphosphatase activity seen in the absence of calcium, a pattern similar to that of the sodium-transport enzyme system was seen afer the addition of CaCl(2). The calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase was stimulated equally by sodium or potassium alone, but both the rate and extent of calcium uptake were enhanced more by potassium than by sodium at concentrations below 0.12 mole per liter. In the absence of either of these ions addition of calcium failed to activate adenosine triphosphatase although significant amounts of calcium were taken up by the microsomes.     

Cochlear function and sodium and potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase

The maintenance of the cation gradients between endolymph and perilymph in the cochlea requires the operation of a cation pump. An adenosine triphosphatase system activated by sodium and potassium is present in high activity in the cochlear membranes (tegmentum vasculosum and stria vascularis). The cochlear microphonic potential is inhibited by perilymphatic perfusion of ouabain and erythrophleine. Since the microphonic potential depends on the high concentration of potassium ions in the endolymph, our findings strongly suggest the operation of an adenosine triphosphatase cation pump system activated by sodium and potassium, in the generation of cochlear cation gradients.     

Tritiated digoxin binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase: possible allosteric site

Tritiated H(3)-digoxin specifically binds to a cardiac (Na(+) + K(+))-activated adenosine triphosphatase. In the presence of adenosine triphosphate and other nucleoside di- and triphosphates, binding is stimulated by sodium ion, the apparent rate constant being similar to that reported for phosphorus-32 incorporation from adenosine triphosphate and for the adenosine triphosphatase activity. In the presence of magnesium, manganese, inorganic phosphate, or other ions, sodium ion inhibits binding. The data support an allosteric type of sodium-potassium ion pump.     

Sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of gills: role in adaptation of teleosts to salt water

The activity of adenosine triphosphatase activated by sodium and potassium ions is greatly increased in the gill and pseudobranch of the euryhaline killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, after its adaptation to seawater. Adenosine triphosphatase activity in gills of fish in salt water is reduced by hypophysectomy. The data suggest that this enzyme is involved in the excretion of sodiumions by the gill and that the adaptive increase which occurs in seawater is influenced by the hypophysis.     

Actin-myosin interaction: inhibition of the myosin adenosine triphosphatase by actin

In the absence of magnesium ion, the addition of actin to myosin in a 1 :4 ratio has a strong inhibitory effect on the adenosine triphosphatase activity, in contrast to the well-known activating effect of actin in the presence of magnesium ion. This finding suggests that both effects result from a conformational change in the active site of the myosin adenosine triphosphatase.     

Seawater teleosts: evidence for a sodium-potassium exchange in the branchial sodium-excreting pump

The net sodium extrusion rate by the gill of the seawater-adapted euryhaline flounder is identical to the potassium influx. The excretion of sodium is blocked in K(+)-free seawater solutions. The instantaneous sodium outflux readjustment pattern of flounders transferred from seawater to solutions of various sodium chloride or potassium chloride concentrations is consistent with the hypothesis of a linkage between Na(+) outflux and K(+) influx through a common exchange carrier. External Na(+) and K(+) compete for this comnmonz carrier. It is suggested that the exchange diffusion mechanism (linkage of sodium influx and outflux) and the high internal sodium turnover rate which characterizes all seawater teleosts are the results of this competitive process. The sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase system occurring in the gill of the seawater teleosts may play a central role in this sodium-potassium exchange pump.     

日粮中锰对公鸡胆固醇含量及ATP酶活性的影响

摘要经添加锰0(Ⅰ组)、50(Ⅱ组)、100(Ⅲ组)和300(Ⅳ组)PPM日粮处理后的种用公鸡,检测其胆固醇含量和三磷酸腺苷酶(ATP酶)活性。结果表明,缺锰或高锰日粮使肝脏、睾丸匀浆中胆固醇含量下降,血清、肝脏和睾丸匀浆中ATP酶活性降低。结果提示,日粮中锰含量的高低对胆固醇的合成有影响作用,而这种影响作用同锰引起的ATP酶活性的改变以及ATP供能速率的变化有关。     

Erythrocytes: 5'' -adenylic acid deaminase requirement for ammonia or monovalent metal ion

5'-Adenylic acid deaminase free from sodium and potassium ion is prepared from erythrocytes by a convenient method. Like adenosine triphosphatase and adenylic kinase from erythrocytes, the deaminase is activated by some monovalent cations, but unlike these enzymes it requires the presence of a monovalent cation. In all three instances the pattern of activation by ions is similar and suggests a common mechanism.     

