黄淮海部分优良玉米品种产量及主要农艺性状相关和通径分析

选用部分黄淮海玉米生态区的10个玉米杂交种为供试材料．采用裂区设计。通过对各杂交种的产量和综合农艺性状的分析,选出了高产、优质、抗逆性强的杂交种登海602、先玉335、郑单958等。通过对百粒重、出子率、株高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数等6个农艺性状进行相关分析和通径分析表明．对产量的直接通径系数由大到小依次为百粒重（P=0．9665）、行粒数（P=0．8946）、株高（P=0．4419）、出子率（P=0．3101）、穗行数（P=-0．5690）、穗长（P=-0．6927）。说明提高百粒重、增加行粒数和株高、提高出子率并兼顾其他农艺性状是提高黄淮海玉米生态区产量的有效途径．     

芝麻不同品种（系）耐湿性的综合评价

以6个芝麻品种（系）为材料,将湿害后形态及农艺性状的耐湿系数作为衡量芝麻单项耐湿能力大小的指标,用主成分分析法将13个单项耐湿系数综合成累计贡献率为91.8％的3个相互独立的综合指标,再利用隶属函数求出每一品种（系）耐湿性的综合评价值依次为：ZZM1138（0.871）>ZZM1327（0.693）>中芝13（0.508）>06XF5（0.397）>H119（0.332）>H98（0.273）,综合评价值越大,其耐湿性越强。     

玉米新杂交种聊玉18高产稳产性分析

聊玉 18 (原代号聊玉 95_16 )是由山东省聊城市农科所玉米研究室选育而成的高产、优质、紧凑型玉米杂交种。在 1999～ 2 0 0 0年参加山东省玉米杂交种区域试验和生产试验中综合性状表现突出 ,增产显著 ,充分显示了其良好的高产性及稳产性 ,2 0 0 1年 4月通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定命名。本文应用温振民提出的高稳系数HSCi法和俞世蓉的适定性参数ai法 ,对聊玉 18参加的 1999年山东省玉米杂交种区域试验A组的产量结果进行综合分析 ,为其高产性及稳产性提供理论上的依据。1　材料和方法数据来源于 1999年山东省玉米杂交种区域试验A…     

彩色马蹄莲胚拯救技术研究

以彩色马蹄莲栽培品种‘M7507’、‘M2’、‘M37’的幼胚为实验材料, 采用L9（34）的正交实验设计, 对其离体胚培养, 即胚拯救的适宜发育阶段和适宜培养基进行研究。 结果表明： （1）幼胚发育阶段显著影响彩色马蹄莲胚拯救成功率, 最佳发育阶段幼胚的形态特征为球状、 乳白色、光滑; （2）适宜诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0～0.2 mg/L; （3）幼胚接种后不同品种初始萌发所需时间不同,‘M2’、 ‘M7507’、 ‘M37’依次为14、 16、 21 d, 品种间萌发率经新复极差法检验差异不显著; （4）不同品种的果实膨大速度不同,发育到胚拯救的最适阶段, ‘M7507’、 ‘M2’、 ‘M37’分别需要50、 60、 65 d左右的时间。     

F_1杂交种与小麦纯系性状间的关系

M．N．Uddin等测定了4个人工杂交种及其亲本、1个推广杂交种（Comet）以及75个纯系（用一粒传法选自每个杂交种）的单位面积穗数、穗粒数、粒重和植株重。粒重表现出了最强的杂种优势，而其余产量组分的正的杂种优势，组合间各不相同。所有人工杂交种的株高都具有明显的中亲优势。在杂交种和纯系中，高产均与中等位重和中等株高相联系，但杂交种和纯系各性状的测定值均比其亲本的高．在株高和主要产量组分（即单位面积位数和位重）方面，高产纯系与杂交种是相近的，这证明有可能从利用杂种优势的杂文种中找到基本性状与其杂文种相同的纯合…     

辽杂系列高粱杂交种耐盐性鉴定报告

以0．38％、0．45％、0．6％、1．5％、2．5％的NaCl溶液对当前国家高粱改良中心的主要高粱杂交种,进行芽期和苗期的耐盐性鉴定,评价它们的耐盐级别和强度,为科研和生产提供依据。结果表明：参加实验的杂交种都具有较强的耐盐能力,而在耐高盐上,所有参加实验的杂交种表现都不够理想。     

