“富士”苹果幼树磷含量与积累量年周期变化

以3年生T337自根砧"富士"苹果幼树为试材,在年生长周期内的主要物候期进行整株取样,并将整树解析为根木质部、根韧皮部、侧根、砧木木质部、砧木韧皮部、主干木质部、主干韧皮部、叶片、新梢9部分,分别测定各部位不同时期的生物量和磷(P)含量。结果表明:T337自根砧"富士"苹果幼树不同时期各部位P含量不同,整个生长周期内,木质部P含量较低,韧皮部及生长旺盛的须根、叶片和新梢P含量较高。定植后120~150d和150~180d树体干物质积累量较高,分别占总积累量的38.73%和29.81%。树体干物质和P分配量、分配比例均为生长旺盛的叶片、新梢和须根高于其它部位。整个生长周期内,每株苹果幼树P总积累量为1.17g,定植120d之前P积累量占35.90%,定植120d之后占64.10%。每株推荐合理施P量为1.56g,春季定植前每株基施0.56g,至定植120d每株追施1.00g。     

高纺锤形苹果自根砧M9-T337在河南商丘的嫁接表现

M9-T337是荷兰木本苗木植物苗圃检测中心从M9中选育出的脱毒矮化砧木优系,在我国一定范围内得到广泛推广,是矮化自根砧表现最优异的品系。商丘市位于黄河故道地区,是全国著名的苹果产区,为探究M9-T337在黄河故道地区应用的可能性,从2012年开始,我们进行了一系列栽培试验。结果表明,在黄河故道苹果主产区,M9-T337以自根砧方式利用,较M26中间砧树冠略小,综合性状优于M26,可广泛推广利用。     

负载量水平对矮化自根砧富士苹果生长发育和果实品质的影响

【目的】研究不同负载量对M9T337矮化自根砧富士高纺锤树形树体枝类组成、叶片生长和果实品质的影响,确定适宜的负载量水平,为生产中合理负载提供依据。【方法】以5年生M9T337矮化自根砧富士为材料,设计6个负载量水平处理(Ⅰ:每平方厘米干截面积留果2个;Ⅱ:每平方厘米干截面积留果3个;Ⅲ:每平方厘米干截面积留果4个;Ⅳ:每平方厘米干截面积留果5个;Ⅴ:每平方厘米干截面积留果6个;Ⅵ:每平方厘米干截面积留果7个),调查树体生长情况和不同类型枝条的数量、叶片相对叶绿素含量、叶片面积、净光合速率、果实品质和产量等指标。【结果】随着负载量的增大,5年生M9T337矮化自根砧富士的长枝数量、中枝数量、短枝数量和总枝量变化趋势不明显。叶片相对叶绿素含量和净光合速率随负载量的增大先增高后降低,叶片面积和单果质量逐渐减少,果形指数、可溶性固形物含量、L值基本都呈下降趋势,a、b先增加后减少,维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量和果实硬度无明显变化规律。【结论】M9T337矮化自根砧富士高纺锤树形较适宜的负载量为每平方厘米干截面积留5个果,产量为6.27×10⁴ kg·hm^-2     

荣成苹果M9T337自根砧宽行密植栽培及病虫害管理技术

荣成苹果是农业部批准的地理标志产品之一,矮砧密植栽培近几年得到充分的发展,这里是生产苹果的优良基地。矮化密植栽培技术借鉴了欧美及日本等国家的经验,经过这几年的发展,栽培管理经验已趋近成熟。     

M7自根砧对羽红,金冠和富士苹果生育状况的影响

本文报道了M_7自根砧(以山定子砧为对照)对羽红、金冠和富士苹果树体大小、开花结果年限、早期丰产性、果实品质及抗逆性的影响。为M_7砧木在生产上应用提供了依据。     

苹果M9T337矮化自根砧在长武引种表现初报

近年来,随着果业转型升级,矮化密植栽培在苹果主产区愈来愈受到人们的关注,为了加快果业转型升级步伐,探索适宜渭北旱塬长武栽培的矮化砧木,我们从2013年开始引进了M9T337矮化自根砧,在陕西长武进行了试验示范。为了及时了解M9T337自根砧在渭北旱塬的表现情况,同时选用M26矮化中间砧作为对比,现将M9T337矮化自根砧在渭北旱塬长武的引种表现总结如下。     

