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1.
This study evaluated oxalic acid accumulation and bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood by three brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus. The fungi were first cultivated in a fermentation broth to accumulate oxalic acid. Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood was then carried out by leaching of heavy metals with oxalic acid over a 10-day fermentation period. Higher amounts of oxalic acid were produced by F. palustris and L. sulphureus compared with C. puteana. After 10-day fermentation, oxalic acid accumulation reached 4.2 g/l and 3.2 g/l for these fungi, respectively. Fomitopsis palustris and L. sulphureus exposed to CCA-treated sawdust for 10 days showed a decrease in arsenic of 100% and 85%, respectively; however, C. puteana remediation removed only 18% arsenic from CCA-treated sawdust. Likewise, chromium removal in F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes was higher than those for C. puteana. This was attributed to low oxalic acid accumulation. These results suggest that F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes can remove inorganic metal compounds via oxalic acid production by increasing the acidity of the substrate and increasing the solubility of the metals.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
2.
Mark H. Hancock Ron W. Summers Andy Amphlett Johanna Willi 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(4):319-333
Techniques for encouraging natural tree regeneration are of increasing interest to managers of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris forests. We tested prescribed fire at a management scale, with deer present or excluded, as a means of increasing rates of
Scots pine forest expansion on heathland. At a semi-natural pinewood in Scotland, ten experimental blocks were established,
within range of pine seed-fall. Each block comprised four, 100 m2 plots. Two plots at each site were burnt and two fenced, allowing the effects of burning on pine regeneration to be measured
at two levels of deer abundance. We monitored pine seedlings, seed-fall, deer dung and vegetation for 5 years following treatment.
Differences in seedling detection rates between treatments were quantified using dummy seedlings, and analyses corrected accordingly.
Mean new pine seedling establishment was 9.8 times higher on burnt ground than unburnt ground (confidence intervals 3.2–30).
Differences were even more pronounced in a year of high seed-fall, and following fires with low rates of spread. Establishment
rates varied strongly between experimental blocks. Exclusion of deer increased establishment rates, but only in the first
2 years after fire. There was evidence that both seedling survival, and cumulative recruitment of older (over 12 months) seedlings,
were improved by prescribed burning. Our results support the use of prescribed fire as a tool to promote increased Scots pine
seedling establishment. This technique is likely to give strong fine-scale variation in seedling densities, and so would most
suit areas where a variable spatial pattern of regeneration is sought, for landscape or naturalness reasons.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
3.
• Introduction
Laricio pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arn. ssp. laricio (Poiret) Maire var Corsicana Hyl.) is a form of black pine endemic to Corsica, that may now be under threat due to current fire regimes and competition with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). 相似文献4.
José Ramón González-Olabarria Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo Blas Mola-Yudego Timo Pukkala 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(3):52
Key message
We generate flexible management rules for black pine stands, adaptable to alternative stand management situations and entailing thinnings, final-felling, and salvage cuts, based on the results on 270 stand level optimizations.Context
Forest management instructions often rely on the anticipated prediction of the stand development, which poses a challenge on variable economic and environmental conditions. Instead, an alternative approach to better adapt forest management decisions to changing conditions is defining flexible rules based on thresholds that trigger management operations.Aims
This article develops rules for the adaptive management of P. nigra stands in Catalonia (Spain) addressing the risk of fire and post-fire forest management.Methods
The stochastic version of the simulation-optimization system RODAL was used to optimize the management of forest stands in three sites under different fire probability levels. A total of 270 optimizations were done varying site fertility, fire probability, and economic factors. The results of the optimizations were used as the basis of flexible forest management rules for adaptive stand management.Results
The developed management rules defined the basal area limit for thinning, the thinning intensity, the mean tree diameter at which regeneration cuttings should start, and the basal area below which a salvage cutting should be done. Fire risk was not a significant predictor of the models for thinning and final cutting rules.Conclusion
The presented rules provide a flexible tool for forest management during the stand development and under changing conditions when the management objective is to maximize economic profitability of timber production.5.