续随子苗期抗旱性综合评价的初步研究

以不同地理来源续随子品系为试验材料,分别在干旱胁迫及对照条件下对其形态及生理指标进行测定,并用基于主成分分析的隶属函数综合评价法对各品系抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,5个供试续随子品系抗旱性的综合评价值依次为安徽（0.839）>河南（0.524）>吉林（0.321）>福建（0.275）>重庆（0.179）,安徽续随子品系在综合评价中表现出较强的抗旱优势,可作为续随子抗旱性研究的代表材料。以抗旱性综合评价值为因变量、以单项指标相对值为自变量,建立了评价续随子抗旱性的最优回归方程;筛选出MDA含量、SOD酶活性和根冠比等3个对续随子抗旱性有显著影响的指标。在苗期抗旱性鉴定中,有选择地检测这些指标有助于提高续随子抗旱性的鉴定效率。     

基于灰色关联度分析的蝴蝶兰品种评价

【目的】筛选适合北方地区栽培推广的蝴蝶兰品种及减少杂交育种的盲目性【方法】以10个蝴蝶兰品种为试材，采用灰色关联度分析方法，对各品种表型性状进行综合评价[结果】结果表明，巨宝关联度（0．8896）最接近参考品种，综合性状表现优良，其次是白天使（0．7744）、04（0．7175）、白花红唇（0．5669）、台北黄金（0．55l9）、线条（0．5484）、黄帝（0．53l8）、满天红（0．5381）、粉红（0．5090），最后是黑美人（0．5024）[结论】述研究表明巨宝和白天使较适宜进行推广种植或考虑作为杂交亲本     

灰色综合评判法在食用向日葵杂交种评价中的应用

采用灰色系统理论中的灰色综合评判方法,对12个食用向日葵三系杂交种进行了10个主要性状指标的综合分析和评价,最后得出结论为：各性状在评价杂交种优劣中所占的比重依次为产量、盘径、株高、叶数、茎粗、粒长、结实率、百粒重、粒宽、生育期。为选育食葵杂交种提供了依据和方法.     

玉米杂交种苗期耐盐碱筛选与大田鉴定的比较分析

基于所确定的玉米苗期耐盐碱筛选最宜浓度和适宜的生理生化指标,对14个吉林省主推玉米杂交种进行苗期盐碱耐性分析和大田鉴定。结果表明:大田鉴定结果与苗期耐盐碱能力综合评价分级基本吻合;苗期盐碱耐性弱的杂交种其大田减产明显,其减产率最高为44.12%,最低为17.39%,证明鉴定方法与评价指标科学有效,并可以初步筛选剔除一些苗期胁迫表现弱的材料;对于苗期胁迫耐盐碱能力综合评价表现较强的杂交种,其大田减产率变化幅度不大,变化范围在9.33%～11.76%,具体品种是否适宜盐碱地种植需经进一步的大田鉴定。     

马铃薯体细胞杂种的青枯病抗性鉴定

本试验对马铃薯四倍体栽培种(Solanum tuberosum)的双单倍体系81-15与二倍体野生种S.cha-coense的原生质体融合株系进行了青枯病抗性鉴定,其目的是对利用体细胞融合技术获得抗青枯病种质的有效性及抗性鉴定技术进行评价,获得抗病育种材料。结果表明:在鉴定的18个体细胞融合株系中,抗性分离表现为从感病(S)到抗病(R),多数表现为中感(MS)到中抗(MR)水平。田间病圃鉴定、人工接种鉴定和分子标记鉴定的结果显示:田间病圃鉴定的病情指数(DI)和人工接种鉴定病级(DS)的相关性达到极显著水平(DI=-0.39+4 DS,r2=0.921),双侧翼SCAR标记SCA07446和SCA12980鉴定同时具有两个标记特异带的株系均为前两种鉴定表现为中感(MS)以上的材料。综合分析同时利用3种方法鉴定的结果:CHT-3、CHT-5、CHT-6、CHT-10、CHT-15等5个株系为抗病材料,证明体细胞融合是利用野生种质资源抗性的有效途径。     

不同玉米杂交种耐盐碱性鉴定

在不同盐碱含量的试验地,通过整个生育期对供试材料耐盐碱指标进行测定,评价不同玉米杂交种的耐盐碱性,并对供试材料的耐盐碱性划分等级。研究结果表明,成株率耐盐碱指数与出苗率、最终产量耐盐碱指数均呈正相关关系,且均达显著水平。开花散粉期较短的ASI和较高的成株率、生殖生长期较多的绿色叶片数和穗粒数是耐盐碱性较高的品种获得高产的基础。与其他杂交种相比,辽1127和铁研39不仅表现出较高的耐盐碱性,且具有良好的生产潜力。     