矮化自根砧苹果建园技术

科技发展的推动下,利用矮砧密植进行苹果种植成为苹果产业化发展的趋势。苹果矮砧自根种植技术能实现苹果建园的标准化、集约化和机械化,利于苹果种植产业的发展。本文从建园前准备、建园技术和建园后管理入手,进行矮化自根砧苹果建园技术探讨,目的是促进区域苹果产业的良性发展。     

8个M9-T337脱毒自根砧苹果品种在甘肃正宁的栽培试验

从荷兰引进3年生脱毒矮化自根砧M9-T337苹果大苗,采用宽行窄株、立柱栽培模式,在甘肃省正宁县开展了雨养旱塬区引种栽培和苹果脱毒矮化自根砧+旱作集成技术栽植模式试验。结果表明,荷兰3年生脱毒矮化自根砧M9-T337苹果大苗在正宁县表现为树冠矮小、成花早、亲和性好、园貌整齐、早果丰产、抗逆性强、效益高,该栽培模式具有技术简单、管理方便、节省劳力、便于机械作业、经济利用土地等特点。M9-T337脱毒矮化自根砧苹果大苗及宽行窄株集约栽培模式适宜在甘肃陇东黄土高原苹果产区推广应用。     

富士苹果T337自根砧和中间砧幼树生长和钾累积研究

以T337自根砧和山定子/T337中间砧富士苹果幼树为试材,在年生长周期内主要物候期进行整株解析,分别测定主干粗度、树高、根长、根尖数等树体形态指标,并将整树解析为根木质部、根韧皮部、侧根、砧木木质部、砧木韧皮部、主干木质部、主干韧皮部、叶片和新梢等9部分,分别测定各部位不同时期的生物量和钾含量。结果表明,T337中间砧富士苹果幼树生长势明显强于T337自根砧。不同砧木类型影响富士苹果幼树钾的吸收运输,对树体不同部位钾的累积分配影响较小。2种砧木类型富士苹果幼树不同时期钾累积增长量均较高,建议定植前施足钾肥。     

自根砧苹果腋花芽结果能力调查

以矮化自根砧苹果树为试材,通过对‘富士’和‘嘎拉’腋花芽结果能力的调查,为自根砧果园的花果管理和产量估算提供依据。调查结果表明:‘富士’腋花芽果实单果重偏小,没有商品价值,应该全部疏除;‘嘎拉’腋花芽数量大,坐果率高,生长迅速,在结果初期可以利用腋花芽的结果能力补充顶花芽数量的不足。     

Root damage affects nitrogen uptake and growth of young Fuji/M.26 apple trees

Summary

Effects of root damage during the transplant process on growth and nitrogen (N) uptake were studied with one-year-old bench-grafted Malus domestica Borkh ‘Fuji’ on M.26 rootstock apple nursery plants. Plants were potted after grafting and grown outside for one season. At the end of the season uniform trees were selected and randomly divided into four groups. One group of plants were moved into a 2°C cold room with soil and container intact (IR Treatment). Plants in other groups were removed from pots and stored as bareroot in the same cold room for three months. In the spring, bareroot plants were either: (1) transplanted with about 10% of the root system damaged during transplant (TP Treatment and Control-CK); or (2) root pruned by 25% (by volume) prior to transplant (RP treatment). Five trees from each treatment received 1 g of ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ at 12, 41 and 76 d after repotting. Control (CK) trees received no N. Trees were harvested 10 d after each N application, and plant growth and total N and ¹⁵N content of different tissues were determined. Root pruning reduced plant total biomass and root biomass at the first two harvests, but the plants from the RP treatment had highest total plant biomass and root biomass at the third harvest. There was no significant difference in the new stem and leaf growth among IR, RP and CK treatments at harvests but the TP treatment reduced new shoot biomass. Plants with intact roots (IR) had the higher total N content while control plants (CK) had the lowest. Root pruning reduced ¹⁵N uptake rate at the first two harvests but promoted it at the third harvest. Our results suggest that plant growth and nutrient uptake was suppressed by root pruning/damage during transplanting only in the early season, and the negative effects on growth and N uptake were offset later in the season by compensative root regeneration.     