Fertility variation and effective number of parents were estimated in the 100 individuals from each of three plantation populations (P1, P2 and P3) of the endangered Pinus nigra. subsp. pallasiana var. pyramidata established in the Isparta–Golcuk district in southern Turkey in 1990. Potential relations between cone yield and growth characters (height, diameter at breast height, diameter at base and crown diameter) were also investigated. Large differences were found among populations and within populations for cone production and growth characters. Mean cone production was eight (ranging from 6.5 in P2 to 9.1 in P1) for the three populations. The 10 most productive individuals for cones produced 32% of the total cones in P1, 39% in P2 and 34% in P3; 21, 16 and 6 individuals, respectively did not produce any cones in the populations. According to the correlation analyses, the relation between cone yield and growth characters changed for the populations, while height, diameter at breast height and crown diameter were positively significantly correlated (r = 0.182, 0.135 and 0.209; p ≤ 0.05) with cone production for the three populations. Fertility variation was 1.81 in total of three populations, ranging from 1.72 in P3 to 3.45 in P1). Effective number of parents was 142 (55.2 of number of parents censused; 29%, P1; 49.8%, P2; 58.3%, P3). 相似文献
6.
The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase (SPDS) genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Four transgenic clones were confu'med by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. 相似文献
7.
Pinus densiflora f.umbraculifera, commonly known as utsukushimatsu, is a distinctively shaped form of Japanese red pine whose growth is restricted to a forest
stand in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The inheritance mode of morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu was studied to preserve
the genetic resource of this pine. As previously reported, F1 trees grown from open-pollinated seeds harvested from trees inhabiting the native stand showed two phenotypes: one resembling
utsukushimatsu, which produces multiple trunks, and the other resembling normalP. densiflora, which produces one or a few trunks. In the present study, controlled pollination was carried out using F1 and normalP. densiflora trees. Segregation ratios of the two phenotypes observed in the F2 population showed that the morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu are inherited recessively. This suggests that
the mutation of one gene or a few closely linked genes controls the morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu. Since
multiple trunk formation of utsukushimatsu might be related to a loss of lateral bud inhibition, it follows that a simple
gene mutation breaks apical dominance inP. densiflora. 相似文献
8.
Daniel Moreno-Fernández Fernando Montes Mariola Sánchez-González Francisco J. Gordo Isabel Cañellas 《European Journal of Forest Research》2018,137(1):17-27
The dynamics of mixed stands are more complex and less studied than those of monospecific stands. The objective of this work was to analyze the variables involved in seedling occurrence and seedling survival in mixed stands of Pinus pinaster and P. pinea in Mediterranean areas. From 2011 to 2016, regeneration of both species was monitored at two sites located in Central Spain. We installed 72 regeneration plots where seedling dynamics were monitored. All the trees in the study areas were measured and mapped. Additionally, we took hemispherical photographs in each regeneration plot. The average density of P. pinea seedlings over the study period was almost 20 times larger than that of P. pinaster. Our results indicate that the seedlings of both species grow under moderate light conditions. In addition, we found that the occurrence of seedlings of both species was related to the structure of the stand. P. pinea seedlings grew where the density and size of P. pinaster trees were low and where P. pinea trees provided moderately sheltered conditions, whereas the number of P. pinaster seedlings was related to under intermediate densities of P. pinaster trees. Furthermore, seedling survival was positively associated with age of the seedlings and negatively with the August average maximum temperature. The temporal continuity of mixed stands of P. pinea and P. pinaster in the study area is compromised by the observed lack of regeneration of P. pinaster. 相似文献
9.