玉米品种抗旱性筛选指标研究

提高玉米品种的抗旱性是减小因干旱带来损失的经济而有效的途径之一。玉米品种的抗旱性筛选指标缺乏系统研究,还没有形成一套完整的鉴定体系。产量指标是玉米品种抗旱性鉴定的最重要指标。本研究通过13个玉米品种的抗旱性鉴定试验,对以产量为基准的不同鉴定筛选指标进行了分析比较,算术平均生产力(MP)、几何平均生产力(GMP)和耐旱指数(DTIv)可作为鉴定抗旱性的首选指标;耐旱指数(DTIv)能更好地作为不同地点和不同环境条件下进行抗旱性鉴定的筛选指标。     

玉米花期耐高温品种的筛选与综合评价

以30个黄淮海地区主栽玉米品种为试材,研究高温对不同玉米杂交种的形态、叶片生理以及产量构成因素的影响,筛选玉米杂交种花期耐热性评价指标,对30个玉米杂交种花期耐热性进行综合评价。结果表明,高温胁迫阻碍了玉米雌雄穗的分化,造成植株生长中心转移,且不同基因型玉米间存在显著差异。高温处理后,穗位叶片变薄,其比叶重、叶绿素相对含量及净光合速率均有所下降,穗位叶片浸泡液相对电导率显著增加。高温胁迫使玉米果穗行粒数明显减少,百粒重及子粒产量显著下降。综合不同品种各性状耐热系数的相关性分析及逐步回归分析结果得出,产量、百粒重、穗长、穗粗和结实率可作为评价玉米杂交种花期耐热性的主要指标。     

Agronomic Performance of F1 Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japonica-Indica Crosses

Summary

Generally F₁ hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice show variable degrees of sterility. Previous studies revealed that among the indica rice, the Aus type has sexual affinity with japonica cultivars giving higher fertility in F₁ hybrids. Therefore, we made an effort to obtain higher grain yield by producing F₁ hybrids between japonica and Aus-type indica. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in these F₁ hybrids for dry matter accumulation, spikelet fertility, yield and yield attributes, to find cross combinations with higher grain yield, and examined the relationships of grain yield with some agronomic characters. F₁ hybrids flowered earlier than their parent cultivars. Heterosis for dry matter accumulation was positive at the panicle initiation stage, at heading and at maturity. The average heterosis for number of panicles, grain and straw yield per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight was positive. A few F₁ hybrids showed positive heterosis for number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index; but the average heterosis for these traits was negative. Among the yield components, a higher number of panicles per plant and higher number of spikelet per panicle contributed to higher grain yield in F₁ hybrids. A significant and positive relationship existed between spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The higher grain yield was attributed to higher dry matter production rather than higher harvest index in F₁ hybrids, although low spikelet fertility limited yield potential in some F₁ hybrids.     

硫肥对玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用影响的基因型差异

以我国夏玉米主产区的34个玉米基因型(6个自交系,4个特用玉米和24个杂交种)为试验材料,通过不同硫肥供应水平的大田试验,分析了硫肥对玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用的影响.结果表明,施用硫肥促进了玉米对营养元素的吸收,植株氮、磷、钾的积累总量平均比未施用硫肥的对照分别增加6.07%、11.89%和19.31%,肥料利用效率提高.硫肥对氮、磷、钾吸收利用的影响不完全相同,并且存在明显的基因型差异施用硫肥后,自交系氮、磷、钾的收获指数和利用效率均有大幅度提高;杂交种的氮素收获指数和利用效率均有所提高,磷素利用效率下降,但是不同基因型的变化程度差异较大;另有17个杂交种的磷素收获指数降低,10个杂交种的钾素收获指数和14个杂交种的钾素利用效率降低.     

Higher crop performance of rice hybrids than of elite inbreds in the tropics: 2. Does sink regulation,rather than sink size,play a major role?