不同树龄苹果园土壤微生物的差异及对苹果砧木生长的影响

以平顶海棠(Malus robusta Rehd.)为试验材料,以4个不同树龄苹果园的土壤为对象,研究了不同树龄苹果园土壤对再植平顶海棠幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在前茬树龄为3、8、15和24 a苹果园土种植的平顶海棠幼苗比正茬土对照的平均株高分别减少31.22%、46.38%、57.66%和63.10%;再植平顶海棠幼苗地上部干质量分别减少0.96%、57.58%、76.88%和78.10%;地下部干质量分别减少40.38%、48.79%、64.03%和79.43%。在24 a生苹果树土壤中再植海棠幼苗校正发病率达到了72.73%,而在3 a生苹果树的土壤中再植海棠幼苗校正发病率只有18.18%。对不同树龄的苹果园土壤根际细菌和真菌群落结构的差异进行分析,其结果为,随着苹果树龄的提高,根际土壤中真菌种类和数量显著增加,而细菌的种类和数量则随着树龄的增加显著减少。     

核桃树的养分积累、分布及叶绿素含量的变化

基于合理实施果园养分管理的前提,以核桃为研究对象,对核桃树体各部位营养元素的累积、分布以及叶片叶绿素含量动态变化进行研究。结果表明：核桃树当年新生生物量主要由叶片和果实构成。成龄核桃树当年氮素吸收量主要在叶片和果仁中积累,分别占年吸收氮量的41％和49％;磷素主要分布在果仁中．占年吸收磷量的56％,其次为叶片;钾素主要在核桃果皮中积累,占钾素总吸收量的66％。核桃年纯养分吸收量为907g,氮磷钾比例为1：0．2：1。叶片叶绿素含量在核桃开花后随叶片生长逐渐增加,二者呈显著正相关。     

苹果幼树抽条的发生与防治

2018年春,陕北榆林地区、山西吕梁地区、宁夏及河北石家庄以北、辽宁北部等苹果产区,5年生以下的‘烟富8’苹果乔砧和M9T337矮化中间砧幼树出现不同程度抽条现象。以3年生以下幼树尤为严重,有的整株枯死。笔者通过对上述地区苹果树冻害、抽条情况进行实地调查,分析其发生原因,并对预防措施提出建议。     

套袋对富士苹果果皮叶绿素和花青苷含量的影响

套袋作为促进苹果着色、提高苹果品质的重要措施已在生产中得到推广,并且已成为生产优质、无公害苹果的主要技术之一.本试验测定了套袋富士苹果果实在生长发育不同时期果皮中的花青苷和叶绿素含量,明确其变化规律,为生产上推广苹果套袋提供理论依据.     

苹果苗木及幼树促分枝技术研究进展

具有较好分枝状况的苹果苗木在栽植后更易于形成理想的树形而使果园实现早产和丰产以获得更好的经济效益,因而成为多个国家苹果矮化密植栽培的必要条件.与世界苹果生产水平较先进国家对苹果苗木促分枝技术的研究和应用较为深入和成熟的现状相比较,尽管我国苹果产业发展对苗木的要求越来越高,苗木促分枝方面的研究和应用还较为缺乏.除此之外,...     

Light studies in a spacing trial with apple on a dwarfing and a semi-dwarfing rootstock