Barbara Moser Christoph Bachofen Jonathan D. Müller Marek Metslaid Thomas Wohlgemuth 《Annals of Forest Science》2016,73(4):959-970
Key message
Pinus sylvestris seedlings quickly expand their roots to deeper soil layers while Pseudotsuga menziesii concentrates its root system in the topsoil, thereby running the risk of desiccation during long dry spells, as indicated by lower survival after simulated summer drought.Context
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) is regarded as a promising species to maintain the productivity of Central European lowland forests given the projected increase of long dry spells.Aims
Will the species be able to regenerate from seed and spread outside plantations in a drier temperate Europe?Methods
We measured the relative growth rate, biomass allocation, root architecture, and phenotypic plasticity of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings sown in a common garden and grown under current precipitation and prolonged drought, respectively. The species’ competitive ability with respect to Pinus sylvestris L., the most drought-tolerant native conifer in Central Europe, was assessed during three growing seasons.Results
Pinus sylvestris seedlings had higher relative growth rates than did Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings, first in terms of aboveground biomass and later in terms of shoot height. This resulted in heavier and taller seedlings after three growing seasons under both moist and dry conditions. Shorter vertical roots corresponded with lower survival of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings under dry conditions.Conclusion
Fast root proliferation allows Pinus sylvestris seedlings to reach deeper water pools that are less rapidly depleted during transient drought. By contrast, the shallow root system might put Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings at the risk of desiccation during prolonged dry spells.10.
Akram Taghizadeh Saroukolai Saeid Moharramipour Mohammad Hadi Meshkatalsadat 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(1):3-8
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper
alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil
was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the
major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4
and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT50) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT50 values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC50 values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects. 相似文献
11.
Natsumi Kanzaki Takuya Aikawa Noritoshi Maehara Yu Ichihara 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(4):325-330
The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an invasive pathogen that was introduced from North America to Asian countries and Portugal and is devastating native
pine forests. Some native European and Asian Bursaphelenchus nematodes also have weak to moderate pathogenicity to native pine species. To evaluate the potential risk of native Bursaphelenchus species, we inoculated ten Japanese Bursaphelenchus species into native pine species (the dominant forest species) in Japan, and evaluated their pathogenicity using mortality
and tracheal tissue damage as indices. Inoculation was conducted on August 3, 2007, and the symptoms were observed every 2 weeks
until February 1, 2008. None of the inoculated trees, excluding the pathogenic PWN inoculated control, showed external disease
symptoms; however, four species [a less pathogenic PWN isolate, B. luxuriosae, Bursaphelenchus sp. NK215 (undescribed), and NK224 (undescribed)] caused tracheal tissue damage in inoculated seedlings and showed weak pathogenicity.
Therefore, we conclude that there are some potentially pathogenic native species of nematodes distributed in Japan. Interestingly,
two of these weakly pathogenic species, B. luxuriosae and NK215, are not associated with Pinaceae trees, suggesting that nematode pathogenicity may be a pre-adaptive character.
More experimental studies under different conditions are necessary to accurately evaluate the potential risk of these pathogens. 相似文献
12.
Spatial pattern of recruitment is an important factor influencing population dynamics of plant communities. The spatial pattern is determined by seed dispersal and by the spatial variability of germination and initial survival. In the process of forest expansion following farmland abandonment, mid- and late-successional species are often dispersed in pioneer forests by birds. This could result in an aggregated spatial pattern of seeds that could influence the dynamics of these species in mixed pioneer forests. In the sub-Mediterranean area, mid- and late-successional species such as Quercus pubescens (downy oak) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) are expected to replace pioneer Pinus species. Using a point sampling method we demonstrated that beech and oak seedlings (height <2 m) have a clumped distribution in the understorey of pine. This could result from an aggregated dispersal by jays (dispersal effect) or from preferential recruitment in particular habitats (habitat effect). To test these hypotheses we proposed a statistical analysis of spatial patterns of regeneration of beech and oak. Ground cover variables (i.e. cover by rock outcrops, herbs, box shrubs, mosses or pine) did not differ significantly around seedlings as compared with random sample plots. Likewise, clumped seedlings had growth similar to isolated seedlings, thus refuting the hypothesis of preferential location in the most favourable microsites. Aggregated dispersal seems to be involved in the process of regeneration. Since beech and oak seedlings have contrasting ecological demands, we discuss the implication of this pattern for the replacement dynamics of pine by these species. 相似文献
13.