Higher harvest index, widely reported as a main trait supporting major improvements in rice yield potential, also supports the higher performance of hybrids over inbreds. Although higher sink size is generally claimed for being the driver of higher grain filling in hybrid rice, it is relevant to question whether efficient sink regulation, that is timing and magnitude of the successive sink activities over crop growth from early stage, plays a role in supporting higher harvest index and is a key feature ensuring higher performance of hybrid rice. The partitioning coefficient (PC), as the increase in dry matter of one single organ over that of shoot, was calculated over short and successive periods to quantify the dynamics of dry matter partitioning. Four hybrid and four inbred genotypes of similar crop duration were grown under the same cropping management on the IRRI farm during a wet and a dry seasons. While PC to blade and sheath was similar for both plant types in both seasons at the early stage, PC to culm of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to blade was lower, in the late vegetative and early reproductive phases. During the late reproductive phase, PC to panicle of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to culm was lower whereas culm elongation was similar for both plant types. During grain filling, PC to culm was significantly more negative with hybrids which indicated stronger remobilization with hybrids. Specific culm length before anthesis, as low as 40 cm g⁻¹, accounted for storage ability, and at maturity, as high as 130 cm g⁻¹, for remobilization ability. Sink strength index, as a better indicator of dry matter partitioning efficiency than harvest index, and unfilled grain size, as an indicator of assimilate wastage, were suggested as key indices to account for the better sink regulation in hybrid rice and to improve screening protocols for increasing yield potential and tolerance to lodging.     

Yield and agronomic performance of maize hybrids resistant to the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

This study evaluated improved maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) with varying level of resistance to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, for yield and agronomic traits for two seasons. A total of 22 improved maize hybrids and three commercial standards were tested. Out of the 22 tested, two hybrids CKPH08035 (7.4–9.9 t ha⁻¹) and CKPH08039 (7.3–9.8 t ha⁻¹) significantly out yielded the commercial standards WH505 (8.8 t ha⁻¹) and BH140 (5.5 t ha⁻¹). In addition to yield, the improved hybrids also possess desirable traits including good plant height, good plant and ear aspects and good husk cover. The hybrid CKPH08004 had the lowest Dobie index of susceptibility and was regarded as resistant to S. zeamais. Weevils fed with the resistant hybrids produced low numbers of F₁ generation weevils, had a high median developmental time and a low percentage of grain damage and grain weight loss. An increasing number of F₁ generation resulted in an increasing grain damage and grain weight loss. We found an inverse relationship between the susceptibility index and percent mortality. However, the numbers of F₁ generation, percent grain damage and grain weight loss were positively correlated with the susceptibility index. The use of resistant maize hybrids should be promoted in managing S. zeamais in stored maize under subsistence farming conditions in Africa.     

Comparison of Grain Quality Characteristics Between F1 Hybrids and Their Parents in Indica Hybrid Rice

Sixteen widespread elite indica parents including seven CMS lines and nine restorer lines, and their 63 F1 hybrids were chosen to compare the eleven traits of grain quality. Overall results showed that the frequency of negative over-dominance, dominance and partial dominance was much higher than that of positive ones and heterosis, indicating that the values of F1 hybrids were generally lower than the means of their parents in quality characteristics. There existed apparent disparity in grain quality performance among F1 hybrids varied with the traits. The characteristics of chalky area percentage, chalky grain percentage, gel consistency and head rice recovery had a great variation in all kinds of tested heterosis indices including the mid-parent heterosis index, over high-value parent heterosis index and over low-value parent heterosis index, which suggested that special attention should be paid to the selection of F1 hybrids in these traits in breeding. The mean values of F1 hybrids were significantly lower than those of their higher parents in all the traits but close to or significantly lower than those of their mid-parent values except for kernel length and amylose content; and significantly higher than those of their lower parents except for brown rice recovery, milled rice recovery and gel consistency.     

不同茄子材料的耐热性鉴定评价

为了明确茄子育种亲本材料及其所配制杂交组合的耐热性,提高亲本选配和目标杂交组合利用的预见性,笔者利用茄子耐热性苗期快速鉴定体系对43份自交系、7个目标组合和3个杂交品种进行了耐热性鉴定。利用热害指数和膜相对电导率两个指标鉴定发现耐热的茄子自交系有11份,不耐热的茄子自交系8份,24份自交系为中等耐热材料;耐热性好的父母本配制的杂交组合也表现出较好的耐热性。研究发现茄子叶片厚度与其耐热性存在一定相关性,一般而言叶片厚的材料耐热性好,叶片薄的材料耐热性差。