Light interception by the orchard canopies in a spacing trial with Golden Delicious and Jonathan on M IX and on M II was measured in 1968, 1969 and 1970. In 1969 and 1970 light distribution over the Golden Delicious hedges in the high-density plots was also measured and related to fruit and foliage distribution and to fruit quality. Simultaneously, integrated light readings at 100–200 locations were taken over 24-hour periods, using a photochemical method.Although all plots attained their ceiling yield level in 1967, the 6th year after planting, light interception continued to increase from 1968 to 1970. In the low-density plots — 1100 trees per ha on M IX and 660 trees per ha on M II — the canopies intercepted roughly half of the incident light and yields levelled off at 40 tons per ha. The high-density M IX plot (3300 trees per ha) intercepted two-thirds, the high-density M II plot (2260 trees per ha) more than three-quarters of incident light. Both plots yielded more than 70 tons per ha in 1967 and 1968, but thereafter the yield level dropped, especially for trees on M II, presumably because of mounting inter-tree competition for light.Light levels in the hedges in the high-density plots at equal distances from the hedge perimeter were very much the same for both varieties, for both rootstocks and in the two years. Light levels fell sharply towards the interior and bottom parts of the hedges. The main advantage of the M IX hedge was its smaller cross section, leaving little room for a poorly illuminated centre. At lower light levels weight per fruit and especially fruit colour declined, but the relation between light level and fruit quality was not consistent for both rootstocks and in both years. These inconsistencies could be explained on the basis of differences in pruning system, affecting the type of wood on which the fruit is borne.Fruit was concentrated in the interior part of the hedges, so that a high proportion of the crop suffered from the poor light conditions in this part. Fruit distribution was generally correlated with foliage distribution. In the M IX hedge by far the highest leaf density was found in the centre of the hedge. This is an advantage in comparison with the large leaf area — relatively unproductive and casting much shade — in the top of the M II hedge. Light measurements before and after fruit removal suggested that the shade cast by the fruit is negligible as compared to shading by the foliage.It is concluded that canopy architecture in the high-density M IX plot, with a leaf area index of 2.15, is close to the optimum for single row planting systems in Northwest Europe. Gains in percentage light interception, as in the high-density M II plot, are associated with a greatly inferior light distribution over the canopy, leading to lower yields per unit growth and deterioration of fruit quality. In addition to light, pruning strongly influences fruit quality.     

富士苹果缺钙的原因及对策

结合生产实际分析了富士苹果缺钙症发生的原因,提出了在增施有机肥的基础上地下补钙,禁用环剥,合理负载、减少单株枝量等相应对策。     

改良高干开心形富士苹果树冠不同层次相对光照强度分布与枝叶的关系

以12 a生富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh cv.Red Fuji)为试材,研究了改良高干开心形树冠不同层次相对光照强度的分布、季节动态变化与枝叶数量间的关系。结果表明,树冠相对光照强度从上部到下部逐渐降低,同一冠层内相对光照强度从内膛到外围逐步增加;树冠最上层5—10月呈平稳趋势,而中下部5—7月呈下降趋势,7月份后趋于稳定;小于30%的相对光照强度的树冠体积在年生长周期内逐渐增加:5—6月份为15%,7—8月27%,9—10月30%。新梢的空间分布研究表明,>30 cm的长枝(梢)、15～30 cm的中长枝(梢)、5～15 cm中枝(梢)和小于5 cm的短枝(梢)分别集中分布在冠层高度2.0m以上、1.5～2.5m、1.0～2.0m和1.0～2.5m冠层内;生长季总枝量100.39万条/hm2,长、中长、中和短梢占总枝量的比例分别为6.44%、5.52%、14.40%、73.64%,多于6片叶的短梢占总短枝量的42.08%。应用多元统计分析的方法建立了树冠相对光照强度与枝(梢)叶量关系的回归方程,相对光照强度值与累计枝梢数量和叶面积系数呈负指数关系,苹果优质生产和最佳利用光能的群体结构参数为总枝(梢)量小于96万条/hm2,叶面积系数控制在3.9以下,长、中、短梢比例分别为10.91%、13.70%和75.39%。     

苹果苗木类型和栽植时间对幼树生长特性的影响

【目的】为了研究不同栽植时间下不同苗木类型的生长特性,【方法】以3 a生‘长富2号’/‘M26’/八棱海棠为试材,测定3个栽植时间(2010年3月10日、4月10日和5月10日)下分枝苗、去分枝苗和单干苗生长特性相关指标。【结果】5月份栽植植株的生长势弱于3、4月栽植的植株;单干苗生长势弱于分枝苗和去分枝苗。栽植后第2年,3、4月栽植植株的株高、主干粗度显著大于5月栽植的植株。去分枝苗和单干苗株高显著大于分枝苗。3种苗木类型主干粗度依次为分枝苗>去分枝苗>单干苗,且相互差异显著。分枝苗和去分枝苗冠径显著大于单干苗。栽植后第3年,分枝苗的花芽数显著高于去分枝苗和单干苗。【结论】苹果苗木在冷藏条件下,4月栽植是可行的,本试验中3月份栽植较为适宜。分枝苗有利于促进幼树提早开花结果。