Erythrocyte abnormality in human myopathy

Erythrocyte ghosts isolated from myopathic patients responded to 10(-4) molar ouabain with a dramatic increase in adenosine triphosphatase activity, while identical preparations from normal donors were inhibited by the same drug. These results have been interpreted in terms of a disease-related change in membrane integrity bearing upon function of the transport enzyme.     

DDT: inhibition of sodium chloride tolerance by the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans

Anacystis nidulans, a freshwater blue-green alga, has been found to lerate sodium chloride (1 percent by weight) and DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis chlorophenyl) ethane] (800 parts per billion) separately, but growth was inhibited in the presence of both compounds. This inhibition was reversed by an increased calcium concentration. It is possible that inhibition of (Na+,K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase) by DDT causes this species to lose the ability to lerate sodium chloride.     

Imaging elemental distribution and ion transport in cultured cells with ion microscopy

Both elemental distribution and ion transport in cultured cells have been imaged by ion microscopy. Morphological and chemical information was obtained with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.5 micron for sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in freeze-fixed, cryofractured, and freeze-dried normal rat kidney cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Ion transport was successfully demonstrated by imaging Na+-K+ fluxes after the inhibition of Na+- and K+ -dependent adenosine triphosphatase with ouabain. This method allows measurements of elemental (isotopic) distribution to be related to cell morphology, thereby providing the means for studying ion distribution and ion transport under different physiological, pathological, and toxicological conditions in cell culture systems.     

D-glucose: preferential binding to brush borders disrupted with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

The actively transported sugar D-glucose binds to brush borders disrupted with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane in preference to D-mannose and L-glucose, which are not actively transported. This preferential binding of D-glucose is not dependent on either added Na(+) or adenosine triphosphatase activity stimulated by Na(+) with K(+) and Mg(2+), but it is temperature-dependent and is completely inhibited by 0.1 millimolar phlorizin and 1 millimolar mercuric chloride.     

Renal concentrating mechanism: possible role for sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase

Sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase activity was found to be almost twice as high in renal medulla as in cortex. Infusion of digoxin, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme, into one renal artery of the dog resulted in unilateral natriuresis, impaired concentrating capacity, and reduction of the enzyme activity in both cortex and medulla. It is suggested that the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase plays an important role in urine concentration mechanisms.     

阴离子淀粉对土壤养分离子的吸附作用

减少养分的损失是控制面源污染最有效和经济的方法。通过淋溶试验评价带负电荷的阴离子淀粉对土壤养分离子的吸附作用,寻找对土壤养分离子吸附效果好的淀粉种类。试验1设置5个处理:去离子水、硝酸钾,以及硝酸钾分别与黄原酸酯淀粉、磷酸酯淀粉和羧甲基淀粉等3种不同淀粉混合;试验2设置去离子水、黄原酸酯淀粉、黄原酸酯淀粉和氯化铵混合、氯化铵等4个处理。阴离子淀粉取代度是决定它们对阳离子吸附强度的主要因子,供试的3种阴离子淀粉对土壤中的阳离子吸附作用高低顺序:羧甲基淀粉＞ 磷酸酯淀粉＞ 黄原酸酯淀粉。以黄原酸酯淀粉为载体,用氯化铵溶液处理结果表明:黄原酸酯淀粉对土壤中的钠、钾、镁和钙等4种阳离子均有显著的吸附作用(P＜0.05);而用硝酸钾溶液处理时,黄原酸酯淀粉对土壤中的钠离子、铵离子和钾离子吸附效果较好,而对钙、镁等2种离子的吸附效果不明显,说明淀粉对阳离子的吸附效果与加入的营养液也有很大的关系。阴离子淀粉对阴离子养分没有吸附作用。试验推测,具有较高取代度的黄原酸酯淀粉可作为理想的吸附剂,没有潜在风险;在降水量较小的地区,较高取代度的磷酸酯淀粉也可以作为理想的吸附剂,因为没有铵离子淋失的风险。     