There is a lack of knowledge to identify and classify forest structures according to the risk of crown fires, especially in
Mediterranean regions. In this study, for the first time, we use real information, obtained after a wildfire that burnt under
extreme meteorological conditions, to classify forest structures of Pinus halepensis into fuel types as a function of crown fire potential. We identified fourteen forest structures which characterize many forest
types in Western Mediterranean areas depending on canopy closure, number of tree layers, percent of each tree layer and overall
tree density. By using the pattern of fire types that burnt the most numerous forest structures, we have identified four fire
hazard groups of forest structures which are considered different fuel types. The first two had the lowest risk of active
crown fires and they differed in the proportion of surface fires and passive crown fires. The third fuel type was the threshold
between structures with low and high extreme fire behavior; while the fourth had a high risk of active crown fires. Firefighters
and forest managers who are demanding this kind of schema, will test and upgrade this classification of fuel types in function
of crown fire potential during future wildfires. 相似文献
14.
At present tapped wood of black pines (Pinus nigra var. austriaca) is mainly combusted. The priority of material use over thermal recycling has led to some considerations regarding the utilization of tapped wood. The high content of extractives suggests a higher natural durability, and therefore, the suitability for outdoor applications. Tapped and not tapped wood boards from black pine (sapwood and heartwood) were subjected to weathering tests to find out its resistance against abiotic stress. Additionally tapped wood particles with a high content of resin were exposed to weathering and to composting. Weathering caused roughness to increase. Infrared spectral characteristics revealed the differences before and after tapping and weathering. Principal component analyses supported the grouping according to the chemical changes. In heartwood the lignin band at 1510 cm??1 disappears and the typical resin band at 1688 cm??1 decreases considerably. The lignin band of resinous parts is affected neither by weathering nor by composting. However, the resin band shows an intensity decrease and broadening due to weathering and disappears during composting. 相似文献
15.
Yoshitaka Kubojima Seiichi Kanetani Takeshi Fujiwara Youki Suzuki Mario Tonosaki Hiroshi Yoshimaru Hiroharu Ikegame 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(6):443-450
A dead tree of Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima (abbreviated to PAAm) was obtained from a natural habitat on Tanega-shima Island and various properties
of its wood were investigated. Grain angle was measured and soft X-ray analysis was undertaken to obtain the density in each
annual ring. Unit shrinkage and dynamic properties were measured by shrinkage, bending, and compression tests. Variations
of wood properties in the radial direction, relationships of wood properties to density, and annual ring width were examined.
Roughly speaking, variations in the radial direction of the grain angle, twist angle by drying, Young’s modulus and strength
in static bending, absorbed energy in impact bending, compressive Young’s modulus, compressive strength, and compressive proportional
limit corresponded to the variation of annual ring width. As a result, it was determined that if PAAm is afforested artificially
for the purposes of lumber production and conservation, the annual rings of logs should not be too widely spaced. Wood properties
of PAAm were similar to those of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), which is another representative pine on Tanegashima Island.
This study was presented in part at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, August 2007 相似文献
16.
Stemflow is a focused point source input of precipitation and nutrients at the base of a tree or plant and can have a significant impact on site hydrology. To date, no known studies have modelled stemflow production for juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Meteorological conditions, tree characteristics, and stemflow were sampled for two juvenile lodgepole pine stands over the course of the 2009 growing season. Step-wise multiple regression was used to assess which meteorological and tree architecture variables influenced stemflow production for each research plot. Once predictor variables were identified, models were produced for each stand and a generic model was produced that applied to both plots. A model employing precipitation depth and crown projection area successfully explained 71.3% of the variation in stemflow production from sampled trees. Stemflow was found to represent 1.8% of the study period rainfall and, although not a large component of the plot-scale canopy water balance, it is an order of magnitude greater than the fractioning of stemflow from mature lodgepole and lodgepole pine dominated forest. Additionally, stemflow funnelling ratios were found to average 22.2 and 24.3 from the two sample plots over the study period with a single tree, single event maximum of 111.7 recorded for a tree with a 3.3 cm bole diameter and a rain depth of 17.4 mm. 相似文献
17.