杂卤石对花生生长及养分吸收的影响

为探讨杂卤石在北方典型棕壤上的应用效果,以花生为研究对象,于2015年2月至6月通过盆栽试验,以不施钾肥为对照,研究了杂卤石不同用量对花生荚果质量和花生秧干质量的影响,并比较了其与氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾对花生养分吸收及产量的影响差异。结果表明：在每千克土施用0~0.133 g K₂O时,随着杂卤石施用量增加,花生荚果质量和花生秧干质量呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,其中每千克土施用0.089 g K₂O时均最大,花生荚果质量较其他处理提高14.74%~48.08%,与每千克土壤施入0、0.022 g和0.044 g K₂O的处理差异达显著水平;花生秧干质量较其他处理显著提高13.33%~49.08%。在每千克土施用0.089 gK₂O的条件下,杂卤石处理花生荚果质量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理提高2.42%~12.32%,与氯化钾处理差异达显著水平,花生秧干质量较三种常规钾肥处理显著提高18.49%~25.44%。杂卤石处理植株氮含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理平均显著提高1.92%~6.78%,植株钾含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁处理平均显著提高15.37%,钾肥表观利用率显著高于氯化钾和硫酸钾镁处理,钾肥农学利用率及钾肥偏生产力显著高于氯化钾处理,植株钙含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理平均显著提高4.67%~9.86%,植株硫含量较氯化钾处理显著提高19.13%。研究表明,施用杂卤石能够提高花生荚果质量及花生秧干质量,并促进花生对氮、钾、钙和硫的吸收,其中杂卤石处理花生吸硫量提高可能是其花生荚果质量较氯化钾处理显著提高的主要原因,而吸钙量和吸氮量的提高可能是杂卤石处理花生秧干质量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理显著提高的主要原因。     

Shark pit organs: response to chemicals

Nerve fibers from pit organs and canal neuromasts are distinguished by the nature of their electrophysiological response to mechanical and chemical stimulation. Pit organs respond to touch but have a relatively high threshold compared with canal neuromasts. They respond readily to sodium and potassium chloride solutions, the rate of discharge increasing with the concentration of the solution. Order of effectiveness with 1 molar solutions of monovalent cations is as follows: potassium, rubidium > sodium, ammonium > cesium, lithium. Anions are ineffective. Divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium are inhibitory. Responses to acid, sugar, and quinine are either very slight or inhibitory.     

Diazacholesterol myotonia: accumulation of desmosterol and increased adenosine triphosphatase activity of sarcolemma

Myotonia induced in rats by 20,25-diazacholesterol is accompanied by accumulation of desmosterol in serum, fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcolemma. Activities of (Na(+),K(+))- and Ca(2+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatases of the sarcolemma are increased, but not the Mg(2+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. The altered sterol composition of the sarcolemma may cause this type of myotonia by decreasing the chloride conductance of the membrane.     

Glycerinated muscle fibers: relation between isometric tension and adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis

The isometric tension of glycerinated muscle fibers and the adenosine triphosphatase activity of homogenates were determined as a function of the concentration of adenosine triphosphate without the addition of divalent cations. These two phenomena are not parallel; large tensions can be developed with negligible hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. It is concluded that the large negative free energy change of the hydrolysis is not required for shortening or development of tension.     

饲料中部分成分对石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅的影响

研究了在石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析条件下,饲料中钙、磷、硫、锰、镁、钾和氯化钠等成分对铅测定的影响。结果表明,磷、钙、硫、钾和氯化钠对铅测定的影响比较大;镁和锰的影响比较小。     

康卫氏皿扩散法测定荞麦粉的水分活度

[目的]测定不同粒度荞麦粉的水分活度,为荞麦粉这种食品原料的储存和加工提供基础数据。[方法]运用康卫氏皿扩散法测定荞麦粉的水分活度。[结果]用氯化镁、碳酸钾、氯化钠、氯化钾4种盐的饱和溶液构成的四元体系,试验数据标准偏差较小,精密度高。荞麦粉的水分活度会随着粒度的变小逐渐增大,但增大幅度较小。[结论]在25℃,经过2 h的水分交换平衡,测定出粒度为80、100、120目的荞麦粉的水分活度分别为0.585、0.599和0.608。