Brenda Colleen Clifton-Cardoso Marcelo Schramm Mielke José Roberto De Melo Rondinele Nascimento Querino 《New Forests》2008,35(1):15-31
Dimorphandra jorgei MF Silva (Caesalpinaceae) and Swartzia macrostachya Benth. var. riedelii Cowan (Fabaceae) are tree species from the southern Bahian Atlantic Forest, identified for the restoration of degraded areas.
The objective of this research is to study their seed germination and seedling growth to develop simple methods for seedling
production in small scale nurseries. Because the species have distinct dormancy and germination characteristics, the seeds
were submitted to different treatments. D. jorgei seeds were immersed in hot water, scarified and stored for 12 weeks in the laboratory environment (25°C). S. macrostachya seeds were submitted to different combinations of drying and storage in the laboratory environment or refrigerator (4°C).
Seedlings were submitted to two light treatments for 3 months: partial shade (52% of full sun) and full shade (12% of full
sun). In D. jorgei, the highest germination occurred for scarified seeds (87%) and for seeds stored for 12 weeks and then scarified (69%). In
S. macrostachya the undried control seeds had the highest germination, followed by that of the refrigeration storage treatment, without predrying
(99% and 97%, respectively). The average values for the growth parameters were greater in full shade for D. jorgei, while S. macrostachya seedlings showed greater growth rates in partial shade. Two months growth is recommended before D. jorgei seedlings are of the sufficient size and leaf number for field planting. On the other hand, a period of 4 months is recommended
for S. macrostachya, due to its relatively slow growth. 相似文献
18.
The fine root (diameter ≤2.0 mm) biomass and morphology of Japanese red pines (Pinus densiflora) grown under different aboveground conditions (i.e., high and low competitive environments) were examined in a pine–cypress
mixed forest. All P. densiflora subject trees were about 40 years old, and the aboveground condition (i.e., size) of red pines appeared to be influenced
by the surrounding Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Smaller P. densiflora exhibited lower fine root biomasses, shorter root lengths, and lower root tip densities, but longer specific root lengths
and higher specific root tip densities relative to larger pines. These results suggest that P. densiflora may adjust the morphological traits of fine roots to the different conditions in biomass allocation to fine roots of individuals
with different aboveground growth. 相似文献
19.
Jizhong Wan Chunjing Wang Jinghua Yu Siming Nie Shijie Han Juzhao Liu Yuangang Zu Qinggui Wang 《林业研究》2016,27(2):389-400
We described potential changes in the geographic distribution and occurrence probability of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. in the counties of northeast China. This information was used to identify priority areas for protection and provide protection and management recommendations within each studied county. The two species were mapped in 2884 study plots throughout this region over a 4-year period (38°40′N–53°30′N, 115°05′E–135°02′E). We used the species distribution models (Maxent), systematic conservation planning models (Marxan), and Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS 10.0). The distributions of two species were correlated in the study area, enabling unique and economically viable joint conservation measures to be implemented. Three models were combined to identify feasible priority conservation sites. We used local spatial statistics to assess all identified conservation areas in relation to potential climate change based shifts in the geographic distribution of the two species. Model-based conservation strategies were used to identify effective measures to protect and utilize these two tree species in the study region. This study presents a novel technique for assessing wild plant distributions, in addition to serving as a model for the conservation of other species within the framework of general forest management, ecological construction, and geographical surveying. 相似文献
20.
Faruk Bogunić Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev Edina Muratović Fatima Pustahija Safer Medjedović 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(1):179-187